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Todor-Boer O, Farcău C, Botiz I. Large Enhancement of Photoluminescence Obtained in Thin Polyfluorene Films of Optimized Microstructure. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2278. [PMID: 39204498 PMCID: PMC11359287 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a clearly demonstrated relationship between the microstructure, processing and resulting optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers. Here, we exploited this relationship by exposing polyfluorene thin films to various solvent vapors via confined-solvent vapor annealing to optimize their microstructure, with the final goal being to enhance their emission properties. Our results have demonstrated enlargements in photoluminescence intensity of up to 270%, 258% and 240% when thin films of polyfluorenes of average molecular weights of 105,491 g/mol, 63,114 g/mol and 14,000 g/mol, respectively, experienced increases in their β-phase fractions upon processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Todor-Boer
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Farcău
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies INCDTIM, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter and Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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2
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Xu M, Wei C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu B, Lin J, Yu M, Xie L, Huang W. Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301671. [PMID: 37364981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and field-effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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3
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Unexpected structural defects in a main-chain conjugated polymer synthesized through Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling polymerization. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Liu B, Zhang H, Ren J, Ma T, Yu M, Xie L, Lu D. Effect of solvent aromaticity on poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) chain solution behavior and film condensed state structure. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Yi HL, Hua CC. PBTTT-C 16 sol-gel transition by rod associations and networking. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8022-8031. [PMID: 31565725 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A low-molecular-weight poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (designated as Lw-pBTTT-C16) in a fair solvent (chlorobenzene, CB) displays peculiar structural, mechanical, and electronic features during sol-gel transition. Using comprehensive (multiscale) dynamic/static analysis schemes, the Lw-pBTTT-C16/CB solution (10 mg mL-1) is shown to capitalize on rod associations and networking to form a gel, in stark contrast with its high-molecular-weight companion previously reported to form gels through hierarchical colloidal bridging. The present study reveals, however, that the molecular weight of pBTTT-C16 has a subtle impact on the gelation behaviors through the rarely recognized, contrasting supramolecular conformations (rod-like vs. wormlike) of the aggregate clusters fostered in the pristine solution. The ac conductivity nearly doubles as a result of improved (mesoscale) packing of cylindrical aggregates near the gel state as well as enhanced backbone rigidity of the constituting chains. Other distinguishing features include: (1) there is no real crossover of the dynamic moduli (G' and G'') upon increasing the temperature from gel (T = 15 °C) to solution (T = 80 °C) states. (2) The gel is about a hundredfold softer in dynamic modulus, yet more resilient with a fivefold increase in the yield strain. Both viscoelastic features are expected to greatly benefit the gel processability. (3) The coexistent microgels and cylinder (aggregate) bundles form a peculiar gel network that has not been reported previously with polymer or colloidal gels. The overall findings provide new mechanistic insight into the phenomenological effects of molecular weight for the pBTTT-Cn series in solution, sol, gel, and thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Liou Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chung Hua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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Xu S, Lou Y, He P, Wang X, Wang J. Effect of solvent quality on Poiseuille flow of polymer solutions in microchannels: A dissipative particle dynamics study. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Yinghou Lou
- Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang China
| | - Ping He
- Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang China
| | - Jiugen Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang China
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7
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Yi HL, Hua CC. PBTTT-C 16 sol-gel transition by hierarchical colloidal bridging. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1270-1280. [PMID: 29367967 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02493b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A versatile conjugated polymer, poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecyllthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (pBTTT-C16, with Mw = 61 309 g mol-1), in a relatively good solvent (chlorobenzene, CB) medium is shown to produce gels through hierarchical colloidal bridging. Multiscale static/dynamic light and X-ray scattering analysis schemes along with complementary microscopy imaging techniques clearly reveal that upon cooling from the solution state at 80 °C to various gelation temperatures (5, 10, and 15 °C), rod-like colloidal pBTTT-C16 aggregates morph into spherical ones, triggering hierarchical colloid formation and bridging that eventually turn the solution into a gel after about one-day aging. A certain fraction of primal packing units-spherical gelators (∼1 nm in mean radius)-constitute the spherical building particles (∼10 nm) noted above, which in turn constitute loose-packing aggregate clusters (∼300 nm) in the sol state. As gelation proceeds, the aggregate cluster interiors tighten substantially, and micrometer-sized clusters (∼3 μm) formed by them begin to take shape and further interconnect to form the gel network (mean porosity size ∼240 nm and spatial inhomogeneity length ∼20 μm). Rheological measurements and kinetic analysis reveal that the gelation temperature can also have a notable impact on gel microstructure, gelation rate, and mechanical strength, resulting in, for instance, a prominently nonergodic and porous structure for the soft gel incubated at a higher temperature T = 15 °C. The ac conductivity exhibits a notable upturn near pBTTT-C16/CB gelation, well above those achieved by the counterpart pBTTT-C14 solutions, which, in interesting contrast, cannot be brought to the gel phase under similar experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Liou Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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8
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Terra IAA, Sanfelice RC, Valente GT, Correa DS. Optical sensor based on fluorescent PMMA/PFO electrospun nanofibers for monitoring volatile organic compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Idelma A. A. Terra
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA); Embrapa Instrumentação; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Rafaela C. Sanfelice
- Departamento de Engenharia Química; Instituto de Ciências Tecnológicas e Exatas - ICTE, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro - UFTM; Uberaba MG 38064-300 Brazil
| | - Gustavo T. Valente
- São Carlos Institute of Physics; University of São Paulo; São Carlos, PO Box 369 SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA); Embrapa Instrumentação; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
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9
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Pan X, Wang W, Ke L, Zhang N. Observation of aggregation triggered by Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) induced intermolecular pairing force. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5970. [PMID: 28729556 PMCID: PMC5519756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we showed the existence of RET induced intermolecular pairing force by comparing their fluorescence behaviors under room illumination vs standing in dark area for either PFluAnt solution or PFluAnt&PFOBT mixture. Their prominent emission attenuation under room illumination brought out the critical role of photo, i.e. RET induced intermolecular pairing force in induction of polymer aggregation. Constant UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra in terms of both peak shapes and maximum wavelengths implied no chemical decomposition was involved. Recoverable fluorescence intensity, fluorescence lifetime as well as NMR spectra further exclude photo induced decomposition. The controllable on/off state of RET induced intermolecular pairing force was verified by the masking effect of outside PFluAnt solution which function as filter to block the excitation of inside PFluAnt and thus off the RET induced intermolecular pairing force. Theoretical calculation suggest that magnitude of RET induced intermolecular pairing force is on the same scale as that of van der Waals interaction. Although the absolute magnitude of RET induced intermolecular pairing force was not tunable, its effect can be magnified by intentionally turn it "on", which was achieved by irradiance with 5 W desk lamp in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Pan
- 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 138634, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Weizhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lin Ke
- 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nan Zhang
- 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 138634, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Panzer F, Bässler H, Köhler A. Temperature Induced Order-Disorder Transition in Solutions of Conjugated Polymers Probed by Optical Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:114-125. [PMID: 27966973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of π-conjugated materials significantly impacts the photophysics and performance of optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, little is known about the laws governing aggregate formation of π-conjugated materials from solution. In this Perspective, we compare, discuss, and summarize how aggregates form for three different types of compounds, that is, homopolymers, donor-acceptor type polymers, and low molecular weight compounds. To this end, we employ temperature-dependent optical spectroscopy, which is a simple yet powerful tool to investigate aggregate formation. We show how optical spectra can be analyzed to identify distinct conformational states. We find aggregate formation to proceed the same in all these compounds by a coil-to-globule-like first-order phase transition. Notably, the chain expands before it collapses into a highly ordered dense state. The role of side chains and the impact of changes in environmental polarization are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
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11
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Effect of conjugated polymer poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) molecular weight change on the single chains, aggregation and β phase. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Li T, Huang L, Bai Z, Li X, Liu B, Lu D. Study on the forming condition and mechanism of the β conformation in poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) solution. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Bai W, Wu C, Shang X, Cai L, Lin J. Precipitation and sol formation from poly(p-phenylene)s solutions by spectroscopic study. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Scharsich C, Fischer FSU, Wilma K, Hildner R, Ludwigs S, Köhler A. Revealing structure formation in PCPDTBT by optical spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Scharsich
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | | | - Kevin Wilma
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Experimental Physics IV, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Experimental Physics IV, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
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15
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Huang L, Li T, Liu B, Zhang L, Bai Z, Li X, Huang X, Lu D. A transformation process and mechanism between the α-conformation and β-conformation of conjugated polymer PFO in precursor solution. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:2627-2638. [PMID: 25687173 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the solvent field and temperature are used to explore the mutual transformation dynamic process and mechanism between the α-conformation and β-conformation in poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) precursor solution. The conformational transformation of the PFO chain is researched by UV-vis absorption spectra and the proportions of the β-conformation are quantitatively calculated. The corresponding variation trend of the aggregation structure is researched using a static and dynamic light scattering (SLS/DLS) method. It is found that the mutual transformation processes between the α-conformation and β-conformation are reversible in essence. Especially in the transformation processes, the complicated relationship between the β-conformation and the aggregation structure is understood, that is the aggregation structure promotes formation of the β-conformation under solvent field, then the conformational transformation of the β-conformation promotes the dissociation of the aggregation structure under temperature. The above results give an insight into the β-conformation and the aggregation structure of PFO in theory. Furthermore, under the temperature, we find that both two transformation steps have good linear correlations, which indicates that using temperature can be considered as a good method to accurately control the proportion of β-conformation in actual applications, and it will help us to get the desired proportion of the β-conformation in PFO precursor solution so as to make the charge carrier mobility of optoelectronic films increased and device performance better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China.
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16
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Liu B, Lin J, Lei Z, Sun M, Xie L, Xue W, Yin C, Zhang X, Huang W. Solvent and Steric Hindrance Effects of Bulky Poly(9,9-diarylfluorene)s on Conformation, Gelation, Morphology, and Electroluminescence. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD); Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and InformationDisplays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center forAdvanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications; 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Lei
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD); Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and InformationDisplays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center forAdvanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications; 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Mingli Sun
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD); Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and InformationDisplays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center forAdvanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications; 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD); Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and InformationDisplays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center forAdvanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications; 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Wei Xue
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD); Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and InformationDisplays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center forAdvanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications; 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Chengrong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P.R. China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD); Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and InformationDisplays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center forAdvanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications; 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD); Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and InformationDisplays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center forAdvanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications; 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P.R. China
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17
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Huang L, Zhang L, Huang X, Li T, Liu B, Lu D. Study of the α-Conformation of the Conjugated Polymer Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) in Dilute Solution. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:791-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406598x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
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18
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Si R, Wei L, Wang H, Su D, Mushrif SH, Chen Y. Extraction of (9,8) single-walled carbon nanotubes by fluorene-based polymers. Chem Asian J 2013; 9:868-77. [PMID: 24376166 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Selective polymer wrapping is a promising approach to obtain high-chiral-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) needed in technical applications and scientific studies. We showed that among three fluorene-based polymers with different side-chain lengths and backbones, poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(9,10-anthracene)] (PFH-A) can selectively extract SWCNTs synthesized from the CoSO4 /SiO2 catalyst, which results in enrichment of 78.3 % (9,8) and 12.2 % (9,7) nanotubes among all semiconducting species. These high-chiral-purity SWCNTs may find potential applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the extraction selectivity of PFH-A relates to the bending and alignment of its alkyl chains and the twisting of its two aromatic backbone units (biphenyl and anthracene) relative to SWCNTs. The strong π-π interaction between polymers and SWCNTs would increase the extraction yield, but it is not beneficial for chiral selectivity. Our findings suggest that the matching between the curvature of SWCNTs and the flexibility of the polymer side chains and the aromatic backbone units is essential in designing novel polymers for selective extraction of (n,m) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Si
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 (Singapore), Fax: (+65) 67947553
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19
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Tapia MJ, Monteserín M, Burrows HD, Seixas de Melo JS, Estelrich J. Effect of the Phospholipid Chain Length and Head Group on Beta-Phase Formation of Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) Enclosed in Liposomes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1471-8. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Tapia
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de Burgos; Burgos Spain
| | | | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Joan Estelrich
- Departament de Fisicoquímica; Facultat de Farmàcia; Universitat de Barcelona Avda; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
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20
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zur Borg L, Domanski AL, Berger R, Zentel R. Photoinduced Charge Separation of Self-Organized Semiconducting Superstructures Composed of a Functional Polymer-TiO2
Hybrid. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Quites FJ, Domingues RA, Ferbonink GF, Nome RA, Atvars TDZ. Facile control of system-bath interactions and the formation of crystalline phases of poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(9,9-di-{5′-pentanyl}-fluorenyl-2,7-diyl)] in silicone-based polymer hosts. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Knaapila M, Monkman AP. Methods for controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1090-1108. [PMID: 23341026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the phase behavior of polyfluorene solutions and gels has expanded tremendously in recent years. The relationship between the structure formation and photophysics is known at the quantitative level. The factors which we understand control these relationships include virtually all important materials parameters such as solvent quality, side chain branching, side chain length, molecular weight, thermal history and myriad functionalizations. This review describes advances in controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. It discusses the demarcation lines between solutions, gels, and macrophase separation in conjugated polymers and reviews essential solid state properties needed for understanding of solutions. It gives an insight into polyfluorene and polyfluorene beta phase in solutions and gels and describes all the structural levels in solvent matrices, ranging from intramolecular structures to the diverse aggregate classes and network structures and agglomerates of these units. It goes on to describe the kinetics and thermodynamics of these structures. It details the manifold molecular parameters used in their control and continues with the molecular confinement and touches on permanently cross-linked networks. Particular focus is placed on the experimental results of archetypical polyfluorenes and solvent matrices and connection between structure and photonics. A connection is also made to the mean field type theories of hairy-rod like polymers. This altogether allows generalizations and provides a guideline for materials scientists, synthetic chemists and device engineers as well, for this important class of semiconductor, luminescent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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23
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Tange M, Okazaki T, Iijima S. Selective extraction of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes by poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-pyridine) for 1.5 μm emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:6458-6462. [PMID: 23231776 DOI: 10.1021/am302327j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For applications in standard optical devices, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibiting emissions near 1500 nm are potentially feasible because silicon semiconductors efficiently transmit the light in this region. However, techniques to extract such semiconducting SWCNTs have not been reported thus far. In this study, using poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-pyridine) (PFOPy) as a dispersant in organic solvent, we succeeded in selectively dispersing SWCNTs which show near-infrared fluorescence around 1500 nm. On the basis of optical absorption and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, we revealed that the outstanding tube-structure preference of PFOPy can be interpreted by a characteristic "wavy" conformation of PFOPy on the tube wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tange
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
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24
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Jakubka F, Schießl SP, Martin S, Englert JM, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Zaumseil J. Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight and Solution Parameters on Selective Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:815-819. [PMID: 35607124 DOI: 10.1021/mz300147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotube species (n,m) with conjugated polymers such as poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) in organic solvents depends not only on the type of solvent but also on the molecular weight of the polymer. We find an increasing amount of nanotubes and altered selectivities for dispersions with higher molecular weight polymers. Including the effects of different aromatic solvents, we propose that solution viscosity is one of the factors influencing the apparent selectivity by changing the reaggregation rate of the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). The type of solvent, polymer molecular weight, concentration, and viscosity should thus be taken into account when screening for new polymers for selective SWNT dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jakubka
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan P. Schießl
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Martin
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan M. Englert
- Institute of Advanced Materials
and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Institute of Advanced Materials
and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Institute of Advanced Materials
and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90762 Fürth, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Newbloom GM, Weigandt KM, Pozzo DC. Electrical, Mechanical, and Structural Characterization of Self-Assembly in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Organogel Networks. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202564k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Newbloom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750,
United States
| | - Katie M. Weigandt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750,
United States
| | - Danilo C. Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750,
United States
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26
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Anni M. Photodegradation Effects on the Emission Properties of an Amplifying Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) Active Waveguide Operating in Air. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:4655-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Anni
- Dipartimento di Matematica
e Fisica ”Ennio De
Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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27
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Cone CW, Cheng RR, Makarov DE, Vanden Bout DA. Molecular Weight Effect on the formation of β Phase Poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene) in Dilute Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:12380-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Cone
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ryan R. Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dmitrii E. Makarov
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David A. Vanden Bout
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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28
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Knaapila M, Bright DW, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Almásy L, Schweins R, Vainio U, Preis E, Galbrecht F, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Network structure of polyfluorene sheets as a function of alkyl side chain length. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:051803. [PMID: 21728563 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of self-organized structures in poly(9,9-di-n-alkylfluorene)s ∼1 vol % methylcyclohexane (MCH) and deuterated MCH (MCH-d(14)) solutions was studied at room temperature using neutron and x-ray scattering (with the overall q range of 0.00058-4.29 Å(-1)) and optical spectroscopy. The number of side chain carbons (N) ranged from 6 to 10. The phase behavior was rationalized in terms of polymer overlap, cross-link density, and blending rules. For N=6-9, the system contains isotropic areas and lyotropic areas where sheetlike assemblies (lateral size of >400 Å) and free polymer chains form ribbonlike agglomerates (characteristic dimension of >1500 Å) leading to a gel-like appearance of the solutions. The ribbons are largely packed together with surface fractal characteristics for N=6-7 but become open networklike structures with mass fractal characteristics for N=8-9, until the system goes through a transition to an isotropic phase of overlapping rodlike polymers for N=10. The polymer order within sheets varies allowing classification for loose membranes and ordered sheets, including the so-called β phase. The polymers within the ordered sheets have restricted motion for N=6-7 but more freedom to vibrate for N=8-9. The nodes in the ribbon network are suggested to contain ordered sheets cross-linking the ribbons together, while the nodes in the isotropic phase appear as weak density fluctuations cross-linking individual chains together. The tendencies for macrophase separation and the formation of non beta sheets decrease while the proportion of free chains increases with increasing N. The fraction of β phase varies nonlinearly, reaching its maximum at N = 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway.
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29
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Justino LLG, Ramos ML, Knaapila M, Marques AT, Kudla CJ, Scherf U, Almásy L, Schweins R, Burrows HD, Monkman AP. Gel Formation and Interpolymer Alkyl Chain Interactions with Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO) in Toluene Solution: Results from NMR, SANS, DFT, and Semiempirical Calculations and Their Implications for PFO β-Phase Formation. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102235r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Licínia L. G. Justino
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luísa Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Ana T. Marques
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christof J. Kudla
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - László Almásy
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Adolphe Merkle Institut, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS Group, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- OEM Research Group, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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30
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Chen CY, Chan SH, Li JY, Wu KH, Chen HL, Chen JH, Huang WY, Chen SA. Formation and Thermally-Induced Disruption of Nanowhiskers in Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/Xylene Gel Studied by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1008034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
- Materials and Chemical Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsin-Chu, 310, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Yi Li
- Department of Polymer Materials, Kun Shan University, Tainan Hsien 71003, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Han Wu
- Department of Polymer Materials, Kun Shan University, Tainan Hsien 71003, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Hong Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials, Kun Shan University, Tainan Hsien 71003, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Show-An Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
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31
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Bansal M, Srivastava R, Lal C, Kamalasanan MN, Tanwar LS. Change in conformation of polymer PFO on addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1171-1177. [PMID: 20648345 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been added to the polymer poly (9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2, 7-diyl) end capped with dimethylphenyl (PFO) in various weight percentages and the blends thus prepared, using a solution processing approach, have been characterized using SEM, UV-VIS spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy and I-V characterization. The SEM micrographs show a change in the structure of the polymer from partially crystalline to a glassy state in the blend form. The morphology observations are supported by absorption spectra which show a very high diminution of the polymers' beta peak in the spectra obtained from the polymer-nanotube blend. Thus, multiwall carbon nanotubes modify the local nanoscopic structure of PFO leading to a more glassy structure instead of a partially crystalline form and provide a method to tailor the conformation of polymer PFO, depending on intended application. I-V characteristics reveal an increase in current on formation of the polymer-nanotube blend as compared to the polymer-only structure. On the basis of percolation theory, as applied to these polymer-nanotube blends, a percolation threshold value of 0.45 wt% and critical exponent value of 1.84 has been obtained, indicating the formation of a three dimensional polymer-nanotube network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malti Bansal
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Sector-3, Dwarka, New Delhi 110075, India.
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32
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Chen CY, Chang CS, Huang SW, Chen JH, Chen HL, Su CI, Chen SA. Phase-Separation-Induced Gelation of Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)/Methylcyclohexane Solution. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shun Chang
- Department of Polymer Materials, Kun Shan University, Tainan Hsien 71003, Taiwan
- Department of Polymer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Wun Huang
- Department of Polymer Materials, Kun Shan University, Tainan Hsien 71003, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Hong Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials, Kun Shan University, Tainan Hsien 71003, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Iuan Su
- Department of Polymer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
| | - Show-An Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
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33
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Knaapila M, Evans RC, Gutacker A, Garamus VM, Torkkeli M, Adamczyk S, Forster M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Solvent dependent assembly of a polyfluorene-polythiophene "rod-rod" block copolyelectrolyte: influence on photophysical properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5056-5066. [PMID: 20085283 DOI: 10.1021/la903520w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the solvent-driven assembly of a polyelectrolytic polyfluorene-polythiophene diblock copolymer-poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene]-b-poly[3-(6-trimethylammoniumhexyl)thiophene] (PF2/6-b-P3TMAHT)-in tetrahydrofuran (THF), water, their 1:1 mixture and in subsequently prepared thin films, as investigated using a combination of scattering, microscopic and photoluminescence techniques. In solution PF2/6-b-P3TMAHT forms large (>100 nm) aggregates which undergo a transition from objects with surface fractal interface (THF) to ones with a significant planar component due to the presence of the 2-dimensionally merged ribbon-like aggregates or fused walls of the observed vesicular aggregates [THF-water (1:1)]. In THF-water and water the blocks are loosely segregated into P3TMAHT and PF2/6 rich domains, with PF2/6 dominating the aggregate interior. Depending on solvent, the spun films contain either aggregates with a crystalline interior (THF) or large 200 nm-2 microm vesicular aggregates embedded in a featureless matrix (THF-water and water). Structural variations are concomitant with distinctive solvatochromic changes in the photophysical properties including a color change from deep red (THF) to pale orange (THF-water and water) in solution, a decrease in fluorescence quantum yield with increasing water content, and a shift from photoluminescence of individual PF2/6 blocks (THF) to efficient PF2/6 --> P3TMAHT energy transfer (THF-water and water).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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34
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Abbel R, Schenning APHJ, Meijer E. Fluorene-based materials and their supramolecular properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Rahman MH, Liao SC, Chen HL, Chen JH, Ivanov VA, Chu PPJ, Chen SA. Aggregation of conjugated polymers in aromatic solvent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:1667-1674. [PMID: 19118476 DOI: 10.1021/la802526d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Segments of conjugated polymers display the propensity to aggregate in solutions with common organic solvents. Here we revealed that the segmental aggregation of a conjugated polymer, poly(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl), (PF2/6), in toluene was stabilized by the polymer-solvent complex formation through pi-pi stacking induction of solvent molecules and polymer segments. In this case, a portion of the solvent was trapped inside the aggregate domains upon bringing the system to the subambient temperatures. The residence time of these associated solvent molecules became long enough to yield a separate upfield-shifted NMR resonance. The line-shape of this resonance revealed alignment of the polymer segments in the aggregates. A portion of the solvent was frozen in the compact structure due to the formation of strong polymer-solvent complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Habibur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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36
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Knaapila M, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Pang JS, Forster M, Gutacker A, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Fractal Aggregates of Polyfluorene−Polyaniline Triblock Copolymer in Solution State. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:16415-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - László Almásy
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jing S. Pang
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrea Gutacker
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Fang J, Kiran E. Thermoreversible Gelation and Polymorphic Transformations of Syndiotactic Polystyrene in Toluene and Toluene + Carbon Dioxide Fluid Mixtures at High Pressures. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Erdogan Kiran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Garamus VM, Galbrecht F, Nehls BS, Preis E, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Control over phase behavior and solution structure of hairy-rod polyfluorene by means of side-chain length and branching. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:051803. [PMID: 18643093 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present guidelines on how the solution structure of pi -conjugated hairy-rod polyfluorenes is controlled by the side-chain length and branching. First, the semiquantitative mean-field theory is formulated to predict the phase behavior of the system as a function of side-chain beads (N). The phase transition at N=N{ *} separates a lyotropic phase with solvent coexistence (N<N{ *}) and a metastable membrane phase (N>N{ *}). The membrane phase transforms into the isotropic phase of dissolved rodlike polymers at the temperature T_{mem}{ *}(N), which decreases both with N and with the degree of side-chain branching. This picture is complemented by polymer demixing with the transition temperature T_{IN}{ *}(N), which decreases with N . For N<N{ *}, the lyotropic phase turns isotropic with increasing T at T_{IN}{ *} . For N>N{ *}, stable membranes are predicted for T_{IN}{ *}<T<T_{mem}{ *} and metastable membranes with nematic coexistence for T<T_{IN}{ *}. Second, in experiment, samples of poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene) with N=6-10 were mixed in methylcyclohexane. For N=8 the side-chain branching was controlled by (9,9-dioctylfluorene)/(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene) (F8/F2/6) random copolymers. The proportion of F8 to F2/6 repeat units was 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 50:50, and 0:100. In accordance with the theory, lyotropic, membrane, and isotropic phases with the corresponding phase transitions were observed. For N<N{ *} approximately 6 only the lyotropic phase is present for attainable temperatures. The membrane and isotropic phases are present for N>N{ *}. T_{mem}{ *}(N) decreases from 340 K to 280 K for N > or = 8 . For copolymers, the membrane phase is found when the fraction of F8 units is at least 90%, T_{mem}{ *} decreasing with this fraction. The membrane phase contains three material types: loose sheets of two polymer layers, a better packed beta phase, and dissolved polymer. For N > or = 7 and T<T_{mem}{ *} the tendency for membrane formation becomes stronger with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Knaapila M, Almásy L, Garamus V, Ramos M, Justino L, Galbrecht F, Preis E, Scherf U, Burrows H, Monkman A. An effect of side chain length on the solution structure of poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s in toluene. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Knaapila M, Dias FB, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Torkkeli M, Leppänen K, Galbrecht F, Preis E, Burrows HD, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Influence of Side Chain Length on the Self-Assembly of Hairy-Rod Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s in the Poor Solvent Methylcyclohexane. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0715728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Knaapila
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - F. B. Dias
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - V. M. Garamus
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - L. Almásy
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - M. Torkkeli
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - K. Leppänen
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - F. Galbrecht
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - E. Preis
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - H. D. Burrows
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - U. Scherf
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - A. P. Monkman
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
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