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Czepiel M, Bańkosz M, Sobczak-Kupiec A. Advanced Injection Molding Methods: Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5802. [PMID: 37687494 PMCID: PMC10489002 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Injection molding is a method commonly used to manufacture plastic products. This technology makes it possible to obtain products of specially designed shape and size. In addition, the developed mold allows for repeated and repeatable production of selected plastic parts. Over the years, this technology grew in importance, and nowadays, products produced by injection molding are used in almost every field of industry. This paper is a review and provides information on recent research reports in the field of modern injection molding techniques. Selected plastics most commonly processed by this technique are discussed. Next, the chosen types of this technique are presented, along with a discussion of the parameters that affect performance and process flow. Depending on the proposed method, the influence of various factors on the quality and yield of the obtained products was analyzed. Nowadays, the link between these two properties is extremely important. The work presented in the article refers to research aimed at modifying injection molding methods enabling high product quality with high productivity at the same time. An important role is also played by lowering production costs and reducing the negative impact on the environment. The review discusses modern injection molding technologies, the development of which is constantly progressing. Finally, the impact of the technology on the ecological environment is discussed and the perspectives of the process were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Bańkosz
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (M.C.); (A.S.-K.)
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2
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Lin W, Hamamoto Y, Hikima Y, Ohshima M. Improvement of the surface quality of foam injection molded products from a material property perspective. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Yuta Hikima
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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3
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Chen SC, Lee KH, Chang CW, Hsu TJ, Feng CT. Using Gas Counter Pressure and Combined Technologies for Microcellular Injection Molding of Thermoplastic Polyurethane to Achieve High Foaming Qualities and Weight Reduction. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102017. [PMID: 35631900 PMCID: PMC9143106 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcellular injection molding technology (MuCell®) using supercritical fluid (SCF) as a foaming agent offers many advantages, such as material and energy savings, low cycle time, cost-effectiveness, and the dimensional stability of products. MuCell® has attracted great attention for applications in the automotive, packaging, sporting goods, and electrical parts industries. In view of the environmental issues, the shoe industry, particularly for midsole parts, is also seriously considering using physical foaming to replace the chemical foaming process. MuCell® is thus becoming one potential processing candidate. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a common material for molding the outsole of shoes because of its outstanding properties such as hardness, abrasion resistance, and elasticity. Although many shoe manufacturers have tried applying Mucell® processes to TPU midsoles, the main problem remaining to be overcome is the non-uniformity of the foaming cell size in the molded midsole. In this study, the MuCell® process combined with gas counter pressure (GCP) technology and dynamic mold temperature control (DMTC) were carried out for TPU molding. The influence of various molding parameters including SCF dosage, injection speed, mold temperature, gas counter pressure, and gas holding time on the foaming cell size and the associated size distribution under a target weight reduction of 60% were investigated in detail. Compared with the conventional MuCell® process, the implementation of GCP technology or DMTC led to significant improvement in foaming cell size reduction and size uniformity. Further improvement could be achieved by the simultaneous combination of GCP with DMT, and the resulting cell density was about fifty times higher. The successful possibility for the microcellular injection molding of TPU shoe midsoles is greatly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shia-Chung Chen
- R&D Center for Smart Manufacturing, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan; (K.-H.L.); (C.-W.C.); (T.-J.H.); (C.-T.F.)
- R&D Center for Semiconductor Carrier, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2652500
| | - Kuan-Hua Lee
- R&D Center for Smart Manufacturing, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan; (K.-H.L.); (C.-W.C.); (T.-J.H.); (C.-T.F.)
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- R&D Center for Smart Manufacturing, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan; (K.-H.L.); (C.-W.C.); (T.-J.H.); (C.-T.F.)
- R&D Center for Semiconductor Carrier, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jeng Hsu
- R&D Center for Smart Manufacturing, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan; (K.-H.L.); (C.-W.C.); (T.-J.H.); (C.-T.F.)
| | - Ching-Te Feng
- R&D Center for Smart Manufacturing, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan; (K.-H.L.); (C.-W.C.); (T.-J.H.); (C.-T.F.)
- R&D Center for Semiconductor Carrier, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
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4
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Yang J, Xie J, Ji K, Wang X, Jiao X, Xu Z, Zhao P. Microcellular injection molding of polyether-ether-ketone. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Chen J, Chi W, Dang K, Xie P, Yang W. Improving appearance quality of injection molded microcellular parts through mold coating of
PTFE
and zirconia. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Wenkai Chi
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Kaifang Dang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Pengcheng Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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6
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Ding Y, Hassan MH, Bakker O, Hinduja S, Bártolo P. A Review on Microcellular Injection Moulding. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154209. [PMID: 34361403 PMCID: PMC8348032 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Microcellular injection moulding (MuCell®) is a polymer processing technology that uses a supercritical fluid inert gas, CO2 or N2, to produce light-weight products. Due to environmental pressures and the requirement of light-weight parts with good mechanical properties, this technology recently gained significant attention. However, poor surface appearance and limited mechanical properties still prevent the wide applications of this technique. This paper reviews the microcellular injection moulding process, main characteristics of the process, bubble nucleation and growth, and major recent developments in the field. Strategies to improve both the surface quality and mechanical properties are discussed in detail as well as the relationships between processing parameters, morphology, and surface and mechanical properties. Modelling approaches to simulate microcellular injection moulding and the mathematical models behind Moldex 3D and Moldflow, the two most commonly used software tools by industry and academia, are reviewed, and the main limitations are highlighted. Finally, future research perspectives to further develop this technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ding
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Otto Bakker
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Srichand Hinduja
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paulo Bártolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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7
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Mendoza-Cedeno S, Kweon MS, Newby S, Shivokhin M, Pehlert G, Lee PC. Improved Cell Morphology and Surface Roughness in High-Temperature Foam Injection Molding Using a Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152404. [PMID: 34372006 PMCID: PMC8348131 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain branched polypropylene (LCB PP) has been used extensively to improve cell morphologies in foaming applications. However, most research focuses on low melt flow rate (MFR) resins, whereas foam production methods such as mold-opening foam injection molding (MO-FIM) require high-MFR resins to improve processability. A systematic study was conducted comparing a conventional linear PP, a broad molecular weight distribution (BMWD) linear PP, and a newly developed BMWD LCB PP for use in MO-FIM. The effects of foaming temperature and molecular architecture on cell morphology, surface roughness, and mechanical properties were studied by utilizing two chemical blowing agents (CBAs) with different activation temperatures and varying packing times. At the highest foaming temperatures, BMWD LCB PP foams exhibited 887% higher cell density, 46% smaller cell sizes, and more uniform cell structures than BWMD linear PP. Linear PP was found to have a surface roughness 23% higher on average than other resins. The BMWD LCB PP was found to have increased flexural modulus (44%) at the cost of decreased toughness (−88%) compared to linear PP. The branched architecture and high molecular weight of the BMWD LCB PP contributed to improved foam morphologies and surface quality in high-temperature MO-FIM conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mendoza-Cedeno
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (S.M.-C.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Mu Sung Kweon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (S.M.-C.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Sarah Newby
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (S.N.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Maksim Shivokhin
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (S.N.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
| | - George Pehlert
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (S.N.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (S.M.-C.); (M.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(416)-946-5407
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8
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Using P(Pressure)-T(Temperature) Path to Control the Foaming Cell Sizes in Microcellular Injection Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111843. [PMID: 34199459 PMCID: PMC8199600 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcellular injection molding technology (MuCell) using supercritical fluid (SCF) as a foaming agent is one of the important green molding solutions for reducing the part weight, saving cycle time, and molding energy, and improving dimensional stability. In view of the environmental issues, the successful application of MuCell is becoming increasingly important. However, the molding process encounters difficulties including the sliver flow marks on the surface and unstable mechanical properties that are caused by the uneven foaming cell sizes within the part. In our previous studies, gas counter-pressure combined with dynamic molding temperature control was observed to be an effective and promising way of improving product quality. In this study, we extend this concept by incorporating additional parameters, such as gas pressure holding time and release time, and taking the mold cooling speed into account to form a P(pressure)-T(temperature) path in the SCF PT diagram. This study demonstrates the successful control of foaming cell size and uniformity in size distribution in microcellular injection molding of polystyrene (PS). A preliminary study in the molding of elastomer thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) using the P-T path also shows promising results.
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9
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In-Situ Visualization of the Cell Formation Process of Foamed Polypropylene under Different Foaming Environments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091468. [PMID: 34062824 PMCID: PMC8125430 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the dynamic foaming process of micro-foaming polypropylene (PP) in different foaming environments in real time was obtained via a visualization device. The relationship curve between cell number (n) and foaming time (t) was plotted, and then the nucleation kinetics of foam cells was analyzed. Results showed that the formation rate of cells changed obviously with the variation of melt temperature and the content of the foaming agent. The n-t curves presented a typical "S" shape, which indicated that the appearance of the cell number increased slowly in the initial foaming period, then increased rapidly in a short time, and finally maintained a certain value. When a certain pressure was applied to the PP melt, the external force had a great influence on the n-t curve. With the increasing external force, the rate of cell formation increased rapidly, and the shape of the n-t curve changed from "S" to "semi-S" without an obvious slow increase. The investigation of the n-t relationship in the PP dynamic foaming process under different foaming environments could provide effective bases for improving the foaming quality of injection molding foaming materials.
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10
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Gim J, Han E, Rhee B, Friesenbichler W, Gruber DP. Causes of the Gloss Transition Defect on High-Gloss Injection-Molded Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092100. [PMID: 32942737 PMCID: PMC7569822 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gloss transition defect of injection-molded surfaces should be mitigated because it creates a poor impression of product quality. Conventional approaches for the suppression of the gloss transition defect employ a trial-and-error approach and additional equipment. The causes of the generation of a low-gloss polymer surface and the surface change during the molding process have not been systematically analyzed. This article proposes the causes of the generation of a low-gloss polymer surface and the occurrence of gloss transition according to the molding condition. The changes in the polymer surface and gloss were analyzed using gloss and topography measurements. The shrinkage of the polymer surface generates a rough topography and low glossiness. Replication to the smooth mold surface compensates for the effect of surface shrinkage and increases the surface gloss. The surface stiffness and melt pressure influence the degree of mold surface replication. The flow front speed and mold temperature are the main factors influencing the surface gloss because they affect the development rate of the melt pressure and the recovery rate of the surface stiffness. Therefore, the mold design and process condition should be optimized to enhance the uniformity of the flow front speed and mold temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Gim
- Center for Coating Materials and Processing, Engineering Research Center, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Eunsu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, 206, Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Byungohk Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, 206, Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-2347
| | - Walter Friesenbichler
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
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11
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Li S, Sun X, Wang R, Hu Y, Ma X, Wang J. Experimental investigation on the forming and evolution process of cell structure in gas counter pressure assisted chemical foaming injection molded parts. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20950224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
By using a standard stretch spline as the research object, the influence of gas counter pressure (GCP) technology on melt foaming behavior in chemical foaming injection molding (CFIM) process was investigated. Related experimental line for GCP assisted CFIM foam was designed, and the effect of GCP technology on melt flow front, spline surface quality and internal cell was studied. According to the results obtained from the experiment, two critical GCP pressures and one critical GCP holding time were innovation proposed. Two critical GCP pressures are the critical GCP pressure of melt flow front cell not cracking and the critical GCP pressure of melt not foaming, respectively. The critical GCP holding time is the secondary foaming behavior time. Based on the proposed critical GCP pressures and critical GCP holding time, the influence mechanism of GCP technology on melt foaming action during CFIM process was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- School of Mechanical &Vehicle Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, PR China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- School of Mechanical &Vehicle Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Mechanical &Vehicle Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, PR China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- School of Mechanical &Vehicle Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, PR China
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12
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A Design of Experiment Approach for Surface Roughness Comparisons of Foam Injection-Moulding Methods. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102358. [PMID: 32443909 PMCID: PMC7287706 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pursuit of polymer parts produced through foam injection moulding (FIM) that have a comparable surface roughness to conventionally processed components are of major relevance to expand the application of FIM. Within this study, 22% talc-filled copolymer polypropylene (PP) parts were produced through FIM using both a physical and chemical blowing agent. A design of experiments (DoE) was performed whereby the processing parameters of mould temperatures, injection speeds, back-pressure, melt temperature and holding time were varied to determine their effect on surface roughness, Young’s modulus and tensile strength. The results showed that mechanical performance can be improved when processing with higher mould temperatures and longer holding times. Also, it was observed that when utilising chemical foaming agents (CBA) at low-pressure, surface roughness comparable to that obtained from conventionally processed components can be achieved. This research demonstrates the potential of FIM to expand to applications whereby weight saving can be achieved without introducing surface defects, which has previously been witnessed within FIM.
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13
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Abstract
Injection moulding is a well-established replication process for the cost-effective manufacture of polymer-based components. The process has different applications in fields such as medical, automotive and aerospace. To expand the use of polymers to meet growing consumer demands for increased functionality, advanced injection moulding processes have been developed that modifies the polymer to create microcellular structures. Through the creation of microcellular materials, additional functionality can be gained through polymer component weight and processing energy reduction. Microcellular injection moulding shows high potential in creating innovation green manufacturing platforms. This review article aims to present the significant developments that have been achieved in different aspects of microcellular injection moulding. Aspects covered include core-back, gas counter pressure, variable thermal tool moulding and other advanced technologies. The resulting characteristics of creating microcellular injection moulding components through both plasticising agents and nucleating agents are presented. In addition, the article highlights potential areas for research exploitation. In particular, acoustic and thermal applications, nano-cellular injection moulding parts and developments of more accurate simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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14
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Investigation on Foamed PP/Nano-CaCO 3 Composites in a Combined in-Mold Decoration and Microcellular Injection Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020363. [PMID: 32046007 PMCID: PMC7077494 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A combined in-mold decoration and microcellular injection molding (IMD/MIM) method has been used in this paper. The foamed PP/nano-CaCO3 composites were prepared to investigate their mechanical properties, cellular structure, and surface quality. The content of nano-CaCO3 varied from 0 to 10 wt %. The results showed that nano-CaCO3 acted as a reinforcing phase and nucleating agent, which help to improve the mechanical properties of foamed composites. The cellular structure and mechanical properties were optimum when the nano-CaCO3 content was 6 wt %. In the vertical section, the cell size and density of transition layer on the film side was bigger than that on the non-film side. In the parallel section, the cell ratio of length to diameter of transition layer on the film side was smaller than that on the non-film side, and the cell tile angle was larger than that on the non-film side. With nano-CaCO3 content increasing, the surface quality showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing.
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15
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Dong G, Zhao G, Hou J, Wang G, Mu Y. Effects of dynamic mold temperature control on melt pressure, cellular structure, and mechanical properties of microcellular injection-molded parts: An experimental study. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319871741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of dynamic mold temperature control (DMTC) on melt pressure, cellular structure, and mechanical properties of microcellular injection molding (MIM)-molded parts are investigated experimentally. It is found that with the increase of the mold temperature, the duration of foaming pressure in the cooling stage increases. Meanwhile, the average cell diameter and cell diameter dispersion increases as well as the cell density decreases in MIM molded parts. The turning point of mold temperature after which the foaming pressure in the cooling stage and the cellular structure in MIM molded parts generate a significant change is around the glass transition temperature of the used plastic material. Under DMTC conditions, with the increase of mold temperature, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength of MIM molded specimens of single gate without weld line change a little, while the tensile strength, flexural strength of MIM molded specimens of double gates with weld line increase obviously. When the mold temperature increases to 120°C and over, the tensile strength, flexural strength of MIM molded specimens of double gates with weld line reach an equivalent level of specimens of single gate without weld line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwei Dong
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junji Hou
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Mu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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16
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Mbarek S, Baccouch Z, Eterradossi O, Perrin D, Monasse B, Garay H, Quantin J. Effect of recycling and injection parameters on gloss properties of smooth colored polypropylene parts: Contribution of surface and skin layer. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Souad Mbarek
- Mechanical Department, Laboratoire de Mécanique de Sousse (LMS), LR11ES36Université de Sousse Sousse Tunisie
| | - Zaineb Baccouch
- Mechanical Department, Laboratoire des Systèmes Electromécaniques (LASEM)LR 99ES36, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax Sfax Tunisie
| | - Olivier Eterradossi
- Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA)Ecole des mines d'Alès Alès France
| | - Didier Perrin
- Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA)Ecole des mines d'Alès Alès France
| | - Bernard Monasse
- Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF), Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF)Ecole des mines de Paris Paris France
| | - Helene Garay
- Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA)Ecole des mines d'Alès Alès France
| | - Jean‐Cristophe Quantin
- Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA)Ecole des mines d'Alès Alès France
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17
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Guo W, Yang Q, Mao H, Meng Z, Hua L, He B. A Combined In-Mold Decoration and Microcellular Injection Molding Method for Preparing Foamed Products with Improved Surface Appearance. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050778. [PMID: 31052446 PMCID: PMC6572461 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A combined in-mold decoration and microcellular injection molding (IMD/MIM) method by integrating in-mold decoration injection molding (IMD) with microcellular injection molding (MIM) was proposed in this paper. To verify the effectiveness of the IMD/MIM method, comparisons of in-mold decoration injection molding (IMD), conventional injection molding (CIM), IMD/MIM and microcellular injection molding (MIM) simulations and experiments were performed. The results show that compared with MIM, the film flattens the bubbles that have not been cooled and turned to the surface, thus improving the surface quality of the parts. The existence of the film results in an asymmetrical temperature distribution along the thickness of the sample, and the higher temperature on the film side leads the cell to move toward it, thus obtaining a cell-offset part. However, the mechanical properties of the IMD/MIM splines are degraded due to the presence of cells, while specific mechanical properties similar to their solid counterparts are maintained. Besides, the existence of the film reduces the heat transfer coefficient of the film side so that the sides of the part are cooled asymmetrically, causing warpage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huajie Mao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhenghua Meng
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lin Hua
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bo He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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18
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Hou J, Zhao G, Zhang L, Dong G, Wang G. Foaming Mechanism of Polypropylene in Gas-Assisted Microcellular Injection Molding. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Hou
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Guiwei Dong
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
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19
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Dong G, Zhao G, Zhang L, Hou J, Li B, Wang G. Morphology Evolution and Elimination Mechanism of Bubble Marks on Surface of Microcellular Injection-Molded Parts with Dynamic Mold Temperature Control. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiwei Dong
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid
Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid
Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid
Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Junji Hou
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid
Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid
Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid
Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
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20
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Suhartono E, Chen SC, Lee KH, Wang KJ. Improvements on the tensile properties of microcellular injection molded parts using microcellular co-injection molding with the material combinations of PP and PP-GF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-017-9190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Shaayegan V, Mark LH, Park CB, Wang G. Identification of cell-nucleation mechanism in foam injection molding with gas-counter pressure via mold visualization. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Shaayegan
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Guilong Wang
- Institute of Metal Forming and Mould/Die Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250061 China
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22
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Peng J, Walsh PJ, Sabo RC, Turng LS, Clemons CM. Water-assisted compounding of cellulose nanocrystals into polyamide 6 for use as a nucleating agent for microcellular foaming. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Volpe V, Pantani R. Foam injection molding of poly(lactic) acid: Effect of back pressure on morphology and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Volpe
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Italy
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24
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Reglero Ruiz JA, Vincent M, Agassant JF, Claverie A, Huck S. Morphological analysis of microcellular PP produced in a core-back injection process using chemical blowing agents and gas counter pressure. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Reglero Ruiz
- MINES ParisTech - Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF) UMR CNRS 76351; rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 - Sophia Antipolis Cedex France
| | - Michel Vincent
- MINES ParisTech - Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF) UMR CNRS 76351; rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 - Sophia Antipolis Cedex France
| | - Jean-François Agassant
- MINES ParisTech - Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF) UMR CNRS 76351; rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 - Sophia Antipolis Cedex France
| | | | - Sébastien Huck
- MECAPLAST France; BP 12 ZI La Mode 01580 Izernore France
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25
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Liu T, Lei Y, Chen Z, Wang X, Luo S. Effects of processing conditions on foaming behaviors of polyetherimide (PEI) and PEI/polypropylene blends in microcellular injection molding process. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Lei
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglun Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhong Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhang L, Zhao G, Dong G, Li S, Wang G. Bubble morphological evolution and surface defect formation mechanism in the microcellular foam injection molding process. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiphase model was established to simulate the bubble morphological evolution in MFIM, and a new phenomenon of surface collapse and pits with the gradient depth was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| | - Guiwei Dong
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
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27
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Liao X, Xu H, Li S, Zhou C, Li G, Park CB. The effects of viscoelastic properties on the cellular morphology of silicone rubber foams generated by supercritical carbon dioxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22242g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica content, saturation temperature and pressure all have an effect on silicone rubbers' viscoelastic properties, which further has a close connection with the cellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chuanjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- 5 King's College Road
- Toronto
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28
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Wang GL, Zhao GQ, Wang JC, Zhang L. Research on formation mechanisms and control of external and inner bubble morphology in microcellular injection molding. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-long Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education); School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250061 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education); School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250061 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-chang Wang
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Hisense Mould Co., Ltd.; Qingdao Shandong 266114 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education); School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250061 People's Republic of China
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29
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Li S, Zhao G, Wang G, Guan Y, Wang X. Influence of relative low gas counter pressure on melt foaming behavior and surface quality of molded parts in microcellular injection molding process. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14525961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A complex medical instrument exterior shell was chosen as a studying object to investigate the influence of relative low (<10 MPa) gas counter pressure process on microcellular injection molding process. The gas counter pressure microcellular injection mould and related experiments were designed. The relative low gas counter pressure under which the melt can foam was mainly considered to improve the surface quality of molded parts without significantly prolonging production cycle. The effects of the gas counter pressure parameters on the surface quality, cell morphology, and cell density of microcellular parts were studied. A critical melt flow front pressure to effectively eliminate surface swirl marks of microcellular injection molded part was proposed. The mechanism of the influence of gas counter pressure process on foaming behavior of melt in filling process was analyzed. The reasonable gas counter pressure parameters to improve surface quality of products without significantly increasing molding cycle were obtained. By using the obtained reasonable gas counter pressure parameters, a sound microcellular injection molded product was injected finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yanjin Guan
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Qingdao Hisense Mould Co., Ltd. Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
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30
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Li J, Chen Z, Wang X, Liu T, Zhou Y, Luo S. Cell morphology and mechanical properties of microcellular mucell®injection molded polyetherimide and polyetherimide/fillers composite foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 Sichuan China
- Material Science and Engineering College; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 Sichuan China
| | - Zhenglun Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 Sichuan China
| | - Xianzhong Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 Sichuan China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 Sichuan China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 Sichuan China
- Material Science and Engineering College; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 Sichuan China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 Sichuan China
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31
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Sun X, Turng LS. Novel injection molding foaming approaches using gas-laden pellets with N2, CO2, and N2+ CO2as the blowing agents. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
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32
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Chen J, Sun X, Turng LS, Zhao L, Liu T, Yuan WK. Investigation of crystallization behavior of solid and microcellular injection molded polypropylene/nano-calcium carbonate composites using carbon dioxide as a blowing agent. J CELL PLAST 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x13488400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work is aimed at investigating the crystallization behavior of solid and microcellular injection molded polypropylene/nano-calcium carbonate composites. The effects of processing conditions, such as injection speed, mold temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration (used in microcellular injection molding), as well as the filler concentration on the crystal form, crystal orientation, and crystallinity were studied using 2D-wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. β-form crystals found in the surface layer of injection molded samples under high injection and mold temperature due to stronger shear effect. The orientation degree calculated from the X-ray diffraction images by the Hermans function was high in the surface layer and decreased as the distance from the mold surface increased. The addition of the nano-calcium carbonate filler promoted the formation of β-form crystals but reduced the orientation degree and crystallinity as the nanoparticles disturbed the orientation of the molecular chains. On the other hand, when using the foaming process, the formation of β-form crystals was inhibited and the orientation degree was reduced, but the crystallinity of the samples increased, likely due to enhanced molecular chain mobility from the supercritical carbon dioxide which acted as a plasticizer. The crystallinity of the samples was greater in the surface layer but showed no dependence on the injection speed or mold temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Kang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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33
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Mi HY, Jing X, Peng J, Turng LS, Peng XF. Influence and prediction of processing parameters on the properties of microcellular injection molded thermoplastic polyurethane based on an orthogonal array test. J CELL PLAST 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x13488399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane is a commonly used polymer in our daily lives. Microcellular injection molding (a.k.a. MuCell) is an emerging method capable of mass-producing thermoplastic polyurethane foams with tunable microstructures and properties. This study investigated the effects of four main processing parameters—namely, plasticizing temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2) content, injection volume, and injection speed—on microcellular injection molded thermoplastic polyurethane ASTM tensile test bars. Property variables of interest included the cell diameter, cell density, skin layer thickness, and Young’s modulus. Influence sequences of parameters on each variable were obtained via the orthogonal array test method. It was found that the CO2 content primarily affected the cell diameter and cell density, whereas the temperature mainly influenced the skin layer thickness and Young’s modulus. Surface fitting of each dependent variable was done by combining its two most influential parameters from the experiment data. The value of each property variable within the processing window could then be predicted from the fitted surface. In addition, microcellular injection molding of thermoplastic polyurethane was simulated by a commercial software package, and the simulated results confirmed the reliability of the cell diameter prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Xin Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Jun Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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34
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Lee J, Turng LS, Peng J, Dougherty E, Gorton P. The Effect of Polymer Additives on Surface Quality of Microcellular Injection Molded Parts. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microcellular injection molding is an emerging process for producing foamed plastic parts with complex geometries. It has many advantages including material, energy, and cost savings as well as greater design freedom and dimensional stability. In spite of these advantages, this technique has been limited to non-aesthetic applications by its propensity to create parts with swirling patterns on the surface, a common characteristic of all foamed parts produced. This paper describes a novel method for achieving microcellular injection molded parts free of surface defects. By controlling the amount of supercritical fluid (SCF) and adding the proper type of polymer additives into the polymer, the onset and rate of cell nucleation were properly controlled so that swirl-free microcellular injection molded parts could be successfully molded. This paper presents the theoretical background and experimental results that demonstrate the effect of polymer additives on the surface quality of microcellular injection molded parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lee
- Polymer Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - L.-S. Turng
- Polymer Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J. Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - E. Dougherty
- Energizer Personal Care Products, Dover, DE, USA
| | - P. Gorton
- Energizer Personal Care Products, Dover, DE, USA
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35
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Peng J, Yu E, Sun X, Turng LS, Peng XF. Study of Microcellular Injection Molding with Expandable Thermoplastic Microsphere. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Injection molding with expandable thermoplastic microspheres (ETM) containing blowing chemicals is capable of fabricating lightweight, dimensionally stable plastic parts while using less material. This paper presents the study of microcellular injection molding of low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) parts with various ETM contents. It was found that the molded parts exhibit relatively better surface quality than conventional foamed parts. The microcellular morphology and cell density of the fractured cross-sectional surfaces were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As reflected by the testing results, the cell microstructure – such as cell size, cell density, and a layered structure with a foamed core sandwiched by skin layers – play an important role in the weight reduction, surface quality, and mechanical properties. A smaller cell diameter and a thicker skin layer help to improve the surface quality and tensile properties of the injection molded parts with ETM. Finally, an appropriate ETM content has a positive effect on cell microstructure and weight reduction, whereas too high a concentration of microspheres adversely affects the tensile properties and surface quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - E. Yu
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - X. Sun
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - L.-S. Turng
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - X.-F. Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Zhao H, Cui Z, Sun X, Turng LS, Peng X. Morphology and Properties of Injection Molded Solid and Microcellular Polylactic Acid/Polyhydroxybutyrate-Valerate (PLA/PHBV) Blends. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301573y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Zhao
- National Engineering Research
Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory
of Polymer Processing Engineering Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Cui
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Polymer
Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Wisconsin,
United States
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Polymer
Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Wisconsin,
United States
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- National Engineering Research
Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory
of Polymer Processing Engineering Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Cabrera ED, Mulyana R, Castro JM, Lee LJ, Min Y. Pressurized water pellets and supercritical nitrogen in injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lee J, Turng LS, Dougherty E, Gorton P. Novel foam injection molding technology using carbon dioxide-laden pellets. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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