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Bandurska H, Breś W, Zielezińska M, Mieloszyk E. Does Potassium Modify the Response of Zinnia ( Zinnia elegans Jacq.) to Long-Term Salinity? Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1439. [PMID: 37050066 PMCID: PMC10097175 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors hindering crop production, including ornamental flowering plants. The present study examined the response to salt stress of Zinnia elegans 'Lilliput' supplemented with basic (150 mg·dm-3) and enhanced (300 mg·dm-3) potassium doses. Stress was imposed by adding 0.96 and 1.98 g of NaCl per dm-3 of the substrate. The substrate's electrical conductivity was 1.1 and 2.3 dS·m-1 for lower potassium levels and 1.2 and 2.4 dS·m-1 for higher potassium levels. Salt stress caused a significant and dose-dependent reduction in leaf RWC, increased foliar Na and Cl concentrations, and reduced K. About 15% and 25% of cell membrane injury at lower and higher NaCl doses, respectively, were accompanied by only slight chlorophyll reduction. Salt stress-induced proline increase was accompanied by increased P5CS activity and decreased PDH activity. More than a 25% reduction in most growth parameters at EC 1.1-1.2 dS·m-1 but only a slight decrease in chlorophyll and a 25% reduction in the decorative value (number of flowers produced, flower diameter) only at EC 2.3-2.4 dS·m-1 were found. Salt stress-induced leaf area reduction was accompanied by increased cell wall lignification. An enhanced potassium dose caused a reduction in leaf Na and Cl concentrations and a slight increase in K. It was also effective in membrane injury reduction and proline accumulation. Increasing the dose of potassium did not improve growth and flowering parameters but affected the lignification of the leaf cell walls, which may have resulted in growth retardation. Zinnia elegans 'Lilliput' may be considered sensitive to long-term salt stress.
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Roig-Oliver M, Bresta P, Nikolopoulos D, Bota J, Flexas J. Dynamic changes in cell wall composition of mature sunflower leaves under distinct water regimes affect photosynthesis. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:7863-7875. [PMID: 34379761 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In previous work, we identified that exposure to limited water availability induced changes in cell wall composition of mature Helianthus annuus L. leaves that affected mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion (gm). However, it is unclear on which timescale these changes in cell wall composition occurred. Here, we subjected H. annuus to control (i.e. water availability), different levels of short-term water deficit stress (ST), long-term water deficit stress (LT), and long-term water deficit stress followed by gradual recoveries addressed at different timescales (LT-Rec) to evaluate the dynamics of modifications in the main composition of cell wall (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and lignins) affecting photosynthesis. During gradual ST treatments, pectins enhancement was associated with gm decline. However, during LT-Rec, pectins content decreased significantly after only 5 h, while hemicelluloses and lignins amounts changed after 24 h, all being uncoupled from gm. Surprisingly, lignins increased by around 200% compared with control and were related to stomatal conductance to gas diffusion (gs) during LT-Rec. Although we suspect that the accuracy of the protocols to determine cell wall composition should be re-evaluated, we demonstrate for the first time that a highly dynamic cell wall composition turnover differently affects photosynthesis in plants subjected to distinct water regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Roig-Oliver
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA. Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Josefina Bota
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA. Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA. Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Magalhaes IP, Marques JPR, Gomes ME, Scaloppi Junior EJ, Fischer IH, Furtado EL, Pinheiro Henrique RL, Veréchia Rodrigues FT, Firmino AC. Structural and Biochemical Aspects Related to Resistance and Susceptibility of Rubber Tree Clones to Anthracnose. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10050985. [PMID: 34069304 PMCID: PMC8156239 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate structural and biochemical aspects related to the interaction of resistant (RRIM 937, IAC 502 and 507) and susceptible (RRIM 600) rubber tree clones with C. tamarillo. For such analysis, ultrathin sections of the leaf limb were embedded in historesin and differently stained to verify structural alterations and presence of starch grains, arginine, lipids, tannins and lignins. The total proteins and activity of the enzymes peroxidase and (PAL) were quantified. Stomatal density was also analyzed under a scanning electron microscope. Data indicated alterations in the cell content of resistant clones inoculated with the pathogen, as well as greater lignin and lipid accumulation in these samples. For tannins, there was no difference between inoculated and non-inoculated clones. Arginine was found at greater quantities in IAC 502 and 507. Starch grains were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. Protein level and stomatal density were lower in resistant clones. Peroxidase activity was more expressive in resistant clones. PAL activity, there was no significant difference between clones. The lignin and lipids, total protein, peroxidase activity and stomatal density may be related to the resistance of rubber tree clones to anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ponso Magalhaes
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena 17900-000, São Paulo State, Brazil; (M.E.G.); (R.L.P.H.); (F.T.V.R.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - João Paulo Rodrigues Marques
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13400-970, São Paulo State, Brazil;
| | - Marcela Eloi Gomes
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena 17900-000, São Paulo State, Brazil; (M.E.G.); (R.L.P.H.); (F.T.V.R.)
| | - Erivaldo José Scaloppi Junior
- Center of Rubber Tree and Agroforestry Systems, Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC), Votuporanga 15505-970, São Paulo State, Brazil;
| | - Ivan Herman Fischer
- Central-West Regional Center, São Paulo’s Agency for Agribusiness Technology (APTA), Bauru 17030-000, São Paulo State, Brazil;
| | - Edson Luiz Furtado
- School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18610-034, São Paulo State, Brazil;
| | - Rodney Lucio Pinheiro Henrique
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena 17900-000, São Paulo State, Brazil; (M.E.G.); (R.L.P.H.); (F.T.V.R.)
| | - Flavia Thomaz Veréchia Rodrigues
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena 17900-000, São Paulo State, Brazil; (M.E.G.); (R.L.P.H.); (F.T.V.R.)
| | - Ana Carolina Firmino
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena 17900-000, São Paulo State, Brazil; (M.E.G.); (R.L.P.H.); (F.T.V.R.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.M.); (A.C.F.)
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Arce-Rodríguez ML, Martínez O, Ochoa-Alejo N. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the MYB Transcription Factor Gene Family in Chili Pepper ( Capsicum spp.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2229. [PMID: 33668082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The MYB transcription factor family is very large and functionally diverse in plants, however, only a few members of this family have been reported and characterized in chili pepper (Capsicum spp.). In the present study, we performed genome-wide analyses of the MYB family in Capsicum annuum, including phylogenetic relationships, conserved domain, gene structure organization, motif protein arrangement, chromosome distribution, chemical properties predictions, RNA-seq expression, and RT-qPCR expression assays. A total of 235 non-redundant MYB proteins were identified from C. annuum, including R2R3-MYB, 3R-MYB, atypical MYB, and MYB-related subclasses. The sequence analysis of CaMYBs compared with other plant MYB proteins revealed gene conservation, but also potential specialized genes. Tissue-specific expression profiles showed that CaMYB genes were differentially expressed, suggesting that they are functionally divergent. Furthermore, the integration of our data allowed us to propose strong CaMYBs candidates to be regulating phenylpropanoid, lignin, capsaicinoid, carotenoid, and vitamin C biosynthesis, providing new insights into the role of MYB transcription factors in secondary metabolism. This study adds valuable knowledge about the functions of CaMYB genes in various processes in the Capsicum genus.
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Meng Q, Moinuddin SGA, Kim SJ, Bedgar DL, Costa MA, Thomas DG, Young RP, Smith CA, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Pterocarpan synthase (PTS) structures suggest a common quinone methide-stabilizing function in dirigent proteins and proteins with dirigent-like domains. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11584-11601. [PMID: 32565424 PMCID: PMC7450108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical activities of dirigent proteins (DPs) give rise to distinct complex classes of plant phenolics. DPs apparently began to emerge during the aquatic-to-land transition, with phylogenetic analyses revealing the presence of numerous DP subfamilies in the plant kingdom. The vast majority (>95%) of DPs in these large multigene families still await discovery of their biochemical functions. Here, we elucidated the 3D structures of two pterocarpan-forming proteins with dirigent-like domains. Both proteins stereospecifically convert distinct diastereomeric chiral isoflavonoid precursors to the chiral pterocarpans, (-)- and (+)-medicarpin, respectively. Their 3D structures enabled comparisons with stereoselective lignan- and aromatic terpenoid-forming DP orthologs. Each protein provides entry into diverse plant natural products classes, and our experiments suggest a common biochemical mechanism in binding and stabilizing distinct plant phenol-derived mono- and bis-quinone methide intermediates during different C-C and C-O bond-forming processes. These observations provide key insights into both their appearance and functional diversification of DPs during land plant evolution/adaptation. The proposed biochemical mechanisms based on our findings provide important clues to how additional physiological roles for DPs and proteins harboring dirigent-like domains can now be rationally and systematically identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Syed G A Moinuddin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Diana L Bedgar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Michael A Costa
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Robert P Young
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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García-Ulloa A, Sanjurjo L, Cimini S, Encina A, Martínez-Rubio R, Bouza R, Barral L, Estévez-Pérez G, Novo-Uzal E, De Gara L, Pomar F. Overexpression of ZePrx in Nicotiana tabacum Affects Lignin Biosynthesis Without Altering Redox Homeostasis. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:900. [PMID: 32676088 PMCID: PMC7333733 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Class III plant peroxidases (Prxs) are involved in the oxidative polymerization of lignins. Zinnia elegans Jacq. Basic peroxidase (ZePrx) has been previously characterized as capable of catalyzing this reaction in vitro and the role in lignin biosynthesis of several of its Arabidopsis thaliana homologous has been previously confirmed. In the present work, ZePrx was overexpressed in Nicotiana tabacum to further characterize its function in planta with particular attention to its involvement in lignin biosynthesis. Since Prxs are known to alter ROS levels by using them as electron acceptor or producing them in their catalytic activity, the impact of this overexpression in redox homeostasis was studied by analyzing the metabolites and enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. In relation to the modification induced by ZePrx overexpression in lignin composition and cellular metabolism, the carbohydrate composition of the cell wall as well as overall gene expression through RNA-Seq were analyzed. The obtained results indicate that the overexpression of ZePrx caused an increase in syringyl lignin in cell wall stems, suggesting that ZePrx is relevant for the oxidation of sinapyl alcohol during lignin biosynthesis, coherently with its S-peroxidase nature. The increase in the glucose content of the cell wall and the reduction of the expression of several genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis suggests the occurrence of a possible compensatory response to maintain cell wall properties. The perturbation of cellular redox homeostasis occurring as a consequence of ZePrx overexpression was kept under control by an increase in APX activity and a reduction in ascorbate redox state. In conclusion, our results confirm the role of ZePrx in lignin biosynthesis and highlight that its activity alters cellular pathways putatively aimed at maintaining redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba García-Ulloa
- Departamento de Biología, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Laura Sanjurjo
- Departamento de Biología, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sara Cimini
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Romina Martínez-Rubio
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Rebeca Bouza
- Grupo de Polímeros, Departamento de Física y Ciencias de la Tierra Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidade da Coruña, Serantes, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Luis Barral
- Grupo de Polímeros, Departamento de Física y Ciencias de la Tierra Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidade da Coruña, Serantes, Ferrol, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura De Gara
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pomar
- Departamento de Biología, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Majira A, Godon B, Foulon L, van der Putten JC, Cézard L, Thierry M, Pion F, Bado‐Nilles A, Pandard P, Jayabalan T, Aguié‐Béghin V, Ducrot P, Lapierre C, Marlair G, Gosselink RJA, Baumberger S, Cottyn B. Enhancing the Antioxidant Activity of Technical Lignins by Combining Solvent Fractionation and Ionic-Liquid Treatment. ChemSusChem 2019; 12:4799-4809. [PMID: 31436856 PMCID: PMC6899661 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A grass soda technical lignin (PB1000) underwent a process combining solvent fractionation and treatment with an ionic liquid (IL), and a comprehensive investigation of the structural modifications was performed by using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, 31 P NMR spectroscopy, thioacidolysis, and GC-MS. Three fractions with distinct reactivity were recovered from successive ethyl acetate (EA), butanone, and methanol extractions. In parallel, a fraction deprived of EA extractives was obtained. The samples were treated with methyl imidazolium bromide ([HMIM]Br) by using either conventional heating or microwave irradiation. The treatment allowed us to solubilize 28 % of the EA-insoluble fraction and yielded additional free phenols in all the fractions, as a consequence of depolymerization and demethylation. The gain of the combined process in terms of antioxidant properties was demonstrated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH. ) radical-scavenging tests. Integrating further IL safety-related data and environmental considerations, this study paves the way for the sustainable production of phenolic oligomers competing with commercial antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Majira
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay78000VersaillesFrance
| | - Blandine Godon
- FARE Laboratory, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et EnvironnementINRA Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne51100ReimsFrance
| | - Laurence Foulon
- FARE Laboratory, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et EnvironnementINRA Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne51100ReimsFrance
| | | | - Laurent Cézard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay78000VersaillesFrance
| | - Marina Thierry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay78000VersaillesFrance
| | - Florian Pion
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay78000VersaillesFrance
| | - Anne Bado‐Nilles
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)Parc Technologique Alata, BP260550Verneuil-en-HalatteFrance
| | - Pascal Pandard
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)Parc Technologique Alata, BP260550Verneuil-en-HalatteFrance
| | - Thangavelu Jayabalan
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)Parc Technologique Alata, BP260550Verneuil-en-HalatteFrance
| | - Véronique Aguié‐Béghin
- FARE Laboratory, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et EnvironnementINRA Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne51100ReimsFrance
| | - Paul‐Henri Ducrot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay78000VersaillesFrance
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay78000VersaillesFrance
| | - Guy Marlair
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)Parc Technologique Alata, BP260550Verneuil-en-HalatteFrance
| | | | - Stephanie Baumberger
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay78000VersaillesFrance
| | - Betty Cottyn
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay78000VersaillesFrance
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Lauberte L, Fabre G, Ponomarenko J, Dizhbite T, Evtuguin DV, Telysheva G, Trouillas P. Lignin Modification Supported by DFT-Based Theoretical Study as a Way to Produce Competitive Natural Antioxidants. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091794. [PMID: 31075868 PMCID: PMC6539611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The valorization of lignins as renewable aromatic feedstock is of utmost importance in terms of the use of sustainable resources. This study provides a deductive approach towards market-oriented lignin-derived antioxidants by ascertaining the direct effect of different structural features of lignin on the reactivity of its phenolic OH groups in the radical scavenging reactions. The antioxidant activity of a series of compounds, modeling lignin structural units, was experimentally characterized and rationalized, using thermodynamic descriptors. The calculated O–H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) of characteristic lignin subunits were used to predict the modification pathways of technical lignins. The last ones were isolated by soda delignification from different biomass sources and their oligomeric fractions were studied as a raw material for modification and production of optimized antioxidants. These were characterized in terms of chemical structure, molecular weight distribution, content of the functional groups, and the antioxidant activity. The developed approach for the targeted modification of lignins allowed the products competitive with two commercial synthetic phenolic antioxidants in both free radical scavenging and stabilization of thermooxidative destruction of polyurethane films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Lauberte
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Str. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Gabin Fabre
- INSERM UMR 1248, Université de Limoges, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | | | - Tatiana Dizhbite
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Str. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Dmitry V Evtuguin
- CICECO/University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Galina Telysheva
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Str. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 1248, Université de Limoges, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Gontijo de Melo P, Fornazier Borges M, Afonso Ferreira J, Vicente Barbosa Silva M, Ruggiero R. Bio-Based Cellulose Acetate Films Reinforced with Lignin and Glycerol. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041143. [PMID: 29642634 PMCID: PMC5979573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two sets of four cellulose acetate (degree of substitution = 2.2) were incorporated with lignin extracted from the macaúba endocarp, before and after being chemically modified to sodium carboxymethyl-lignin and aluminum carboxymethyl-lignin, respectively. The eight membranes were prepared by the casting method after dissolution in acetone and embedded with lignins (0.1% w/w), one without modification (CAc-Lig) and two chemically modified (CAc-CMLNa) and (CAc-CMLAl), compared to membranes of pure acetate (CAc). In group II, in the four membranes prepared, glycerol was added (10% w/w) as a plasticizer. The membranes were characterized by a number of techniques: thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), morphological (scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)), structural (X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)), hydrophobic (contact angle and water vapor permeability), and thermomechanical (dynamic thermal mechanical analysis and tensile tests). The results show that despite some incompatibility with the cellulose acetate, the incorporation of the lignin in a concentration of 0.1% w/w acts as a reinforcement in the membrane, greatly increasing the tension rupture of the material. The presence of glycerol in a concentration of 10% w/w also acts as a reinforcement in all membranes, in addition to increasing the tension rupture. In this study, glycerol and acetate both increased the compatibility of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Reinaldo Ruggiero
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG 38408-902, Brazil.
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Suseela V, Tharayil N. Decoupling the direct and indirect effects of climate on plant litter decomposition: Accounting for stress-induced modifications in plant chemistry. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:1428-1451. [PMID: 28986956 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of plant litter is a fundamental ecosystem process that can act as a feedback to climate change by simultaneously influencing both the productivity of ecosystems and the flux of carbon dioxide from the soil. The influence of climate on decomposition from a postsenescence perspective is relatively well known; in particular, climate is known to regulate the rate of litter decomposition via its direct influence on the reaction kinetics and microbial physiology on processes downstream of tissue senescence. Climate can alter plant metabolism during the formative stage of tissues and could shape the final chemical composition of plant litter that is available for decomposition, and thus indirectly influence decomposition; however, these indirect effects are relatively poorly understood. Climatic stress disrupts cellular homeostasis in plants and results in the reprogramming of primary and secondary metabolic pathways, which leads to changes in the quantity, composition, and organization of small molecules and recalcitrant heteropolymers, including lignins, tannins, suberins, and cuticle within the plant tissue matrix. Furthermore, by regulating metabolism during tissue senescence, climate influences the resorption of nutrients from senescing tissues. Thus, the final chemical composition of plant litter that forms the substrate of decomposition is a combined product of presenescence physiological processes through the production and resorption of metabolites. The changes in quantity, composition, and localization of the molecular construct of the litter could enhance or hinder tissue decomposition and soil nutrient cycling by altering the recalcitrance of the lignocellulose matrix, the composition of microbial communities, and the activity of microbial exo-enzymes via various complexation reactions. Also, the climate-induced changes in the molecular composition of litter could differentially influence litter decomposition and soil nutrient cycling. Compared with temperate ecosystems, the indirect effects of climate on litter decomposition in the tropics are not well understood, which underscores the need to conduct additional studies in tropical biomes. We also emphasize the need to focus on how climatic stress affects the root chemistry as roots contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycling, and on utilizing more robust analytical approaches to capture the molecular composition of tissue matrix that fuel microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Panzella L, Napolitano A. Natural Phenol Polymers: Recent Advances in Food and Health Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E30. [PMID: 28420078 PMCID: PMC5488010 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural phenol polymers are widely represented in nature and include a variety of classes including tannins and lignins as the most prominent. Largely consumed foods are rich sources of phenol polymers, notably black foods traditionally used in East Asia, but other non-edible, easily accessible sources, e.g., seaweeds and wood, have been considered with increasing interest together with waste materials from agro-based industries, primarily grape pomace and other byproducts of fruit and coffee processing. Not in all cases were the main structural components of these materials identified because of their highly heterogeneous nature. The great beneficial effects of natural phenol-based polymers on human health and their potential in improving the quality of food were largely explored, and this review critically addresses the most interesting and innovative reports in the field of nutrition and biomedicine that have appeared in the last five years. Several in vivo human and animal trials supported the proposed use of these materials as food supplements and for amelioration of the health and production of livestock. Biocompatible and stable functional polymers prepared by peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of natural phenols, as well as natural phenol polymers were exploited as conventional and green plastic additives in smart packaging and food-spoilage prevention applications. The potential of natural phenol polymers in regenerative biomedicine as additives of biomaterials to promote growth and differentiation of osteoblasts is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, Naples I-80126, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, Naples I-80126, Italy.
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12
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Ferreira BG, Falcioni R, Guedes LM, Avritzer SC, Antunes WC, Souza LA, Isaias RM. Preventing False Negatives for Histochemical Detection of Phenolics and Lignins in PEG-Embedded Plant Tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:105-116. [PMID: 28117630 PMCID: PMC5256196 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416677035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a low-cost and advantageous embedding medium, which maintains the majority of cell contents unaltered during the embedding process. Some hard or complex plant materials are better embedded in PEG than in other usual embedding media. However, the histochemical tests for phenolics and lignins in PEG-embedded plant tissues commonly result in false negatives. We hypothesize that these false negatives should be prevented by the use of distinct fixatives, which should avoid the bonds between PEG and phenols. Novel protocols for phenolics and flavanols detection are efficiently tested, with fixation of the samples in ferrous sulfate and formalin or in caffeine and sodium benzoate, respectively. The differentiation of lignin types is possible in safranin-stained sections observed under fluorescence. The Maule's test faultlessly distinguishes syringyl-rich from guaiacyl- and hydroxyphenyl-rich lignins in PEG-embedded material under light microscopy. Current hypothesis is corroborated, that is, the adequate fixation solves the false-negative results, and the new proposed protocols fill up some gaps on the detection of phenolics and lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G. Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica/Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (BGF, SCA, RMSI)
- Departamento de Biologia/Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil (RF, WCA, LAS)
- Postgrados en Ciências Biológicas - área Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (LMG)
| | - Renan Falcioni
- Departamento de Botânica/Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (BGF, SCA, RMSI)
- Departamento de Biologia/Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil (RF, WCA, LAS)
- Postgrados en Ciências Biológicas - área Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (LMG)
| | - Lubia M. Guedes
- Departamento de Botânica/Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (BGF, SCA, RMSI)
- Departamento de Biologia/Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil (RF, WCA, LAS)
- Postgrados en Ciências Biológicas - área Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (LMG)
| | - Sofia C. Avritzer
- Departamento de Botânica/Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (BGF, SCA, RMSI)
- Departamento de Biologia/Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil (RF, WCA, LAS)
- Postgrados en Ciências Biológicas - área Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (LMG)
| | - Werner C. Antunes
- Departamento de Botânica/Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (BGF, SCA, RMSI)
- Departamento de Biologia/Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil (RF, WCA, LAS)
- Postgrados en Ciências Biológicas - área Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (LMG)
| | - Luiz A. Souza
- Departamento de Botânica/Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (BGF, SCA, RMSI)
- Departamento de Biologia/Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil (RF, WCA, LAS)
- Postgrados en Ciências Biológicas - área Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (LMG)
| | - Rosy M.S. Isaias
- Rosy M.S. Isaias, Departamento de Botânica/Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 406, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil. E-mail:
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Llevot A, Dannecker PK, von Czapiewski M, Over LC, Söyler Z, Meier MAR. Renewability is not Enough: Recent Advances in the Sustainable Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Monomers and Polymers. Chemistry 2016; 22:11510-21. [PMID: 27355829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the structural diversity of different biomass resources, recent efforts were directed towards the synthesis of renewable monomers and polymers, either for the substitution of petroleum-based resources or for the design of novel polymers. Not only the use of biomass, but also the development of sustainable chemical approaches is a crucial aspect for the production of sustainable materials. This review discusses the recent examples of chemical modifications and polymerizations of abundant biomass resources with a clear focus on the sustainability of the described processes. Topics such as synthetic methodology, catalysis, and development of new solvent systems or greener alternative reagents are addressed. The chemistry of vegetable oil derivatives, terpenes, lignin, carbohydrates, and sugar-based platform chemicals was selected to highlight the trends in the active field of a sustainable use of renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Llevot
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Building 30.42, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Patrick-Kurt Dannecker
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Building 30.42, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc von Czapiewski
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Building 30.42, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lena C Over
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Building 30.42, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zafer Söyler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Building 30.42, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael A R Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Building 30.42, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Abstract
Lignin-based thermoplastic materials have attracted increasing interest as sustainable, cost-effective, and biodegradable alternatives for petroleum-based thermoplastics. As an amorphous thermoplastic material, lignin has a relatively high glass-transition temperature and also undergoes radical-induced self-condensation at high temperatures, which limits its thermal processability. Additionally, lignin-based materials are usually brittle and exhibit poor mechanical properties. To improve the thermoplasticity and mechanical properties of technical lignin, polymers or plasticizers are usually integrated with lignin by blending or chemical modification. This Review attempts to cover the reported approaches towards the development of lignin-based thermoplastic materials on the basis of published information. Approaches reviewed include plasticization, blending with miscible polymers, and chemical modifications by esterification, etherification, polymer grafting, and copolymerization. Those lignin-based thermoplastic materials are expected to show applications as engineering plastics, polymeric foams, thermoplastic elastomers, and carbon-fiber precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- H.B. Fuller Company, 1200 Willow Lake Blvd, St. Paul, MN, 55110, USA
| | - Stephen S Kelley
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Richard A Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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15
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Ho-Yue-Kuang S, Alvarado C, Antelme S, Bouchet B, Cézard L, Le Bris P, Legée F, Maia-Grondard A, Yoshinaga A, Saulnier L, Guillon F, Sibout R, Lapierre C, Chateigner-Boutin AL. Mutation in Brachypodium caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 6 alters stem and grain lignins and improves straw saccharification without deteriorating grain quality. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:227-37. [PMID: 26433202 PMCID: PMC4682429 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cereal crop by-products are a promising source of renewable raw material for the production of biofuel from lignocellulose. However, their enzymatic conversion to fermentable sugars is detrimentally affected by lignins. Here the characterization of the Brachypodium Bd5139 mutant provided with a single nucleotide mutation in the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase BdCOMT6 gene is reported. This BdCOMT6-deficient mutant displayed a moderately altered lignification in mature stems. The lignin-related BdCOMT6 gene was also found to be expressed in grains, and the alterations of Bd5139 grain lignins were found to mirror nicely those evidenced in stem lignins. The Bd5139 grains displayed similar size and composition to the control. Complementation experiments carried out by introducing the mutated gene into the AtCOMT1-deficient Arabidopsis mutant demonstrated that the mutated BdCOMT6 protein was still functional. Such a moderate down-regulation of lignin-related COMT enzyme reduced the straw recalcitrance to saccharification, without compromising the vegetative or reproductive development of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ho-Yue-Kuang
- INRA-UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France INRA-UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Camille Alvarado
- INRA-UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Antelme
- INRA-UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- INRA-UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Cézard
- INRA-UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Philippe Le Bris
- INRA-UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Frédéric Legée
- INRA-UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | | | - Arata Yoshinaga
- Laboratory of Tree Cell Biology, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Luc Saulnier
- INRA-UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- INRA-UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Richard Sibout
- INRA-UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78026 Versailles, France
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16
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Zhao X, Zhu JY. Efficient Conversion of Lignin to Electricity Using a Novel Direct Biomass Fuel Cell Mediated by Polyoxometalates at Low Temperatures. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:197-207. [PMID: 26692572 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel polyoxometalates (POMs) mediated direct biomass fuel cell (DBFC) was used in this study to directly convert lignin to electricity at low temperatures with high power output and Faradaic efficiency. When phosphomolybdic acid H3 PMo12 O40 (PMo12) was used as the electron and proton carrier in the anode solution with a carbon electrode, and O2 was directly used as the final electron acceptor under the catalysis of Pt, the peak power density reached 0.96 mW cm(-2), 560 times higher than that of phenol-fueled microbial fuel cells (MFCs). When the cathode reaction was catalyzed by PMo12, the power density could be greatly enhanced to 5 mW cm(-2). Continuous operation demonstrated that this novel fuel cell was promising as a stable electrochemical power source. Structure analysis of the lignin indicated that the hydroxyl group content was reduced whereas the carbonyl group content increased. Both condensation and depolymerization takes place during the PMo12 oxidation of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Y Zhu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab, Madison, WI, USA.
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17
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Banoub J, Delmas GH, Joly N, Mackenzie G, Cachet N, Benjelloun-Mlayah B, Delmas M. A critique on the structural analysis of lignins and application of novel tandem mass spectrometric strategies to determine lignin sequencing. J Mass Spectrom 2015; 50:5-48. [PMID: 25601673 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to the application of MS using soft ionization methods with a special emphasis on electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) for the elucidation of the chemical structure of native and modified lignins. We describe and critically evaluate how these soft ionization methods have contributed to the present-day knowledge of the structure of lignins. Herein, we will introduce new nomenclature concerning the chemical state of lignins, namely, virgin released lignins (VRLs) and processed modified lignins (PML). VRLs are obtained by liberation of lignins through degradation of vegetable matter by either chemical hydrolysis and/or enzymatic hydrolysis. PMLs are produced by subjecting the VRL to a series of further chemical transformations and purifications that are likely to alter their original chemical structures. We are proposing that native lignin polymers, present in the lignocellulosic biomass, are not made of macromolecules linked to cellulose fibres as has been frequently reported. Instead, we propose that the lignins are composed of vast series of linear related oligomers, having different lengths that are covalently linked in a criss-cross pattern to cellulose and hemicellulose fibres forming the network of vegetal matter. Consequently, structural elucidation of VRLs, which presumably have not been purified and processed by any other type of additional chemical treatment and purification, may reflect the structure of the native lignin. In this review, we present an introduction to a MS/MS top-down concept of lignin sequencing and how this technique may be used to address the challenge of characterizing the structure of VRLs. Finally, we offer the case that although lignins have been reported to have very high or high molecular weights, they might not exist on the basis that such polymers have never been identified by the mild ionizing techniques used in modern MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Banoub
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5X1, Canada; Science Branch, Special Projects, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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18
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Picart P, Müller C, Mottweiler J, Wiermans L, Bolm C, Domínguez de María P, Schallmey A. From gene towards selective biomass valorization: bacterial β-etherases with catalytic activity on lignin-like polymers. ChemSusChem 2014; 7:3164-71. [PMID: 25186983 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial β-etherases, which selectively cleave the β-O-4 aryl ether linkage present in lignin, hold great promise for future applications in lignin valorization. However, very few members have been reported so far and little is known about these enzymes. By using a database mining approach, four novel bacterial β-etherases were identified, recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli, and investigated together with known β-etherases in the conversion of various lignin and non-lignin-type model compounds. The resulting activities revealed the significant influence of the substituents at the phenyl ring adjacent to the ether bond. Finally, β-etherase activity on polymeric substrates, measured by using a fluorescently labeled synthetic lignin, was also proven; this underlined the applicability of the enzymes for the conversion of lignin into renewable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Picart
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
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19
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Abstract
Lignins are complex, three-dimensional polymers embedded in the cell walls of specialised plant cells, where they play important roles in plant growth and development. Plants must possess mechanisms to coordinate lignin deposition so that its synthesis occurs at the appropriate time and place, in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. Here we consider the genetic basis of the control of lignin deposition. We focus on the transcriptional regulation of lignification, considering how the genes encoding the lignin biosynthetic pathway might be co-ordinately controlled, and the transcription factors that are likely to be involved. We also discuss the mechanisms regulating lignification that have been revealed by mutants with altered lignin deposition. We conclude that, while transcriptional regulation is a common feature in the control of lignification, there are many different regulators that may bring about this common mode of regulation. Contents Summary 17 I. Introduction 17 II. Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes 19 III. Co-ordinate regulation of genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes 21 IV. Mutants with altered spatial and temporal control of lignification 23 V. Conclusion 28 Acknowledgements 28 References 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Rogers
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Present address: CAB International Publishing, Wallingford OX10 8DE, UK
| | - Malcolm M Campbell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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20
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Pomar F, Novo M, Bernal MA, Merino F, Barceló AR. Changes in stem lignins (monomer composition and crosslinking) and peroxidase are related with the maintenance of leaf photosynthetic integrity during Verticillium wilt in Capsicum annuum. New Phytol 2004; 163:111-123. [PMID: 33873795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
• Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne pathogen that causes vascular wilt in pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum). Here we study to what extent changes in the lignification response of peppers condition tolerance of wilt. • For this, the quantum yield (ΦPSII ), the linear electron transport rate (ETR), and the lignification response (monomer composition and crosslinking) were studied in three C. annuum cultivars differing in degree of tolerance. • The results showed that in tolerant cultivars (Padrón and Yolo Wonder), both ΦPSII and ETR showed significantly higher levels at saturating photosynthetically active radiation values. This was not, however, the case for cv. Luesia, which showed a significant decrease in ΦPSII , ETR and nonphotochemical quenching values, suggesting that photochemical processes are strongly damaged in this cultivar as a consequence of the disease. The analysis of stem lignins in tolerant cultivars revealed that they were mainly composed of p-hydroxyphenyl units, while levels of β-O-4-linked coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols were significantly lower. • It is concluded that through the observed changes in stem lignins (monomer composition and crosslinking) peppers retard, since they maintain leaf photosynthetic integrity, but do not stop (since wilt symptoms are not avoided) V. dahliae fungal hyphae penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pomar
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, Apartado 10, E-15080 La Coruña
| | - Marta Novo
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of La Coruña, E-15071 La Coruña
| | - María A Bernal
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of La Coruña, E-15071 La Coruña
| | - Fuencisla Merino
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of La Coruña, E-15071 La Coruña
| | - A Ros Barceló
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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