1
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Fynbo C, Huss-Hansen MK, Bikondoa O, Gangadharappa C, da Silva Filho DA, Patil S, Knaapila M, Kjelstrup-Hansen J. Structural Study of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivative Thin Films: Influence of Deposition Method, Substrate Surface, and Aging. Langmuir 2023; 39:12099-12109. [PMID: 37587409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the morphology and microstructure of n-dialkyl side-chain-substituted thiophene DPP end-capped with phenyl groups (Ph-TDPP-Ph) thin films and compare the influence of deposition method and substrate surface using thermally oxidized Si and graphene substrates as well as monolayer graphene surfaces with an underlying self-assembled octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayer, complemented by an aging study of spin-coated films over a 2 weeks aging period. A distinct difference in morphology was observed between spin-coated and vacuum-deposited thin films, which formed a fiber-like morphology and a continuous layer of terraced grains, respectively. After an initial film evolution, all combinations of deposition method and substrate type result in well-ordered thin films with almost identical crystalline phases with slight variations in crystallinity and mosaicity. These findings point toward strong intermolecular forces dominating during growth, and the templating effect observed for other oligomer films formed on graphene is consequently ineffective for this material type. Upon aging of spin-coated films, a noticeable evolution involving two different morphologies and crystalline phases were observed. After several days, the thin film evolved into a more stable crystal phase and a fiber-like morphology. Moreover, slight variation in optical spectra were elucidated on the basis on density functional theory calculations. These results demonstrate that thin-film properties of DPP derivatives can be tailored by manipulating the film formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Fynbo
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Mathias K Huss-Hansen
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Oier Bikondoa
- XMaS UK CRG Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | | | - Demetrio Antonio da Silva Filho
- Grupo de Semicondutores Orgânicos, Instituto de Física, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, CP 4478, Brasília 70919-970, DF, Brazil
| | - Satish Patil
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jakob Kjelstrup-Hansen
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
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2
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Costa T, Knaapila M, Stewart B, Ramos ML, Justino LLG, Valente AJM, Dalgliesh R, Rogers SE, Kraft M, Allard S, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Nanostructuring with Surfactants: The Self-Assembly of a New Poly(thiophene-phenylene) Conjugated Polymer Bearing Azacrown Ether Pendant Groups. Langmuir 2022; 38:11845-11859. [PMID: 36121768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a new conjugated polymer bearing crown ether moieties, poly[(N(1-aza-[18]crown-6)carbamido)thiophene-2,5-diyl-alt-1,4-phenylene] (BG2). In water, BG2 forms a dispersion with a slightly cloudy appearance. We have studied the effect of adding surfactants, with different polar head groups, on these polymer-polymer aggregates. Special attention is given to the system with the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The combination of photophysical techniques with electrical conductivity, NMR (1H, 13C, and 27Na), DFT calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) provides a detailed picture on the behavior of the SDS/BG2 system in aqueous solution and in thin films. NMR, electric conductivity, and DFT results suggest that hydrophilic interactions occur between the polar headgroup of the surfactant (OSO3- Na+) and the aza-[18]-crown-6 moiety. DFT calculations confirmed the capability of BG2 to form stable complexes with the Na+ cations, where the cation can be either inside the azacrown cavity or sandwiched between the cavity and the polymer chain, which seem to determine the position of the surfactant hydrocarbon chain and, therefore, be responsible for the disruption of the BG2 aggregates and subsequent increase in the photoluminescence quantum yields. SANS measurements, made with hydrogenated and deuterated SDS in D2O, clearly show how micron-sized aggregates of BG2 are broken down by SDS and then how BG2 becomes preferentially incorporated within joint colloidal particles of BG2 and SDS with increasing [SDS]/[BG2] molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Costa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Coimbra P-3004-535, Portugal
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Polymer and Biomaterials Chemistry Laboratories, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - M Luísa Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Coimbra P-3004-535, Portugal
| | - Licinia L G Justino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Coimbra P-3004-535, Portugal
| | - Artur J M Valente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Coimbra P-3004-535, Portugal
| | - Robert Dalgliesh
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS STFC, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Rogers
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS STFC, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmacro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauß-Strasse. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmacro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauß-Strasse. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmacro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauß-Strasse. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hugh D Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Coimbra P-3004-535, Portugal
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3
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Giordano N, Guha S, Stewart B, Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Knaapila M. High-pressure structure and phase behaviour of naphthyl end-capped oligothiophene. Acta Cryst Sect A 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322091343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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4
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Huss-Hansen MK, Hedlund EG, Davydok A, Hansteen M, Overdijk J, de Cremer G, Roeffaers M, Knaapila M, Balzano L. Local structure mapping of gel-spun ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Jo TS, Koh JJ, Park J, Biswas B, Principe RCG, Han H, Wacha AF, Knaapila M. Poly(Pyridinium Salt)s Containing 2,7-Diamino-9,9'-Dioctylfluorene Moieties with Various Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061560. [PMID: 33809075 PMCID: PMC7998704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of poly(pyridinium salt)s-fluorene main-chain ionic polymers with various organic counterions were synthesized by using ring-transmutation polymerization and metathesis reactions. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), proton (1H), and fluorine 19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These polymers showed a number-average molecular weight (Mns) between 96.5 and 107.8 kg/mol and polydispersity index (PDI) in the range of 1.12–1.88. They exhibited fully-grown lyotropic phases in polar protic and aprotic solvents at different critical concentrations. Small-angle X-ray scattering for one polymer example indicates lyotropic structure formation for 60–80% solvent fraction. A lyotropic smectic phase contains 10 nm polymer platelets connected by tie molecules. The structure also incorporates a square packing motif within platelets. Thermal properties of polymers were affected by the size of counterions as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. Their ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra in different organic solvents were essentially identical, indicating that the closely spaced π-π* transitions occurred in their conjugated polymer structures. In contrast, the emission spectra of polymers exhibited a positive solvatochromism on changing the polarity of solvents. They emitted green lights in both polar and nonpolar organic solvents and showed blue light in the film-states, but their λem peaks were dependent on the size of the counterions. They formed aggregates in polar aprotic and protic solvents with the addition of water (v/v, 0–90%), and their λem peaks were blue shifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-895-0885 or +1-702-895-4072
| | - Tae S. Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Jung J. Koh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Jongwon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Bidyut Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Ronald Carlo G. Principe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - András F. Wacha
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
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6
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Yesiltas B, Torkkeli M, Almásy L, Dudás Z, García-Moreno PJ, Sørensen ADM, Jacobsen C, Knaapila M. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study of High Fat Fish Oil-In-Water Emulsion Stabilized with Sodium Caseinate and Phosphatidylcholine. Langmuir 2020; 36:2300-2306. [PMID: 32068398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations of separate phase domains in high fat (70%) oil-in-water emulsions emulsified with the combination of sodium caseinate (CAS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). The emulsion as a whole was studied by contrast variation to identify scattering components dominated by individual emulsifiers. The emulsion was subsequently separated into the aqueous phase and the oil-rich droplet phase, which were characterized separately. Emulsions produced with 1.05% (w/w) CAS and PC fraction which varies between 1.75% (w/w) and 0.35% (w/w) provided droplets between 10 and 19 μm in surface weighted mean in 70% fish oil-in-water emulsions. At least two-third of the overall CAS is associated with the interface, while the rest remains with the aqueous phase. Six percent of PC formed a monolayer in the interface, while the rest of the PC remains in the droplet phase in the form of multilayers. When the separated components were resuspended, the resuspended emulsion showed similar characteristics compared to the original emulsion in terms of droplet size distribution and neutron scattering. Instead, CAS in the aqueous phase separated from the emulsion shows aggregation not present in the corresponding CAS-in-D2O system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Yesiltas
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - László Almásy
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Dudás
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pedro J García-Moreno
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18003 Granada, Spain
| | - Ann-Dorit M Sørensen
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Huss-Hansen MK, Hodas M, Mrkyvkova N, Hagara J, Jensen BBE, Osadnik A, Lützen A, Majková E, Siffalovic P, Schreiber F, Tavares L, Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Knaapila M. Surface-Controlled Crystal Alignment of Naphthyl End-Capped Oligothiophene on Graphene: Thin-Film Growth Studied by in Situ X-ray Diffraction. Langmuir 2020; 36:1898-1906. [PMID: 32027509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the microstructure, morphology, and growth of 5,5'-bis(naphth-2-yl)-2,2'-bithiophene (NaT2) thin films deposited on graphene, characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and complemented by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. NaT2 is deposited on two types of graphene surfaces: custom-made samples where chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene layers are transferred onto a Si/SiO2 substrate by us and common commercially transferred CVD graphene on Si/SiO2. Pristine Si/SiO2 substrates are used as a reference. The NaT2 crystal structure and orientation depend strongly on the underlying surface, with the molecules predominantly lying down on the graphene surface (face-on orientation) and standing nearly out-of-plane (edge-on orientation) on the Si/SiO2 reference surface. Post growth GIXRD and AFM measurements reveal that the crystalline structure and grain morphology differ depending on whether there is polymer residue left on the graphene surface. In situ GIXRD measurements show that the thickness dependence of the intensity of the (111) reflection from the crystalline edge-on phase does not intersect zero at the beginning of the deposition process, suggesting that an initial wetting layer, corresponding to 1-2 molecular layers, is formed at the surface-film interface. By contrast, the (111) reflection intensity from the crystalline face-on phase grows at a constant rate as a function of film thickness during the entire deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Hodas
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Nada Mrkyvkova
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84511, Slovakia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Application, Bratislava 84511, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Hagara
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84511, Slovakia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Application, Bratislava 84511, Slovakia
| | | | - Andreas Osadnik
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Eva Majková
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84511, Slovakia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Application, Bratislava 84511, Slovakia
| | - Peter Siffalovic
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84511, Slovakia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Application, Bratislava 84511, Slovakia
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Luciana Tavares
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg 6400, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kjelstrup-Hansen
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg 6400, Denmark
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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8
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Hagara J, Mrkyvkova N, Feriancová L, Putala M, Nádaždy P, Hodas M, Shaji A, Nádaždy V, Huss-Hansen MK, Knaapila M, Hagenlocher J, Russegger N, Zwadlo M, Merten L, Sojková M, Hulman M, Vlad A, Pandit P, Roth S, Jergel M, Majková E, Hinderhofer A, Siffalovic P, Schreiber F. Novel highly substituted thiophene-based n-type organic semiconductor: structural study, optical anisotropy and molecular control. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligothiophenes and their functionalized derivatives have been shown to be a viable option for high-performance organic electronic devices.
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9
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Yesiltas B, Torkkeli M, Almásy L, Dudás Z, Wacha AF, Dalgliesh R, García-Moreno PJ, Sørensen ADM, Jacobsen C, Knaapila M. Interfacial structure of 70% fish oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with combinations of sodium caseinate and phosphatidylcholine. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 554:183-190. [PMID: 31299546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the structural evaluation of high fat fish oil-in-water emulsions emulsified with sodium caseinate (CAS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). The microemulsions contained 70% (w/w) fish oil with 1.05-1.4% (w/w) CAS and 0.4-1.75% (w/w) PC and were studied by the combination of light scattering together with small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS). Aqueous CAS forms aggregates having a denser core of about 100 kDa and less dense shell about 400 kDa with the hard sphere diameter of 20.4 nm. PC appears as multilayers whose coherence length spans from 40 to 100 nm. PC monolayer separates oil and water phases. Moreover, 80% CAS particles are loosely bound to the interface but are not forming continuous coverage. The distance between aggregated CAS particles in microemulsion is increased compared to CAS aggregates in pure CAS-in-water system. PC multilayers become larger in the presence of oil-water interface compared to the pure PC mixtures. Bilayers become larger with increasing PC concentration. This study forms a structural base for the combination of CAS and PC emulsifiers forming a well-defined thin and dense PC layer together with thick but less dense CAS layer, which is assumed to explain its better oxidative stability compared to single emulsifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Yesiltas
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - László Almásy
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zoltán Dudás
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Ferenc Wacha
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert Dalgliesh
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Facility, Chilton OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Pedro J García-Moreno
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ann-Dorit M Sørensen
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Pickett A, Torkkeli M, Mukhopadhyay T, Puttaraju B, Laudari A, Lauritzen AE, Bikondoa O, Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Knaapila M, Patil S, Guha S. Correlating Charge Transport with Structure in Deconstructed Diketopyrrolopyrrole Oligomers: A Case Study of a Monomer in Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:19844-19852. [PMID: 29771117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Copolymers based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) cores have attracted a lot of attention because of their high p-type as well as n-type carrier mobilities in organic field-effect transistors (FETs) and high power conversion efficiencies in solar cell structures. We report the structural and charge transport properties of n-dialkyl side-chain-substituted thiophene DPP end-capped with a phenyl group (Ph-TDPP-Ph) monomer in FETs which were fabricated by vacuum deposition and solvent coating. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) from bottom-gate, bottom-contact FET architectures was measured with and without biasing. Ph-TDPP-Ph reveals a polymorphic structure with π-conjugated stacking direction oriented in-plane. The unit cell comprises either one monomer with a = 20.89 Å, b = 13.02 Å, c = 5.85 Å, α = 101.4°, β = 90.6°, and γ = 94.7° for one phase (TR1) or two monomers with a = 24.92 Å, b = 25.59 Å, c = 5.42 Å, α = 80.3°, β = 83.5°, and γ = 111.8° for the second phase (TR2). The TR2 phase thus signals a shift from a coplanar to herringbone orientation of the molecules. The device performance is sensitive to the ratio of the two triclinic phases found in the film. Some of the best FET performances with p-type carrier mobilities of 0.1 cm2/V s and an on/off ratio of 106 are for films that comprise mainly the TR1 phase. GIXRD from in operando FETs demonstrates the crystalline stability of Ph-TDPP-Ph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Pickett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Tushita Mukhopadhyay
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - Boregowda Puttaraju
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - Amrit Laudari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Andreas E Lauritzen
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
- Department of Physics , University of Oxford , OX13PU Oxford , U.K
| | - Oier Bikondoa
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , CV4 7AL Coventry , U.K
| | - Jakob Kjelstrup-Hansen
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute , University of Southern Denmark , 6400 Sønderborg , Denmark
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Satish Patil
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - Suchismita Guha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
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11
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Lauritzen AE, Torkkeli M, Bikondoa O, Linnet J, Tavares L, Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Knaapila M. Structural Evaluation of 5,5'-Bis(naphth-2-yl)-2,2'-bithiophene in Organic Field-Effect Transistors with n-Octadecyltrichlorosilane Coated SiO 2 Gate Dielectric. Langmuir 2018; 34:6727-6736. [PMID: 29751725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the structure and morphology of 5,5'-bis(naphth-2-yl)-2,2'-bithiophene (NaT2) films in bottom-contact organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) coated SiO2 gate dielectric, characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and electrical transport measurements. Three types of devices were investigated with the NaT2 thin-film deposited either on (1) pristine SiO2 (corresponding to higher surface energy, 47 mJ/m2) or on OTS deposited on SiO2 under (2) anhydrous or (3) humid conditions (corresponding to lower surface energies, 20-25 mJ/m2). NaT2 films grown on pristine SiO2 form nearly featureless three-dimensional islands. NaT2 films grown on OTS/SiO2 deposited under anhydrous conditions form staggered pyramid islands where the interlayer spacing corresponds to the size of the NaT2 unit cell. At the same time, the grain size measured by AFM increases from hundreds of nanometers to micrometers and the crystal size measured by GIXRD from 30 nm to more than 100 nm. NaT2 on OTS/SiO2 deposited under humid conditions also promotes staggered pyramids but with smaller crystals 30-80 nm. The NaT2 unit cell parameters in OFETs differ 1-2% from those in bulk. Carrier mobilities tend to be higher for NaT2 layers on SiO2 (2-3 × 10-4 cm2/(V s)) compared to NaT2 on OTS (2 × 10-5-1 × 10-4 cm2/(V s)). An applied voltage does not influence the unit cell parameters when probed by GIXRD in operando.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Lauritzen
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
- Department of Physics , University of Oxford , OX1 3PU Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Oier Bikondoa
- XMaS, The U.K.-CRG Beamline , European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , CV4 7AL Coventry , United Kingdom
| | - Jes Linnet
- Center for Nano Optics, Mads Clausen Institute , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M , Denmark
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute , University of Southern Denmark , 6400 Sønderborg , Denmark
| | - Luciana Tavares
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute , University of Southern Denmark , 6400 Sønderborg , Denmark
| | - Jakob Kjelstrup-Hansen
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute , University of Southern Denmark , 6400 Sønderborg , Denmark
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
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12
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Knaapila M, Stewart B, Costa T, Rogers SE, Pragana J, Fonseca SM, Valente AJM, Ramos ML, Murtinho D, Pereira JC, Mallavia R, Burrows HD. Incorporation of a Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolyte CPE within an Aqueous Poly(vinyl alcohol) Sol. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Telma Costa
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sarah E. Rogers
- Rutherford
Appleton
Laboratory, ISIS STFC, Chilton OX11 0QX, Oxon, U.K
| | - Joana Pragana
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia M. Fonseca
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur J. M. Valente
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luisa Ramos
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dina Murtinho
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Costa Pereira
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miquel Hernandez de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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Burrows HD, Costa T, Ramos ML, Valente AJM, Stewart B, Justino LLG, Almeida AIA, Catarina NL, Mallavia R, Knaapila M. Self-assembled systems of water soluble metal 8-hydroxyquinolates with surfactants and conjugated polyelectrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16629-40. [PMID: 26817700 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the interaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate (8-HQS) with the metal ions Al(iii) and Zn(ii) in aqueous solution in the presence of tetraalkylammonium surfactants using UV/vis absorption, fluorescence, NMR spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements, complemented by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Under appropriate conditions, complexes between 8-HQS and metal ions form rapidly, and have similar electronic, spectroscopic and photophysical properties to the corresponding metal quinolates, such as Alq3. These interact with the cationic surfactants, leading to marked increases in fluorescence intensity. However, significant differences are seen in the behavior of the two metal ions. With aluminium, a stable [Al(8-QS)3](3-) anion is formed, and interacts, predominantly through electrostatic interactions, with the surfactant, without disrupting the metal ion coordination sphere. In contrast, with Zn(ii), there is a competition between the metal ion and surfactants in the interaction with 8-HQS, although the [Zn(8-QS)2(H2O)2](2-) species is stable at appropriate pH and surfactant concentration. The studies are extended to systems with the conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) poly-(9,9-bis(6-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)-fluorene-phenylene bromide (HTMA-PFP), which has a similar alkylammonium chain to the surfactants. Mixing metal salt, 8-HQS and HTMA-PFP in the presence of a nonionic surfactant leads to the formation of a metal complex/CPE supramolecular assembly between the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the metal/8-HQS complex, as demonstrated by electronic energy transfer. The potential of these systems in sensing, light harvesting, and electron injection/transport layers in organic semiconductor devices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Burrows
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Telma Costa
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Luisa Ramos
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Artur J M Valente
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Licinia L G Justino
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Aline I A Almeida
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nathanny Lessa Catarina
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Abstract
This review describes essential optical and emerging structural experiments that use high GPa range hydrostatic pressure to probe physical phenomena in blue-emitting organic semiconductors including π-conjugated polyfluorene and related compounds. The work emphasizes molecular structure and intermolecular self-organization that typically determine transport and optical emission in π-conjugated oligomers and polymers. In this context, hydrostatic pressure through diamond anvil cells has proven to be an elegant tool to control structure and interactions without chemical intervention. This has been highlighted by high pressure optical spectroscopy whilst analogous x-ray diffraction experiments remain less frequent. By focusing on a class of blue-emitting π-conjugated polymers, polyfluorenes, this article reviews optical spectroscopic studies under hydrostatic pressure, addressing the impact of molecular and intermolecular interactions on optical excitations, electron-phonon interaction, and changes in backbone conformations. This picture is connected to the optical high pressure studies of other π-conjugated systems and emerging x-ray scattering experiments from polyfluorenes which provides a structure-property map of pressure-driven intra- and interchain interactions. Key obstacles to obtain further advances are identified and experimental methods to resolve them are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Haase D, Fröhlich N, Helfer A, Forster M, Scherf U. Effect of side-chain asymmetry on the intermolecular structure and order-disorder transition in alkyl-substituted polyfluorenes. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:042504. [PMID: 27176345 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.042504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study relations among the side-chain asymmetry, structure, and order-disorder transition (ODT) in hairy-rod-type poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) (PF6) with two identical side chains and atactic poly(9-octyl-9-methyl-fluorene) (PF1-8) with two different side chains per repeat. PF6 and PF1-8 organize into alternating side-chain and backbone layers that transform into an isotropic phase at T^{ODT}(PF6) and T_{bi}^{ODT}(PF1-8). We interpret polymers in terms of monodisperse and bidisperse brushes and predict scenarios T^{ODT}<T_{bi}^{ODT} and T^{ODT}∼T_{bi}^{ODT} for high and low grafting densities (the side-chain length above or below the average grafting distance). Calorimetry and x-ray scattering indicate the condition T^{ODT}(PF6)∼T_{bi}^{ODT}(PF1-8) following the low grafting prediction. PF6 side chains coming from the alternating backbone layers appear as two separate layers with thickness H(PF6), whereas PF1-8 side chains appear as an indistinguishable bilayer with a half thickness H_{bilayer}(PF1-8)/2≈H(PF6). The low grafting density region is structurally possible but not certain for PF6 and confirmed for PF1-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R Stepanyan
- Materials Science Centre, DSM Research, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - M Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Haase
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - N Fröhlich
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Helfer
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Forster
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - U Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Torkkeli
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Galbrecht
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Knaapila M, Høyer H, Helgesen G. Composite microdiscs with a magnetic belt: preparation, chaining properties, and use as switchable catalyst carriers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:7795-7800. [PMID: 25798702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe an emulsion-based preparation of patchy composite particles (diameter of 100-500 μm) consisting of a disclike epoxy core and a belt of porous polystyrene particles (diameter of 30 μm) with magnetite within the pores. Compared to the magnetically uniform polystyrene particles, the spontaneous aggregation of composite particles is suppressed when dispersed into liquid, which is attributed to the increased particle size, reduced magnetic susceptibility, and the shape of the magnetic domain distribution within the particles (spherical versus a belt). When the composite particles are coated by platinum-palladium layer we demonstrate they can be employed as switchable catalyst carriers, moving from one liquid phase to another when controlled by an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- †Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- ‡Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Høyer
- §GIAMAG Technologies AS, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Geir Helgesen
- †Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- ∥Department of Physics, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Knaapila M, Costa T, Garamus VM, Kraft M, Drechsler M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of a Cationic All Conjugated Fluorene–Thiophene Diblock Copolymer with Aqueous DNA. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3231-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Telma Costa
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Helmholz-Zentrum
Geesthacht: Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung
GmbH, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research - Laboratory for Soft Matter
Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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19
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Costa T, de Azevedo D, Stewart B, Knaapila M, Valente AJM, Kraft M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Interactions of a zwitterionic thiophene-based conjugated polymer with surfactants. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural organization and photoluminescence properties of zwitterionic conjugated polymer–surfactant assemblies depend on specific and non-specific polymer–surfactant interactions within the aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Costa
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Diego de Azevedo
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Artur J. M. Valente
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- D-42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- D-42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
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20
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Knaapila M, Costa T, Garamus VM, Kraft M, Drechsler M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte (CPE) Poly{3-[6-(N-methylimidazolium)hexyl]-2,5-thiophene} Complexed with DNA: Relation between Colloidal Level Solution Structure and Chromic Effects. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500714k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics
Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Telma Costa
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Helmholz-Zentrum
Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research - Laboratory for Soft Matter
Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Knaapila M, Fonseca SM, Stewart B, Torkkeli M, Perlich J, Pradhan S, Scherf U, Castro RAE, Burrows HD. Nanostructuring of the conjugated polyelectrolyte poly[9,9-bis(4-sulfonylbutoxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-2,2'-bithiophene] in liquid crystalline C12E4 in bulk water and aligned thin films. Soft Matter 2014; 10:3103-3111. [PMID: 24695747 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00092g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the conjugated polyelectrolyte 12 mM poly[9,9-bis(4-sulfonylbutoxyphenyl) fluorene-2,7-diyl-2,2'-bithiophene] (PBS-PF2T) mixed in concentrated aqueous 680 mM tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E4) in bulk and thin films. A blue-shift in the fluorescence spectrum demonstrates breakup of PBS-PF2T aggregates in bulk aqueous C12E4. Small-angle X-ray scattering data indicate that this mixture follows a very similar phase behaviour to binary mixtures of a pure surfactant with water, including a micellar phase below about 20 °C, a lamellar phase in between about 20 and 70 °C and a proposed coexistence of water and the liquid surfactant solution above 70 °C. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduce these transitions and suggest that PBS-PF2T is incorporated into the surfactant headgroup region, and is, on average, perpendicular to the alkyl chains. In wet thin films, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering shows that the phase window for the lamellar phase becomes much narrower, located at about 30-34 °C. Weakly ordered phases exist both below and above these temperatures. These phases are isotropic, but lamellae become aligned in a stacked manner on the surface whether approached from low or high temperatures. Dry films are disordered but can be reversibly ordered and disordered and aligned and misaligned by maintaining the temperature at 30-34 °C and switching relative outside humidity between 32% and 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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22
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Knaapila M, Høyer H, Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Helgesen G. Transparency enhancement for photoinitiated polymerization (UV curing) through magnetic field alignment in a piezoresistive metal/polymer composite. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:3469-3476. [PMID: 24527791 DOI: 10.1021/am405625z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We use a magnetic field to align nickel particles into stringlike assemblies in urethane oligomer mixtures and create a semitransparent UV-curable nickel particle/polymer composite with anisotropic electrical conductivity and piezoresistive properties. When the particles are uniformly distributed in the oligourethane matrix, the mixture is moderately conductive at higher particle fractions but becomes insulating once the fraction is below about 5 vol %. With the particle fraction below this threshold and using an external magnetic field, the particles are aligned into continuous pathways through the oligomer mixtures following the magnetic flux lines. The matrix is subsequently cured by UV light. This results in conductivity and piezoresistivity along the alignment direction, while the material is not conducting perpendicular to the alignment direction. The lower particle fraction results in a lower number of absorbers for UV light: the decrease from 5 to 1 vol % increases optical transmission from 10% to 50% in the UV/vis region. This leads to a shorter photocuring time, typically from tens of seconds to seconds for 300-μm-thick films at a wavelength of 365 nm. We propose that this concept could be applied in areas such as pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology , NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
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23
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Knaapila M, Torkkeli M, Konôpková Z, Haase D, Liermann HP, Scherf U, Guha S. Measuring Structural Inhomogeneity of Conjugated Polymer at High Pressures up to 30 GPa. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401661t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Dörthe Haase
- MAX IV - Laboratory, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Suchismita Guha
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Costa T, Garner LE, Knaapila M, Thomas AW, Rogers SE, Bazan GC, Burrows HD. Aggregation properties of p-phenylene vinylene based conjugated oligoelectrolytes with surfactants. Langmuir 2013; 29:10047-10058. [PMID: 23822142 DOI: 10.1021/la401871x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The amphiphilic properties of conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COE) and their sensitivity to the polarity of their microenvironment lead to interesting aggregation behavior, in particular in their interaction with surfactants. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, liquid-phase atomic force microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction were used to examine interactions between cationic p-phenylene vinylene based oligoelectrolytes and surfactants. These techniques indicate the formation of COE/surfactant aggregates in aqueous solution, and changes in the photophysical properties are observed when compared to pure aqueous solutions. We evaluate the effect of the charge of the surfactant polar headgroup, the size of the hydrophobic chain, and the role of counterions. At low COE concentrations (micromolar), it was found that these COEs display larger emission quantum efficiencies upon incorporation into micelles, along with marked blue-shifts of the PL spectra. This effect is most pronounced in the series of anionic surfactants, and the degree of blue shifts as a function of surfactant charge is as follows: cationic < nonionic < anionic surfactants. In anionic surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the PL spectra show vibronic resolution above the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant, suggesting more rigid structures. Scattering data indicate that in aqueous solutions, trimers appear as essentially 3-dimensional particles, while tetra- and pentamers form larger, cylindrical particles. When the molar ratio of nonionic C12E5 surfactant to 1,4-bis(4-{N,N-bis-[(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl]amino}-styryl)benzene tetraiodide (DSBNI) is close to one, the size of the formed DSBNI-C12E5 particles corresponds to the full coverage of individual oligomers. When these particles are transferred into thin films, they organize into a cubic in-plane pattern. If anionic SDS is added, the formed DSBNI-SDS particles are larger than expected for full surfactant coverage, and particles may thus contain several oligomers. This tendency is attributed to the merging of DSBNI oligomers due to the charge screening and, thus, reduced water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Costa
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal.
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Knaapila M, Monkman AP. Methods for controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. Adv Mater 2013; 25:1090-1108. [PMID: 23341026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the phase behavior of polyfluorene solutions and gels has expanded tremendously in recent years. The relationship between the structure formation and photophysics is known at the quantitative level. The factors which we understand control these relationships include virtually all important materials parameters such as solvent quality, side chain branching, side chain length, molecular weight, thermal history and myriad functionalizations. This review describes advances in controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. It discusses the demarcation lines between solutions, gels, and macrophase separation in conjugated polymers and reviews essential solid state properties needed for understanding of solutions. It gives an insight into polyfluorene and polyfluorene beta phase in solutions and gels and describes all the structural levels in solvent matrices, ranging from intramolecular structures to the diverse aggregate classes and network structures and agglomerates of these units. It goes on to describe the kinetics and thermodynamics of these structures. It details the manifold molecular parameters used in their control and continues with the molecular confinement and touches on permanently cross-linked networks. Particular focus is placed on the experimental results of archetypical polyfluorenes and solvent matrices and connection between structure and photonics. A connection is also made to the mean field type theories of hairy-rod like polymers. This altogether allows generalizations and provides a guideline for materials scientists, synthetic chemists and device engineers as well, for this important class of semiconductor, luminescent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Knaapila M, Konôpková Z, Torkkeli M, Haase D, Liermann HP, Guha S, Scherf U. Structural study of helical polyfluorene under high quasihydrostatic pressure. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 87:022602. [PMID: 23496539 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.022602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on an x-ray diffraction (XRD) study of helical poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene] (PF2/6) under high quasihydrostatic pressure and show an effect of pressure on the torsion angle (dihedral angle) between adjunct repeat units and on the hexagonal unit cell. A model for helical backbone conformation is constructed. The theoretical position for the most prominent 00l x-ray reflection is calculated as a function of torsion angle. The XRD of high molecular weight PF2/6 (M(n)=30 kg/mol) is measured through a diamond anvil cell upon pressure increase from 1 to 10 GPa. The theoretically considered 00l reflection is experimentally identified, and its shift with the increasing pressure is found to be consistent with the decreasing torsion angle between 2 and 6 GPa. This indicates partial backbone planarization towards a more open helical structure. The h00 peak is identified, and its shift together with the broadening of 00l implies impairment of the ambient hexagonal order, which begins at or below 2 GPa. Previously collected high-pressure photoluminescence data are reanalyzed and are found to be qualitatively consistent with the XRD data. This paper provides an example of how the helical π-conjugated backbone structure can be controlled by applying high quasihydrostatic pressure without modifications in its chemical structure. Moreover, it paves the way for wider use of high-pressure x-ray scattering in the research of π-conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller NO-2027, Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, POB 64, FI-00014 Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Frank Galbrecht
- Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse
20, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse
20, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Evans RC, Knaapila M, Willis-Fox N, Kraft M, Terry A, Burrows HD, Scherf U. Cationic polythiophene-surfactant self-assembly complexes: phase transitions, optical response, and sensing. Langmuir 2012; 28:12348-12356. [PMID: 22839776 DOI: 10.1021/la302166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The absorption and photoluminescence spectra of the cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte poly[3-(6-trimethylammoniumhexyl)thiophene] (P3TMAHT) were observed to be dramatically altered in the presence of anionic surfactants due to self-assembly through ionic complex formation. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), UV/vis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to probe the relationship between the supramolecular complex organization and the photophysical response of P3TMAHT in the presence of industrially important anionic surfactants. Subtle differences in the surfactant mole fraction and chemical structure (e.g., chain length, headgroup charge density, perfluorination) result in marked variations in the range and type of complexes formed, which can be directly correlated to a unique colorimetric and fluorimetric fingerprint. Our results show that P3TMAHT has potential as an optical sensor for anionic surfactants capable of selectively identifying distinct structural subgroups through dual mode detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Evans
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Høyer H, Knaapila M, Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Liu X, Helgesen G. Individual strings of conducting carbon cones and discs in a polymer matrix: Electric field-induced alignment and their use as a strain sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Knaapila M, Bright DW, Nehls BS, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Schweins R, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Development of Intermolecular Structure and Beta-phase of Random Poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene]-co-(9,9-dioctylfluorene) in Methylcyclohexane. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201250h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Daniel W. Bright
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England
| | | | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - László Almásy
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS Group, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England
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31
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Knaapila M, Bright DW, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Almásy L, Schweins R, Vainio U, Preis E, Galbrecht F, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Network structure of polyfluorene sheets as a function of alkyl side chain length. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 83:051803. [PMID: 21728563 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of self-organized structures in poly(9,9-di-n-alkylfluorene)s ∼1 vol % methylcyclohexane (MCH) and deuterated MCH (MCH-d(14)) solutions was studied at room temperature using neutron and x-ray scattering (with the overall q range of 0.00058-4.29 Å(-1)) and optical spectroscopy. The number of side chain carbons (N) ranged from 6 to 10. The phase behavior was rationalized in terms of polymer overlap, cross-link density, and blending rules. For N=6-9, the system contains isotropic areas and lyotropic areas where sheetlike assemblies (lateral size of >400 Å) and free polymer chains form ribbonlike agglomerates (characteristic dimension of >1500 Å) leading to a gel-like appearance of the solutions. The ribbons are largely packed together with surface fractal characteristics for N=6-7 but become open networklike structures with mass fractal characteristics for N=8-9, until the system goes through a transition to an isotropic phase of overlapping rodlike polymers for N=10. The polymer order within sheets varies allowing classification for loose membranes and ordered sheets, including the so-called β phase. The polymers within the ordered sheets have restricted motion for N=6-7 but more freedom to vibrate for N=8-9. The nodes in the ribbon network are suggested to contain ordered sheets cross-linking the ribbons together, while the nodes in the isotropic phase appear as weak density fluctuations cross-linking individual chains together. The tendencies for macrophase separation and the formation of non beta sheets decrease while the proportion of free chains increases with increasing N. The fraction of β phase varies nonlinearly, reaching its maximum at N = 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway.
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32
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Knaapila M, Torkkeli M, Mäkelä T, Horsburgh L, Lindfors K, Serimaa R, Kaivola M, Monkman AP, Brinke G, Ikkala O. Self-Organization of Nitrogen-Containing Polymeric Supramolecules in Thin Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-660-jj5.21.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wang E, Ikonen TP, Knaapila M, Svergun D, Logan DT, von Wachenfeldt C. Small-angle X-ray scattering study of a Rex family repressor: conformational response to NADH and NAD+ binding in solution. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:670-83. [PMID: 21402078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Rex is a sensor of the intracellular NADH/NAD(+) redox state through direct binding of NADH or NAD(+). Homodimeric Rex protein from Thermus aquaticus (T-Rex) and Bacillus subtilis (B-Rex) exists in several different conformations. In both organisms, Rex in complex with NADH has the DNA binding domains packed together at the dimer interface, whereas in the apo form of B-Rex the linkers connecting these domains to the core are flexible. The crystal structures of the apo forms of B-Rex and a mutated variant of T-Rex are radically different. We describe the solution structures of B-Rex in complex with NAD(+) or NADH and in its apo form, on the basis of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. This study addresses to what extent the unusual orientation of the DNA recognition domains of the crystal structure of apo B-Rex is due to stabilization by crystal packing. Low-resolution ab initio solution structures were obtained for apo B-Rex, B-Rex:NADH and B-Rex:NAD(+). Models giving a more detailed picture of these three solution structures were obtained also by rigid body fitting of the crystallographic domains. The SAXS data confirm the elongated and flexible nature of apo-B-Rex and the existence of two distinct and more rigid conformations for the complexes with NADH and NAD(+). The models emerging from this study indicate a reaction mechanism for B-Rex in which the recognition domains are rotated upon binding to NADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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34
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Knaapila M, Rømoen OT, Svåsand E, Pinheiro JP, Martinsen ØG, Buchanan M, Skjeltorp AT, Helgesen G. Conductivity enhancement in carbon nanocone adhesive by electric field induced formation of aligned assemblies. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011; 3:378-384. [PMID: 21268639 DOI: 10.1021/am100990c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We show how an alternating electric field can be used to assemble carbon nanocones (CNCs) and align these assemblies into microscopic wires in a commercial two-component adhesive. The wires form continuous pathways that may electrically connect the alignment electrodes, which leads to directional conductivity (∼10(-3) S/m) on a macroscopic scale. This procedure leads to conductivity enhancement of at least 2-3 orders of magnitude in the case where the CNC fraction (∼0.2 vol %) is 1 order of magnitude below the percolation threshold (∼2 vol %). The alignment and conductivity are maintained on curing that joins the alignment electrodes permanently together. If the aligned CNC wires are damaged before curing, they can be realigned by an extended alignment period. This concept has implications in areas such as electronic packaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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35
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Justino LLG, Ramos ML, Knaapila M, Marques AT, Kudla CJ, Scherf U, Almásy L, Schweins R, Burrows HD, Monkman AP. Gel Formation and Interpolymer Alkyl Chain Interactions with Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO) in Toluene Solution: Results from NMR, SANS, DFT, and Semiempirical Calculations and Their Implications for PFO β-Phase Formation. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102235r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Licínia L. G. Justino
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luísa Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Ana T. Marques
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christof J. Kudla
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - László Almásy
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Adolphe Merkle Institut, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS Group, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- OEM Research Group, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Haase D, Carlson S, Torkkeli M, Cerenius Y, Scherf U, Guha S. Evidence for structural transition in hairy-rod poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene] under high pressure conditions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2010; 82:051803. [PMID: 21230493 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on an x-ray scattering experiment of bulk poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene] under quasihydrostatic pressure from 1 to 11 GPa at room temperature. The scattering pattern of high molecular weight (HMW) polyfluorene (>10 kg/mol) undergoes significant changes between 2 and 4 GPa in the bulk phase. The 110 reflection of the hexagonal unit cell disappears, indicating a change in equatorial intermolecular order. The intensity of the 00 21 reflection drops, with a sudden move toward higher scattering angles. Beyond these pressures, the diminished 00 21 reflection tends to return toward lower angles. These changes may be interpreted as a transition from crystalline hexagonal to glassy nematic phase (perceiving order only in one direction). This transition may be rationalized by density arguments and the underlying theory of phase behavior of hairy-rod polyfluorene. Also the possible alteration of the 21-helical main chain toward more planar main chain conformation is discussed. The scattering of low molecular weight polyfluorene (<10 kg/mol) , which is glassy nematic in ambient pressure, is reminiscent with that of HMW polymer above 2-4 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway and MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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Knaapila M, Evans RC, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Székely NK, Gutacker A, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Structure and "surfactochromic" properties of conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE): surfactant complexes between a cationic polythiophene and SDS in water. Langmuir 2010; 26:15634-15643. [PMID: 20822163 DOI: 10.1021/la102591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the phase transitions, solution structure, and consequent effect on the photophysical properties of poly[3-(6-trimethylammoniumhexyl)thiophene] bromide (P3TMAHT) in aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). Polythiophene was mixed with SDS or deuterated SDS to form P3TMAHT(SDS)(x) complex (x = the molar ratio of surfactant over monomer units) in D(2)O and studied by small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS/SAXS) and optical spectroscopy. At room temperature, P3TMAHT forms charged aggregates with interparticle order. The addition of SDS eliminates the interparticle order and leads to rod-like (x = 1/5) or sheet-like polymer-SDS aggregates (x = 1/2 to 1) containing rod-like (x = 1/5 to 1/2) or sheet-like (x = 1/2 to 1) polymer associations. Partial precipitation occurs at the charge compensation point (x = 1). Ellipsoidal particles without interparticle order, reminiscent of SDS micelles modified by separated polymer chains, occur for x = 2 to 5. Free SDS micelles dominate for x = 20. Structural transitions lead to a concomitant variation in the solution color from red (P3TMAHT) to violet (x = 1/5 to 1) to yellow (x > 2). The photoluminescence fingerprint changes progressively from a broad featureless band (x = 0) through the band narrowing and appearance of vibronic structure (x = 1/5 to 1) to the return to a blue-shifted broad emission band (x = 5). The polymer stiffness reaches a maximum for x = 1, which leads to minimization of the Stokes shift (0.08 eV). This work gives fundamental information upon how surfactant complexation can influence both the solution structure and photophysical properties of a water-soluble polythiophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Knaapila M, Evans RC, Gutacker A, Garamus VM, Torkkeli M, Adamczyk S, Forster M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Solvent dependent assembly of a polyfluorene-polythiophene "rod-rod" block copolyelectrolyte: influence on photophysical properties. Langmuir 2010; 26:5056-5066. [PMID: 20085283 DOI: 10.1021/la903520w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the solvent-driven assembly of a polyelectrolytic polyfluorene-polythiophene diblock copolymer-poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene]-b-poly[3-(6-trimethylammoniumhexyl)thiophene] (PF2/6-b-P3TMAHT)-in tetrahydrofuran (THF), water, their 1:1 mixture and in subsequently prepared thin films, as investigated using a combination of scattering, microscopic and photoluminescence techniques. In solution PF2/6-b-P3TMAHT forms large (>100 nm) aggregates which undergo a transition from objects with surface fractal interface (THF) to ones with a significant planar component due to the presence of the 2-dimensionally merged ribbon-like aggregates or fused walls of the observed vesicular aggregates [THF-water (1:1)]. In THF-water and water the blocks are loosely segregated into P3TMAHT and PF2/6 rich domains, with PF2/6 dominating the aggregate interior. Depending on solvent, the spun films contain either aggregates with a crystalline interior (THF) or large 200 nm-2 microm vesicular aggregates embedded in a featureless matrix (THF-water and water). Structural variations are concomitant with distinctive solvatochromic changes in the photophysical properties including a color change from deep red (THF) to pale orange (THF-water and water) in solution, a decrease in fluorescence quantum yield with increasing water content, and a shift from photoluminescence of individual PF2/6 blocks (THF) to efficient PF2/6 --> P3TMAHT energy transfer (THF-water and water).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Gutacker A, Koenen N, Scherf U, Adamczyk S, Pina J, Fonseca SM, Valente AJ, Evans RC, Seixas de Melo J, Burrows HD, Knaapila M. Cationic fluorene-thiophene diblock copolymers: Aggregation behaviour in methanol/water and its relation to thin film structures. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Gutacker A, Adamczyk S, Helfer A, Garner LE, Evans RC, Fonseca SM, Knaapila M, Bazan GC, Burrows HD, Scherf U. All-conjugated polyelectrolyteblock copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b918583f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Knaapila M, Vaughan HL, Hase TPA, Evans RC, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Burrows HD, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Concentration Effect on the Oriented Microstructure in Tensile Drawn Polyfluorene−Polyethylene Blend. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9018069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Helen L. Vaughan
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LN, England
| | - Thomas P. A. Hase
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, PO-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Departamento de Física, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, PO-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Roman Stepanyan
- Materials Science Centre, DSM Research, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, PO-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LN, England
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Knaapila M, Svensson C, Barauskas J, Zackrisson M, Nielsen SS, Toft KN, Vestergaard B, Arleth L, Olsson U, Pedersen JS, Cerenius Y. A new small-angle X-ray scattering set-up on the crystallography beamline I711 at MAX-lab. J Synchrotron Radiat 2009; 16:498-504. [PMID: 19535864 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049509018986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) set-up has recently been developed at beamline I711 at the MAX II storage ring in Lund (Sweden). An overview of the required modifications is presented here together with a number of application examples. The accessible q range in a SAXS experiment is 0.009-0.3 A(-1) for the standard set-up but depends on the sample-to-detector distance, detector offset, beamstop size and wavelength. The SAXS camera has been designed to have a low background and has three collinear slit sets for collimating the incident beam. The standard beam size is about 0.37 mm x 0.37 mm (full width at half-maximum) at the sample position, with a flux of 4 x 10(10) photons s(-1) and lambda = 1.1 A. The vacuum is of the order of 0.05 mbar in the unbroken beam path from the first slits until the exit window in front of the detector. A large sample chamber with a number of lead-throughs allows different sample environments to be mounted. This station is used for measurements on weakly scattering proteins in solutions and also for colloids, polymers and other nanoscale structures. A special application supported by the beamline is the effort to establish a micro-fluidic sample environment for structural analysis of samples that are only available in limited quantities. Overall, this work demonstrates how a cost-effective SAXS station can be constructed on a multipurpose beamline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Burrows HD, Tapia MJ, Fonseca SM, Valente AJM, Lobo VMM, Justino LLG, Qiu S, Pradhan S, Scherf U, Chattopadhyay N, Knaapila M, Garamus VM. Aqueous solution behavior of anionic fluorene-co-thiophene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2009; 1:864-874. [PMID: 20356013 DOI: 10.1021/am800267n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two anionic fluorene-thiophene alternating copolymers, poly[9,9-bis(4-sulfonylbutoxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-2,5-thienylene] (PBS-PFT) and poly[9,9-bis(4-sulfonylbutoxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-2,2'-bithiophene-5,5'-diyl] (PBS-PF2T), have been synthesized and their solution behaviors in water studied by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence, and electrical conductivity and compared with that of the previously studied conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) poly[9,9-bis(4-sulfonylbutoxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-1,4-phenylene] (PBS-PFP). These conjugated polymers do not form solutions at the molecular level in water but instead form clusters. Information on the structure of these clusters for PBS-PF2T comes from small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. The relative ease of dispersing the copolymers in water increases with an increase in the number of thiophene rings in these alternating copolymers. Semiempirical calculations on the structure suggest that this results from bending of the chains and increased conformational flexibility, decreasing interchain interactions. These CPEs can be dissolved in water at the molecular level using the nonionic surfactants n-dodecylpentaoxyethylene glycol ether (C12E5) or Triton X-100 to obtain systems with increased photoluminescence quantum yield and increased electrical conductivity that can be solution-processed for potential applications as components of sensory or optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Burrows
- Departamento de Quimica and Centro de Neurociencias e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Knaapila M, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Pang JS, Forster M, Gutacker A, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Fractal Aggregates of Polyfluorene−Polyaniline Triblock Copolymer in Solution State. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:16415-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - László Almásy
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jing S. Pang
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrea Gutacker
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; GKSS Research Centre, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETHZ & PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England; and Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Cheun H, Liu X, Himpsel FJ, Knaapila M, Scherf U, Torkkeli M, Winokur MJ. Polarized Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, NEXAFS, and GIXRD Measurements of Chain Alignment in Polyfluorene Thin Films. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702579r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Cheun
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - X. Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - F. J. Himpsel
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Knaapila
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - U. Scherf
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Torkkeli
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. J. Winokur
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Garamus VM, Galbrecht F, Nehls BS, Preis E, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Control over phase behavior and solution structure of hairy-rod polyfluorene by means of side-chain length and branching. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2008; 77:051803. [PMID: 18643093 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present guidelines on how the solution structure of pi -conjugated hairy-rod polyfluorenes is controlled by the side-chain length and branching. First, the semiquantitative mean-field theory is formulated to predict the phase behavior of the system as a function of side-chain beads (N). The phase transition at N=N{ *} separates a lyotropic phase with solvent coexistence (N<N{ *}) and a metastable membrane phase (N>N{ *}). The membrane phase transforms into the isotropic phase of dissolved rodlike polymers at the temperature T_{mem}{ *}(N), which decreases both with N and with the degree of side-chain branching. This picture is complemented by polymer demixing with the transition temperature T_{IN}{ *}(N), which decreases with N . For N<N{ *}, the lyotropic phase turns isotropic with increasing T at T_{IN}{ *} . For N>N{ *}, stable membranes are predicted for T_{IN}{ *}<T<T_{mem}{ *} and metastable membranes with nematic coexistence for T<T_{IN}{ *}. Second, in experiment, samples of poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene) with N=6-10 were mixed in methylcyclohexane. For N=8 the side-chain branching was controlled by (9,9-dioctylfluorene)/(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene) (F8/F2/6) random copolymers. The proportion of F8 to F2/6 repeat units was 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 50:50, and 0:100. In accordance with the theory, lyotropic, membrane, and isotropic phases with the corresponding phase transitions were observed. For N<N{ *} approximately 6 only the lyotropic phase is present for attainable temperatures. The membrane and isotropic phases are present for N>N{ *}. T_{mem}{ *}(N) decreases from 340 K to 280 K for N > or = 8 . For copolymers, the membrane phase is found when the fraction of F8 units is at least 90%, T_{mem}{ *} decreasing with this fraction. The membrane phase contains three material types: loose sheets of two polymer layers, a better packed beta phase, and dissolved polymer. For N > or = 7 and T<T_{mem}{ *} the tendency for membrane formation becomes stronger with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Knaapila M, Almásy L, Garamus V, Ramos M, Justino L, Galbrecht F, Preis E, Scherf U, Burrows H, Monkman A. An effect of side chain length on the solution structure of poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s in toluene. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Knaapila M, Dias FB, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Torkkeli M, Leppänen K, Galbrecht F, Preis E, Burrows HD, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Influence of Side Chain Length on the Self-Assembly of Hairy-Rod Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s in the Poor Solvent Methylcyclohexane. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0715728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Knaapila
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - F. B. Dias
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - V. M. Garamus
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - L. Almásy
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - M. Torkkeli
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - K. Leppänen
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - F. Galbrecht
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - E. Preis
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - H. D. Burrows
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - U. Scherf
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - A. P. Monkman
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
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Burrows HD, Tapia MJ, Silva CL, Pais AACC, Fonseca SM, Pina J, de Melo JS, Wang Y, Marques EF, Knaapila M, Monkman AP, Garamus VM, Pradhan S, Scherf U. Interplay of Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Effects with Binding of Cationic Gemini Surfactants and a Conjugated Polyanion: Experimental and Molecular Modeling Studies. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:4401-10. [PMID: 17425360 DOI: 10.1021/jp070100s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding factors responsible for the fluorescence behavior of conjugated polyelectrolytes and modulation of their behavior are important for their application as functional materials. The interaction between the anionic poly{1,4-phenylene-[9,9-bis(4-phenoxy-butylsulfonate)]fluorene-2,7-diyl}copolymer (PBS-PFP) and cationic gemini surfactants alpha,omega-(CmH2m+1N+(CH3)2)2(CH2)s(Br-)2 (m-s-m; m=12, s=2, 3, 5, 6, 10, and 12) has been studied experimentally in aqueous solution. These surfactants are chosen to see whether molecular recognition and self-assembly occurs between the oppositely charged conjugated polyelectrolyte and gemini surfactant when the spacer length on the surfactant is similar to the intercharge separation on the polymer. Without surfactants, PBS-PFP exists as aggregates. These are broken up upon addition of gemini surfactants. However, as anticipated, the behavior strongly depends upon spacer length (s). Fluorescence measurements show three surfactant concentration regimes: At low concentrations (<2x10(-6) M) quenching occurs and is most marked with the small spacer 12-2-12; at intermediate concentrations (approximately 2x10(-6)-10(-3) M), fluorescence intensity is constant, with a 12-carbon spacer 12-12-12 showing the strongest fluorescence; above the critical micelle concentration (CMC; approximately 10(-3) M) increases in emission intensity are seen in all cases and are largest with the intermediate spacers 12-5-12 and 12-6-12, where the spacer length most closely matches the distance between monomer units on the polymer. With longer spacer length surfactants, surface tension measurements for concentrations below the CMC reveal the presence of polymer-surfactant aggregates at the air-water interface, possibly reflecting increased hydrophobicity. Above the CMC, small-angle neutron scattering experiments for the 12-6-12 system show the presence of spherical aggregates, both for the pure surfactant and for polyelectrolyte/gemini mixtures. Molecular dynamics simulations help rationalize these observations and show that there is a very fine balance between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. With the shortest spacer 12-2-12, Coulombic interactions are dominant, while for the longest spacer 12-12-12 the driving force involves hydrophobic interactions. Qualitatively, with the intermediate 12-5-12 and 12-6-12 systems, the optimum balance is observed between Coulombic and hydrophobic interactions, explaining their strong fluorescence enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Burrows
- Departamento de Química and Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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