Microstructural evolutions of LDPE/PA6 blends by rheological and rheo-optical analyses: Influence of flow and compatibilizer on break-up and coalescence processes

PLA/PHB Blends: Biocompatibilizer Effects

The purpose of this work was to formulate a fully bio-based blend with superior properties, based on two immiscible polymers: polylactic acid (PLA) and poly-hydroxy butyrate (PHB). To improve the miscibility between the polymeric phases, two different kinds of compatibilizers with a different chemical structure were used, namely, an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer in the form of flakes and a mixture of two liquid surfactants with a variable lipophilic–hydrophilic index. The morphology of the blends and their thermal, mechanical, and rheological behavior were evaluated, aiming at assessing the influence of the selected compatibilizers on the microstructure and final properties of the systems. Morphological analyses of the compatibilized blends indicated that the liquid surfactant is more effective than the solid copolymer in inducing morphology refinement, as also suggested by results coming from rheological measurements. Furthermore, thermal analyses demonstrated that the presence of both kinds of compatibilizers induced an enhancement of the crystallinity content of blends. Finally, a remarkable increase of the elastic modulus values was obtained for the compatibilized blends as compared to the pure counterparts, with a consequent significant enhancement of the HDT values.

Description of the Droplet Size Evolution in Flowing Immiscible Polymer Blends

Control of the phase structure evolution in flowing immiscible polymer blends during their mixing and processing is fundamental for tailoring of their performance. This review summarizes present state of understanding and predictability of the phase structure evolution in flowing immiscible polymer blends with dispersed structure. Results of the studies of the droplet breakup in flow, important for determination of the droplet breakup frequency and of the size distribution of the daughter droplets, are reviewed. Theories of the flow-induced coalescence providing equations for collision efficiency are discussed. Approximate analytic expressions reliably describing dependence of the collision efficiency on system parameters are presented. Available theories describing the competition between the droplet breakup and coalescence in flow are summarized and approximations used in their derivation are discussed. Problems with applicability of available theories on prediction of the droplet size evolution during mixing and processing of immiscible polymer blends, which have not been broadly discussed so far, are addressed.

Compatibilization of Polypropylene/Polyamide 6 Blend Fibers Using Photo-Oxidized Polypropylene

The use of polyamide/polyolefin blends has gained importance and concern for years, but they also show some issues to be adequately addressed, such as the incompatibility between the two components. This is usually overcome by using suitable compatibilizers, typically based on functionalized polyolefins. However, there is only little information about the use of a degraded polyolefins to induce compatibilization. This is even truer, as far as polyamide 6/polypropylene (PA6/PP) blends are concerned. In this work, compatibilization of PA6/PP blends by using small amounts of photo-oxidized PP was investigated; furthermore, the effects due to the presence of the photo-oxidized PP were studied also in relationship to the spinning operation, where the existence of the non-isothermal elongational flow can lead to significant, further morphological changes. It was found that isotropic samples showed significant enhancements of the tensile properties upon adding the photo-oxidized PP. Under non-isothermal elongational flow conditions, the presence of the photo-oxidized PP was particularly effective in improving the mechanical properties in comparison to the uncompatibilized blend fibers. Furthermore, an important result was found: The elongational-flow processing allowed obtaining anisotropic samples where the improvements of the properties, in comparison to the isotropic samples, were similar to those achieved by using a compatibilizer.

Effects of SEBS-g-MA on Rheology, Morphology and Mechanical Properties of PET/HDPE Blends

The effects of additive styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) were investigated on the rheology, morphology and mechanical properties of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) blend. The ratio of the two components was changed in small increments to track phase inversion. The rheology measurements show that SEBS-g-MA acts differently on HDPE and PET, as different morphologies are formed due to viscosity ratio change. With the help of electron microscopy various phases after extrusion and after injection molding were revealed and identified. Because of the high viscosity of HDPE the co-continuous morphology was immediately formed when PET reached 30 vol%. The range of the co-continuous structure of the blend was wider when SEBS-g-MA was added, and the elongation at break also improved as additive content increased, without a significant strength decrease. The divergence of the mechanical properties from the theoretical value, i.e. the value determined by the mixing rule, can be explained by the changing phase structure.

Desenvolvimento de nanocompósitos a partir de blendas com matriz de PA6

Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos nanocompósitos de polímero/argila a partir de blendas com matriz de PA6. Inicialmente foi avaliado por reometria de torque a reatividade dos copolímeros funcionais PEgAA, PEgMA e EG com a PA6 e a influência destes no sistema PA6/argila. Os ensaios de reometria de torque mostraram que o copolímero PEgAA foi o que apresentou maior reatividade com a PA6. Já nos sistemas de PA6/Argila, o copolímero EG foi o que apresentou a maior interação com o sistema PA6/argila corroborado pelo aumento do torque em função do tempo. Os nanocompósitos foram caracterizados por Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), propriedades mecânicas e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Os resultados de DRX indicaram que o sistema PA6/CL20A apresentou estrutura intercalada enquanto que os sistemas PA6/EG/CL20A apresentaram estrutura parcialmente esfoliada. Os ensaios de DRX e DSC indicaram que no sistema PA6/EG/CL20A onde a argila foi pré-intercalada na PA6, a mesma ficou localizada na fase de PA6 enquanto que no sistema onde a argila foi pré-intercalada no copolímero EG a mesma ficou localizada na fase de EG. O sistema PA6/EG/CL20A onde a argila foi pré-intercalada na PA6 apresentou propriedades de módulo e resistência ao impacto balanceadas quando comparadas às da PA6. Os ensaios de MEV indicaram que a argila está bem dispersa nos sistemas PA6/CL20A e PA6/EG/CL20A.