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Wang Y, Alipoormazandarani N, Puumala LS, Gao W, Liu S, Kong F, Wang Q, Fatehi P. Amphiphilic Lignin Nanoparticles Made from Lignin-Acrylic Acid-Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152612. [PMID: 35957040 PMCID: PMC9370363 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel amphiphilic KL-AA-MMA nanoparticle was prepared through the graft copolymerization of kraft lignin (KL) with acrylic acid (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), using potassium persulfate as an initiator in a water/dimethyl sulfoxide solvent medium, which was followed by the nanoprecipitation technique using dimethylformamide as a solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. The successful graft polymerization was verified by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 31P-NMR, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses; and the grafting yield of the generated KL-AA-MMA copolymer ranged from 68.2% to 96.5%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation revealed the formation of amorphous KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles. Additionally, KL-AA-MMA9 nanoparticles with the highest yield exhibited the minimum hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity of 261 nm and 0.153, respectively. Moreover, the amphiphilicity of KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles was significantly improved by the grafting of MMA monomers. Finally, the adsorption performance of KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles at the xylene interface was evaluated by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The results demonstrated that the most amphiphilic sample, KL-AA-MMA9 nanoparticles, with the smallest hydrodynamic size displayed the highest adsorption on the oil/water interface. This product provides a wide range of applications in oil/water emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
| | - Niloofar Alipoormazandarani
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
| | - Lauren Skye Puumala
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
| | - Weijue Gao
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
| | - Shanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (P.F.); Tel.: +1-(807)-343-8697 (P.F.)
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (P.F.); Tel.: +1-(807)-343-8697 (P.F.)
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Sugiarto S, Leow Y, Tan CL, Wang G, Kai D. How far is Lignin from being a biomedical material? Bioact Mater 2022; 8:71-94. [PMID: 34541388 PMCID: PMC8424518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a versatile biomass that possesses many different desirable properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-UV, and good biocompatibility. Natural lignin can be processed through several chemical processes. The processed lignin can be modified into functionalized lignin through chemical modifications to develop and enhance biomaterials. Thus, lignin is one of the prime candidate for various biomaterial applications such as drug and gene delivery, biosensors, bioimaging, 3D printing, tissue engineering, and dietary supplement additive. This review presents the potential of developing and utilizing lignin in the outlook of new and sustainable biomaterials. Thereafter, we also discuss on the challenges and outlook of utilizing lignin as a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigit Sugiarto
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Yihao Leow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Chong Li Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
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Abstract
This review examines recent strategies, challenges, and future opportunities in preparing high-performance polymeric materials from lignin and its derivable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett F. Bass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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Parit M, Jiang Z. Towards lignin derived thermoplastic polymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:3180-3197. [PMID: 33065157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biobased material found on earth. It is produced mainly as a byproduct of pulp and paper industry and biorefineries. Despite its abundance, lignin valorization is not achieved on a large scale. Recently, there has been a growing demand for using the renewable and biodegradable raw materials in the commodity polymers. Potential use of lignin as a component in thermoplastic polymers is a promising approach for its value-added utilization. Given the vast applications of thermoplastic materials, there is lack of comprehensive review on lignin based thermoplastic polymers in literature. This review focuses on the utilization of lignin as functional and structural component of the thermoplastic polymers which requires structural modifications of lignin pertaining to the polymeric system. First, various lignin modifications were discussed in view of controlling the homogeneity, reactivity, processability and compatibility of lignin for successful thermoplastic copolymer synthesis and blend processing. Then, various copolymerization methodologies of lignin applicable for thermoplastic monomers are reviewed. Lastly, the lignin based thermoplastic blends are discussed which covers the lignin blends with various thermoplastic polymers and the chemical modifications required to improve its compatibility in polymer matrix. Some of the promising potential applications and future perspectives to achieve the goal of lignin-based commercial thermoplastics polymers are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Parit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Alabama Center for Paper & Bioresource Engineering, Auburn University, 356 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Alabama Center for Paper & Bioresource Engineering, Auburn University, 356 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America.
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Abstract
A shift towards an economically viable biomass biorefinery concept requires the use of all biomass fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the production of high added-value products. As lignin is often underutilized, the establishment of lignin valorization routes is highly important. In-house produced organosolv as well as commercial Kraft lignin were used in this study. The aim of the current work was to make a comparative study of thermoplastic biomaterials from two different types of lignins. Native lignins were alkylate with two different alkyl iodides to produce ether-functionalized lignins. Successful etherification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, changes in the molecular weight of lignin, as well as 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thermal stability of etherified lignin samples was considerably improved with the T2% of organosolv to increase from 143 °C to up to 213 °C and of Kraft lignin from 133 °C to up to 168 °C, and glass transition temperature was observed. The present study shows that etherification of both organosolv and Kraft lignin with alkyl halides can produce lignin thermoplastic biomaterials with low glass transition temperature. The length of the alkyl chain affects thermal stability as well as other thermal properties.
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Gao W, Fatehi P. Lignin for polymer and nanoparticle production: Current status and challenges. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijue Gao
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentLakehead University Thunder Bay Ontario Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentLakehead University Thunder Bay Ontario Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
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Ganewatta MS, Lokupitiya HN, Tang C. Lignin Biopolymers in the Age of Controlled Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1176. [PMID: 31336845 PMCID: PMC6680560 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers made from natural biomass are gaining interest due to the rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources. Lignin isolated from lignocellulosic biomass is the second most abundant natural polymer next to cellulose. The paper pulp process produces industrial lignin as a byproduct that is mostly used for energy and has less significant utility in materials applications. High abundance, rich chemical functionalities, CO2 neutrality, reinforcing properties, antioxidant and UV blocking abilities, as well as environmental friendliness, make lignin an interesting substrate for materials and chemical development. However, poor processability, low reactivity, and intrinsic structural heterogeneity limit lignins' polymeric applications in high-performance advanced materials. With the advent of controlled polymerization methods such as ATRP, RAFT, and ADMET, there has been a great interest in academia and industry to make value-added polymeric materials from lignin. This review focuses on recent investigations that utilize controlled polymerization methods to generate novel lignin-based polymeric materials. Polymers developed from lignin-based monomers, various polymer grafting technologies, copolymer properties, and their applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra S Ganewatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
- Ingevity Corporation, 5255 Virginia Avenue, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA.
| | - Hasala N Lokupitiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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de Menezes Nogueira I, Avelino F, de Oliveira DR, Souza NF, Rosa MF, Mazzetto SE, Lomonaco D. Organic solvent fractionation of acetosolv palm oil lignin: The role of its structure on the antioxidant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:1163-1172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Hoyong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida 32310
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de Oliveira DR, Nogueira IDM, Maia FJN, Rosa MF, Mazzetto SE, Lomonaco D. Ecofriendly modification of acetosolv lignin from oil palm biomass for improvement of PMMA thermo-oxidative properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davi Rabelo de Oliveira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Federal University of Ceara; 60440-900 Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Izabel de Menezes Nogueira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Federal University of Ceara; 60440-900 Fortaleza CE Brazil
- Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry; Rua Dra Sara Mesquita 2270, Planalto do Pici 60511-110 Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | | | - Morsyleide Freitas Rosa
- Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry; Rua Dra Sara Mesquita 2270, Planalto do Pici 60511-110 Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Selma Elaine Mazzetto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Federal University of Ceara; 60440-900 Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Diego Lomonaco
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Federal University of Ceara; 60440-900 Fortaleza CE Brazil
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Wang C, Kelley SS, Venditti RA. Lignin-Based Thermoplastic Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:770-83. [PMID: 27059111 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignin-based thermoplastic materials have attracted increasing interest as sustainable, cost-effective, and biodegradable alternatives for petroleum-based thermoplastics. As an amorphous thermoplastic material, lignin has a relatively high glass-transition temperature and also undergoes radical-induced self-condensation at high temperatures, which limits its thermal processability. Additionally, lignin-based materials are usually brittle and exhibit poor mechanical properties. To improve the thermoplasticity and mechanical properties of technical lignin, polymers or plasticizers are usually integrated with lignin by blending or chemical modification. This Review attempts to cover the reported approaches towards the development of lignin-based thermoplastic materials on the basis of published information. Approaches reviewed include plasticization, blending with miscible polymers, and chemical modifications by esterification, etherification, polymer grafting, and copolymerization. Those lignin-based thermoplastic materials are expected to show applications as engineering plastics, polymeric foams, thermoplastic elastomers, and carbon-fiber precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- H.B. Fuller Company, 1200 Willow Lake Blvd, St. Paul, MN, 55110, USA
| | - Stephen S Kelley
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Richard A Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Liu X, Xu Y, Yu J, Li S, Wang J, Wang C, Chu F. Integration of lignin and acrylic monomers towards grafted copolymers by free radical polymerization. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Hao C, Dai X, Zhou Z, Si N. Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of aminated lignin by a Mannich reaction and its decolorizing properties for anionic azo-dyes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03133d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Laurichesse S, Avérous L. Synthesis, thermal properties, rheological and mechanical behaviors of lignins-grafted-poly(ε-caprolactone). POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wilbon PA, Chu F, Tang C. Progress in Renewable Polymers from Natural Terpenes, Terpenoids, and Rosin. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 34:8-37. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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