Novel surface ionic imprinting materials prepared via couple grafting of polymer and ionic imprinting on surfaces of silica gel particles

Investigation of TiO2/PPy nanocomposite for photocatalytic applications; synthesis, characterization, and combination with various substrates: a review

The use of photocatalysis technology, specifically visible light photocatalysis that relies on sustainable solar energy, is the most promising for the degradation of contaminants. The interaction of conducting polymer and titanium dioxide (TiO2) leads to the exchange that enhances the alteration of the semiconductor's surface and subsequently decreases the bandgap energy. Polypyrrole (PPy) and TiO2 nanocomposites have promising potential for photocatalytic degradation. Chemically and electrochemical polymerization are two predominant methods for adding inorganic nanoparticles to a conducting polymer host matrix. The most commonly utilized method for producing PPy/TiO2 nanocomposites is the in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. Immobilizing PPy/TiO2 on substrates causes more charge carriers (electron/hole pairs) to be produced on the surface of TiO2 and enhances the rate of photocatalytic degradation compared to pure TiO2. The increased surface charge affects how electron/hole pairs are formed when visible light is used. This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis, characterization, application, efficiency, and mechanism of PPy/TiO2 nanocomposites in the photocatalytic degradation process of various pollutants. Furthermore, the effect of stabilizing the TiO2/PPy nanocomposite on various substrates will be investigated. In conclusion, the review outlines the ongoing challenges in utilizing these photocatalysts and highlights the essential concerns that require attention in future research. Its objective is to help researchers better understand photocatalysts and encourage their use in wastewater treatment.

Efficient removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by a novel ion imprinted magnetic biosorbent: Adsorption kinetics and mechanisms

It is vital to understand the adsorption mechanisms and identify the adsorption kinetics when applying an adsorbent to remove heavy metals from aqueous solution. A Pb(II) imprinted magnetic biosorbent (Pb(II)-IMB) was developed for the removal of Pb²⁺ via lead ion imprinting technology and crosslinking reactions among chitosan (CTS), Serratia marcescens and Fe₃O₄. The effect of different parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, selectivity sorption and desorption were investigated on the absorption of lead ion by Pb(II)-IMB. The adsorbent was characterized by a Brunauer-Emmett Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The adsorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of Pb(II)-IMB for Pb(II) were studied. The results of the abovementioned analyses showed that the adsorption kinetic process fit well with the second-order equation. The adsorption isotherm process of Pb(II) on the Pb(II)-IMB was closely related to the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic studies suggested the spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption of Pb(II) by Pb(II)-IMB. The adsorption mechanism of Pb(II)-IMB was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the nitrogen in the amino group and the oxygen in the hydroxyl group of Pb(II)-IMB were coordination atoms.

Novel Thermosensitive Core⁻Shell Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based on SiO₂ for the Selective Adsorption of Sulfamethazine

In this research, a novel, sulfamethazine, thermosensitive, molecularly-imprinted polymer (MIP) with an obvious core–shell structure for the enrichment of sulfamethazine (SMZ), which involved temperature sensitive monomer N-Isopropylacrylamide, functional monomer methacrylic acid and cross-linking agents ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, was successfully compounded using the surface polymerization method. To ensure the best experimental group, we designed and compared three groups of controlled experiments of MIPs with different crosslinking agents. When the adsorption temperature was almost the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide), the preparative MIPs showed outstanding adsorption capacity and specific identification to sulfamethazine. Moreover, this allowed the MIPs to better facilitate by combining the template molecules, as well as optimizing the imprinting factor. In addition, after 80 min, the adsorption of the MIPs leveled off and remained constant, and the adsorption quantity reached (a maximum of) at 8.1 mg·g⁻¹.

Novel imprinted polyethyleneimine nano-fluorescent probes with controllable selectivity for recognizing and adsorbing metal ions

Novel ion imprinted nano-fluorescent probes based on polyethyleneimine (PEI) were obtained via simple imprinting and grafting with fluorescein, and used for high recognition, detection and adsorption of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cr³⁺ in aqueous solution.

Surface molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for phenol based on SiO2 nanoparticles

A novel surface molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the recognition and detection of phenol was constructed. It has a specific recognition ability for phenol over other phenolic compounds for real samples with excellent repeatability.

Reversible and easy post-crosslinking method for developing a surface ion-imprinted hypercrosslinked monolith for specific Cd(ii) ion removal from aqueous solutions

In this study, a new surface imprinting technique for preparing a hypercrosslinked monolith to selectively remove Cd(ii) ions out from aqueous solutions was proposed.

Nanostructured Membranes from Triblock Polymer Precursors as High Capacity Copper Adsorbents

Membrane adsorbers are a proposed alternative to packed beds for chromatographic separations. To date, membrane adsorbers have suffered from low binding capacities and/or complex processing methodologies. In this work, a polyisoprene-b-polystyrene-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PI-PS-PDMA) triblock polymer is cast into an asymmetric membrane that possesses a high density of nanopores (d ∼ 38 nm) at the upper surface of the membrane. Exposing the membrane to a 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution converts the PDMA brushes that line the pore walls to poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes, which are capable of binding metal ions (e.g., copper ions). Using mass transport tests and static binding experiments, the saturation capacity of the PI-PS-PAA membrane was determined to be 4.1 ± 0.3 mmol Cu(2+) g(-1). This experimental value is consistent with the theoretical binding capacity of the membranes, which is based on the initial PDMA content of the triblock polymer precursor and assumes a 1:1 stoichiometry for the binding interaction. The uniformly sized nanoscale pores provide a short diffusion length to the binding sites, resulting in a sharp breakthrough curve. Furthermore, the membrane is selective for copper ions over nickel ions, which permeate through the membrane over 10 times more rapidly than copper during the loading stage. This selectivity is present despite the fact that the sizes of these two ions are nearly identical and speaks to the chemical selectivity of the triblock polymer-based membrane. Furthermore, addition of a pH 1 solution releases the bound copper rapidly, allowing the membrane to be regenerated and reused with a negligible loss in binding capacity. Because of the high binding capacities, facile processing method implemented, and ability to tailor further the polymer brushes lining the pore walls using straightforward coupling reactions, these membrane adsorbers based on block polymer precursors have potential as a separation media that can be designed to a variety of specific applications.

Amino-functionalized adsorbent prepared by means of Cu(II) imprinted method and its selective removal of copper from aqueous solutions

An amino-functionalized modified metal ion imprinting adsorbent was newly synthesized for the selective extraction and the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity of the amino-functionalized ion-imprinted adsorbent was found to be significantly more than the several adsorbents reported in the literatures. The carbon based adsorbent was characterized by SEM, TEM, XPS, Elemental analysis and FTIR respectively. The optimum pH for Cu(II) adsorption was found to be 5. The adsorption equilibrium isotherm could be described by Langmuir model, the Langmuir isotherm has shown an agreement with experimental data, and the maximum adsorption capacity of copper ions for Cu(II) imprinted adsorbent was 33.33mg/g. The selectivity coefficients of the imprinted material for Cu(II)/Cd(II), Cu(II)/Co(II), Cu(II)/Ni(II) and Cu(II)/Zn(II) were 31.8, 90.2, 38.6 and 36.1, respectively. Those were 10.6, 6.22, 7.11 and 39.2 times greater than that of non-imprinted material, respectively. The high adsorption capacity and selectivity coefficient indicated that this amino-functionalized ion-imprinted adsorbent can be used as the selective adsorbent for the removal of copper ions from wastewater. In this work, glucose, tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) and copper ions as template are combined together with specific mole radio for preparing carbon-based adsorbent by means of hydrothermal synthesis method.

Molecularly imprinted polymers on a silica surface for the adsorption of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are one of the most important groups of carcinogens in tobacco products. Using adsorbents as filter additives is an effective way to reduce tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using nicotinamide as template were grafted on the silica gel surface to obtain MIP@SiO2 and employed as filter additives to absorb tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke. Four milligrams of MIP@SiO2 per cigarette was added to the interface between filter and tobacco rod to prepare a binary filter system. The mainstream smoke was collected on an industry-standard Cambridge filter pad and extracted with ammonium acetate aqueous solution before analysis. Compared to the cigarette smoke of the control group, the levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines with silica gel and with MIP@SiO2 were both reduced, and the adsorption rates of N-nitrosonornicotine, N-nitrosoanabasine, N-nitrosoanatabine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone with silica gel and with MIP@SiO2 were 20.76, 15.32, 18.79, and 18.01%, and 41.33, 34.04, 37.86, and 35.53%, respectively. Furthermore the content of total particle materials in cigarette smoke with silica gel was decreased evidently but showed no observable change with MIP@SiO2 . It indicated MIP@SiO2 could selectively reduce tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the mainstream cigarette smoke with no change to the cigarette flavor.

Preparation of new ion-selective cross-linked poly(vinylimidazole-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) using a double-imprinting process for the preconcentration of Pb²⁺ ions

A new ion-selective cross-linked poly(vinylimidazole-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) prepared via a double-imprinting process was developed for the recognition and preconcentration of Pb(2+) from water samples. The sorbent was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TGA and textural data. The maximum dynamic sorption capacity of Pb(2+) was 42.04 mg Pb(2+) g(-1) of the double-imprinted polymer. The sorption kinetics data were described by a pseudo-second-order model. The double-imprinted polymer exhibited a higher sorption efficiency of Pb(2+) than the blank polymer (non-imprinted polymer). The preconcentration procedure involved the loading of a Pb(2+) solution at pH 7.25 through 40.0 mg of the double-imprinted polymer packed in a mini-column at 5.0 mL min(-1). The selective efficiency of proposed method for the Pb(2+) preconcentration was assured by competitive sorption using different proportions of Pb(2+)/cations and Pb(2+)/anions. An analytical curve was obtained in the range 0.0-300.0 μg L(-1) (r=0.999) and a limit of detection of 2.46 μg L(-1) was obtained. The preconcentration factor was found to be 21, the consumptive index 0.95 mL and the concentration efficiency 5.25 min(-1). The preconcentration method was successfully applied to the Pb(2+) ions determination in different kinds of water samples with high recovery values (91.3-108.9%).

Imprinting of metal receptors into multilayer polyelectrolyte films: fabrication and applications in marine antifouling

Polymeric films constructed using the layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication process were employed as a platform for metal ion immobilization and applied as a marine antifouling coating. The novel Cu2+ ion imprinting process described is based on the use of metal ion templates and LbL multilayer covalent cross-linking. Custom synthesized, peptide mimicking polycations composed of histidine grafted poly(allylamine) (PAH) to bind metal ions, and methyl ester containing polyanions for convenient cross-linking were used in the fabrication process. Two methods of LbL film formation have been investigated using alternate polyelectrolyte deposition namely non-imprinted LbLA, and imprinted LbLB. Both LbL films were cross linked at mild temperature to yield covalent bridging of the layers for improved stability in a sea water environment. A comparative study of the non-imprinted LbLA films and imprinted LbLB films for Cu2+ ion binding capacity, leaching rate and stability of the films was performed. The results reveal that the imprinted films possess enhanced affinity to retain metal ions due to the preorganization of imidazole bearing histidine receptors. As a result the binding capacity of the films for Cu2+ could be improved by seven fold. Antifouling properties of the resulting materials in a marine environment have been demonstrated against the settlement of barnacle larvae, indicating that controlled release of Cu ions was achieved.

Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011

Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.

Synthesis and application of surface-imprinted activated carbon sorbent for solid-phase extraction and determination of copper (II)

A new Cu(II)-imprinted amino-functionalized activated carbon sorbent was prepared by a surface imprinting technique for selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of Cu(II) prior to its determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Experimental conditions for effective adsorption of Cu(II) were optimized with respect to different experimental parameters using static and dynamic procedures in detail. Compared with non-imprinted sorbent, the ion-imprinted sorbent had higher selectivity and adsorption capacity for Cu(II). The maximum static adsorption capacity of the ion-imprinted and non-imprinted sorbent for Cu(II) was 26.71 and 6.86 mg g(-1), respectively. The relatively selectivity factor values (αr) of Cu(II)/Zn(II), Cu(II)/Ni(II), Cu(II)/Co(II) and Cu(II)/Pb(II) were 166.16, 50.77, 72.26 and 175.77, respectively, which were greater than 1. Complete elution of the adsorbed Cu(II) from Cu(II)-imprinted sorbent was carried out using 2 mL of 0.1 mol L(-1) EDTA solution. The relative standard deviation of the method was 2.4% for eleven replicate determinations. The method was validated for the analysis by two certified reference materials (GBW 08301, GBW 08303), the results obtained is in good agreement with standard values. The developed method was also successfully applied to the determination of trace copper in natural water samples with satisfactory results.

Synthesis and investigation of the imprinting efficiency of ion imprinted nanoparticles for recognizing copper

The component ratio of template ions and the crosslinking agent determine the morphology and imprinting efficiency of IIPs.

Synthesis of magnetic ion-imprinted composites and selective separation and preconcentration of U(vi)

The synthesis route to magnetic ion-imprinted composites.

Non-chromatographic mercury speciation and determination in wine by new core-shell ion-imprinted sorbents

In this study new Hg(II) core-shell imprinted sorbents (Hg(II)-IIPs) were prepared and tested for speciation and determination of Hg in wine. The silica gel, chemically modified with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TSPM) was used as supporting material. The Hg(II)-imprinted polymer layer was grafted by copolymerization of methacrylic acid and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate in the presence of Hg(II) complexes with two different chelating agents: 1-pyrrolidinedithiocarboxylic acid (P(PDC-Hg)/SiG) and 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (P(TAN-Hg)/SiG). High selectivity and fast kinetics of processes of sorption and desorption for Hg(II) were found by using P(PDC-Hg)/SiG. Recovery experiments performed for selective determination of inorganic mercury in wines showed that the interfering organic matrix did not influence the extraction efficiency. Column solid phase extraction scheme was developed for the determination and speciation of Hg in wines. The limit of detection (LOD) achieved for inorganic mercury determination in wine samples is 0.02 μg L(-1) (3σ), measured by CV AAS. The relative standard deviation varied in the range 6-11% at 0.05-2 μg L(-1) Hg levels. The sorbents showed high mechanical and chemical stability and extraction efficiency has not changed after more than 50 sorption/desorption cycles.

Novel Cu (II) magnetic ion imprinted materials prepared by surface imprinted technique combined with a sol-gel process

A novel Cu (II) magnetic ion-imprinted polymer (MIIP) was synthesized by surface imprinting technique combined with a sol-gel process. The adsorbent of Cu (II)-MIIP shows higher capacity and selectivity than that of magnetic non-imprinted polymers (MNIP). Adsorption capacities of Cu (II)-MIIP and MNIP are 24.2 and 5.2mg/g for Cu (II) ions, respectively. The selectivity coefficients of the Cu (II)-MIIP for Cu (II)/Zn (II) and Cu (II)/Ni (II) are 91.84 and 133.92, respectively. Kinetics studies show that the adsorption process obeys pseudo-second-order rate mechanism with an initial adsorption rate of 132.48 for Cu (II)-MIIP and 2.41mgg(-1)min(-1) for MNIP. In addition, no obvious decrease was observed after up to five adsorption cycles, indicating that the Cu (II)-MIIP is of high stability.