1
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Hassanpour B, Karbhari VM. Characteristics and Models of Moisture Uptake in Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Topical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2265. [PMID: 39204485 PMCID: PMC11359223 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced composites are commonly exposed to environments associated with moisture and solution, resulting in uptake, which causes changes in the bulk resin, the fiber-matrix interface, and even the fiber itself. Knowledge about uptake behavior and diffusion mechanisms and characteristics are critical to better understanding the response of these materials to environmental exposure faced through service to developing better materials through selection of constituents and to the prediction of long-term durability. This paper reviews aspects of uptake mechanisms and subsequent response, as well as models that describe the sorption process, with the aim of providing a comprehensive understanding of moisture-uptake-related phenomena and characteristics such as uptake rate, diffusion and relaxation/deterioration constants, transitions in regimes, and overall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Hassanpour
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76006, USA;
| | - Vistasp M. Karbhari
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76006, USA;
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76006, USA
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2
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Whittaker M, Foreman JP. Identifying the Influences on Network Formation in Structural Isomers of Multifunctional Epoxies Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2024; 57:3438-3450. [PMID: 38616810 PMCID: PMC11008360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The network formation of four epoxy-rich formulations of the structural isomers of triglycidyl aminophenol and diaminodiphenyl sulfone has been monitored by using two complementary techniques, near-infrared spectroscopy and resin temperature monitoring. The differences between these networks have been described using the concentration of epoxide, primary amine, secondary amine, and tertiary amine functional groups and the actual temperature of the resin compared to the oven temperature during the cure schedule. It was found that initially, the 3,3'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (33'DDS) formulations were more reactive and primary amines were completely consumed before the 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (44'DDS) formulations. Secondary amines were formed more quickly in 33'DDS formulations compared to 44'DDS. The triglycidyl-meta-aminophenol (TGmAP) formulations consumed secondary amines and produced tertiary amines faster than the triglycidyl-para-aminophenol (TGpAP) formulations, indicating higher levels of cross-linking occurred earlier in the curing reaction. Etherification occurred much earlier in the TGpAP formulations than in the TGmAP formulations. Results suggest that internal cyclization occurs in the three meta isomer-containing formulations, and a corresponding lack of this effect in TGpAP/44'DDS results in a more homogeneous cross-linked network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
B. Whittaker
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United
Kingdom
| | - Joel P. Foreman
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United
Kingdom
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3
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Witherspoon VJ, Ito K, Snyder CR, Tyagi M, Martin TB, Beaucage PA, Nieuwendaal RC, Vallery RS, Gidley DW, Wilbur JD, Welsh D, Stafford CM, Soles CL. Correlating the Diffusion of Water to Performance in Model Reverse Osmosis Polyamides with Controlled Crosslink Densities. J Memb Sci 2023; 678:10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121670. [PMID: 37465550 PMCID: PMC10350966 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
We systematically reduce the cross-link density of a PA network based on m-phenylene diamine by substituting a fraction of the trifunctional trimesoyl chloride cross-linking agent with a difunctional isophthaloyl analog that promotes chain extension, in order to elucidate robust design cues for improving the polyamide (PA) separation layer in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for desalination. Thin films of these model PA networks are fully integrated into a composite membrane and evaluated in terms of their water flux and salt rejection. By incorporating 15 mol % of the difunctional chain extender, we reduce the cross-link density of the network by a factor of two, which leads to an 80 % increase in the free or unreacted amine content. The resulting swelling of the PA network in liquid water increases by a factor of two accompanied by a 30 % increase in the salt passage through the membrane. Surprisingly, this leads to a 30 % decrease in the overall permeance of water through the membrane. This conundrum is resolved by quantifying the microscopic diffusion coefficient of water inside the PA network with quasi-elastic neutron scattering. In the highest and lowest cross-link density networks, water shows strong signatures of confined diffusion. At short length scales, the water exhibits a translational diffusion that is consistent with the jump-diffusion mechanism. This translational diffusion coefficient is approximately five times slower in the lowest cross-linked density network, consistent with the reduced water permeance. This is interpreted as water molecules interacting more strongly with the increased free amine content. Over longer length scales the water diffusion is confined, exhibiting mobility that is independent of length scale. The length scales of confinement from the quasi-elastic neutron scattering experiments at which this transition from confined to translational diffusion occurs is on the order of (5 to 6) Å , consistent with complementary X-ray scattering, small angle neutron scattering, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements. The confinement appears to come from heterogeneities in the average inter-atomic distances, suggesting that diffusion occurs by water bouncing between chains and occasionally sticking to the polar functional groups. The results obtained here are compared with similar studies of water diffusion through both rigid porous silicates and ion exchange membranes, revealing robust design cues for engineering high-performance RO membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velencia J. Witherspoon
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
- Current address: Section for Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Science, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Kanae Ito
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
- Current address: Industrial Application Division, Spring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Tyler B. Martin
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Peter A. Beaucage
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Ryan C. Nieuwendaal
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | - David W. Gidley
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Christopher M. Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Christopher L. Soles
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
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4
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Bratasyuk NA, Ostanin SA, Mokeev MV, Zuev VV. Water transport in epoxy/polyurethane interpenetrating networks. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maxim V. Mokeev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Vjacheslav V. Zuev
- ITMO University Saint Petersburg Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
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5
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Gillet C, Tamssaouet F, Hassoune-Rhabbour B, Tchalla T, Nassiet V. Parameters Influencing Moisture Diffusion in Epoxy-Based Materials during Hygrothermal Ageing—A Review by Statistical Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142832. [PMID: 35890607 PMCID: PMC9325284 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hygrothermal ageing of epoxy resins and epoxy matrix composite materials has been studied many times in the literature. Models have been developed to represent the diffusion behaviour of the materials. For reversible diffusions, Fick, Dual–Fick and Carter and Kibler models are widely used. Many parameters, correlated or not, have been identified. The objectives of this review by statistical analysis are to confirm or infirm these correlations, to highlight other correlations if they exist, and to establish which are the most important to study. This study focuses on the parameters of the Fick, Dual–Fick and Carter and Kibler models. For this purpose, statistical analyses are performed on data extracted and calculated from individuals described in the literature. Box plot and PCA analyses were chosen. Differences are then noticeable according to the different qualitative parameters chosen in the study. Moreover, correlations, already observed in the literature for quantitative variables, are confirmed. On the other hand, differences appear which may suggest that the models used are inappropriate for certain materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Gillet
- Laboratoire Génie de Production, INP-ENIT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Av. d’Azereix, 65000 Tarbes, France;
- Safran Aircraft Engines, site de Villaroche, 77550 Moissy-Cramayel, France;
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (V.N.)
| | - Ferhat Tamssaouet
- Laboratoire PROMES-CNRS (UPR 8521), Université de Perpignan, TECNOSUD, 66100 Perpignan, France;
| | - Bouchra Hassoune-Rhabbour
- Laboratoire Génie de Production, INP-ENIT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Av. d’Azereix, 65000 Tarbes, France;
| | - Tatiana Tchalla
- Safran Aircraft Engines, site de Villaroche, 77550 Moissy-Cramayel, France;
| | - Valérie Nassiet
- Laboratoire Génie de Production, INP-ENIT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Av. d’Azereix, 65000 Tarbes, France;
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (V.N.)
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6
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Aromatic tetra-glycidyl ether versus tetra-glycidyl amine epoxy networks: Influence of monomer structure and epoxide conversion. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Optimization of Glass Transition Temperature and Pot Life of Epoxy Blends Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193304. [PMID: 34641120 PMCID: PMC8512034 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to improve the processability of triglycidyl-p-aminophenol (TGPAP) epoxy resin. To achieve this improvement, a diluent, the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF or BPF), was added to TGPAP, and the blended epoxy was then cured with 4, 4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfones (DDS). A response surface methodology (RSM) was used, with the target response being to achieve a blended resin with a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and maximum pot life (or processing window, PW). Characterization through dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and using a rheometer indicated that the optimum formulation was obtained at 55.6 wt.% of BPF and a stoichiometric ratio of 0.60. Both values were predicted to give Tg at 180 °C and a processing window of up to 136.1 min. The predicted values were verified, with the obtained Tg and processing window (PW) being 181.2 ± 0.8 °C and 140 min, respectively, which is close to the values predicted using the RSM.
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8
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Knox ST, Wright A, Cameron C, Fairclough JPA. Structural Variation and Chemical Performance-A Study of the Effects of Chemical Structure upon Epoxy Network Chemical Performance. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:3438-3445. [PMID: 34308358 PMCID: PMC8291510 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins are used widely as protective coatings, in a wide range of harsh chemical environments. This work explores the influence of subtle structural variation in both epoxy and amine monomers upon chemical performance of cured networks, whether changing molecular geometry, the nature of the chemistry, or the mass between cross-linking reactive groups. To achieve this, four industrially relevant epoxy resins (two based on bisphenol A-Epikote 828 (E828) and Dow Epoxy Resin 332 (DER 332)-and two based on bisphenol F-Dow Epoxy Resin 354 (DER 354) and Araldite PY306 (PY306)) and the isomerically pure para-para-diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (ppDGEBF) were used to explore variation caused by epoxy monomer variation. Four similar amines (meta-xylylenediamine (MXDA), para-xylylenediamine (PXDA), 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (1,3-BAC), 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (1,4-BAC)) were used to explore any variations caused by regioisomerism and aromaticity. Bisphenol F-based resins were found to outperform bisphenol A-based analogues, and chain extension within the epoxy component was found to be detrimental to performance. For amines, 1,3-substitution (vs 1,4) and aromaticity were both found to be beneficial to chemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4BJ, U.K.
| | - Anthony Wright
- AkzoNobel, International Paint Ltd, Stoneygate Lane, Gateshead NE10 0JY, U.K.
| | - Colin Cameron
- AkzoNobel, International Paint Ltd, Stoneygate Lane, Gateshead NE10 0JY, U.K.
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9
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Zargarnezhad H, Asselin E, Wong D, Lam CNC. A Critical Review of the Time-Dependent Performance of Polymeric Pipeline Coatings: Focus on Hydration of Epoxy-Based Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1517. [PMID: 34065062 PMCID: PMC8125940 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier performance of organic coatings is a direct function of mass transport and long-term stability of the polymeric structure. A predictive assessment of the protective coating cannot be conducted a priori of degradation effects on transport. Epoxy-based powder coatings are an attractive class of coatings for pipelines and other structures because application processing times are low and residual stresses between polymer layers are reduced. However, water ingress into the polymeric network of these coatings is of particular interest due to associated competitive sorption and plasticization effects. This review examines common analytical techniques for identifying parameters involved in transport in wet environments and underscores the gaps in the literature for the evaluation of the long-term performance of such coating systems. Studies have shown that the extent of polymer hydration has a major impact on gas and ion permeability/selectivity. Thus, transport analyses based only on micropore filling (i.e., adsorption) by water molecules are inadequate. Combinatorial entropy of the glassy epoxy and water vapor mixture not only affects the mechanism of membrane plasticization, but also changes the sorption kinetics of gas permeation and causes a partial gas immobility in the system. However, diffusivity, defined as the product of a kinetic mobility parameter and a concentration-dependent thermodynamic parameter, can eventually become favorable for gas transport at elevated temperatures, meaning that increasing gas pressure can decrease selectivity of the membrane for gas permeation. On the other hand, reverse osmosis membranes have shown that salt permeation is sensitive to, among other variables, water content in the polymer and a fundamental attribute in ionic diffusion is the effective size of hydrated ions. In addition, external electron sources-e.g., cathodic protection potentials for pipeline structures-can alter the kinetics of this transport as the tendency of ions to dissociate increases due to electrostatic forces. Focusing primarily on epoxy-based powder coatings, this review demonstrates that service parameters such as humidity, temperature, and concentration of aggressive species can dynamically develop different transport mechanisms, each at the expense of others. Although multilayered coating systems decrease moisture ingress and the consequences of environmental exposure, this survey shows that demands for extreme operating conditions can pose new challenges for coating materials and sparse data on transport properties would limit analysis of the remaining life of the system. This knowledge gap impedes the prediction of the likelihood of coating and, consequently, infrastructure failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Zargarnezhad
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 309-6350 Stores Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Edouard Asselin
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 309-6350 Stores Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Dennis Wong
- Shawcor Ltd., 25 Bethridge Road, Toronto, ON M9W 1M7, Canada; (D.W.); (C.N.C.L.)
| | - C. N. Catherine Lam
- Shawcor Ltd., 25 Bethridge Road, Toronto, ON M9W 1M7, Canada; (D.W.); (C.N.C.L.)
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10
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Guha RD, Idolor O, Berkowitz K, Pasquinelli M, Grace LR. Exploring secondary interactions and the role of temperature in moisture-contaminated polymer networks through molecular simulations. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2942-2956. [PMID: 33589893 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging the state of absorbed moisture within a polymer network to identify physical and chemical features of the host material is predicated upon a clear understanding of the interaction between the polymer and a penetrant water molecule; an understanding that has remained elusive. Recent work has revealed that a novel damage detection method that exploits the very low baseline levels of water typically found in polymer matrix composites (PMC) may be a valuable tool in the composite NDE arsenal, provided that a clear understanding of polymer-water interaction can be obtained. Precise detection, location, and possible quantification of the extent of damage can be performed by characterizing the physical and chemical states of moisture present in an in-service PMC. Composite structures have a locally elevated dielectric constant near the damage sites due to a higher fraction of bulk ("free") water, which has a higher dielectric constant when compared to water molecules bound to the polymer network through secondary bonding interactions. In this study, we aim to get a clear atomistic scale picture of the interactions which drive the dielectric signature variations necessary for tracking damage. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used to explore the effect of temperature on the state of moisture in two epoxy matrices with identical chemical constituents but different morphologies. The motivation was to understand whether higher polarity binds a greater fraction of moisture even at higher temperatures, leading to suppressed dielectric activity. Consequently, the influence of secondary bonding interactions was investigated to understand the impact of temperature on the absorbed water molecules in a composite epoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh D Guha
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Engineering Building-III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC-27695, USA.
| | - Ogheneovo Idolor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Engineering Building-III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC-27695, USA.
| | - Katherine Berkowitz
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Engineering Building-III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC-27695, USA.
| | - Melissa Pasquinelli
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Biltmore Hall, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC-27606, USA
| | - Landon R Grace
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Engineering Building-III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC-27695, USA.
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11
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Reyes LQ, Zhang J, Dao B, Nguyen DL, Varley RJ. Subtle variations in the structure of crosslinked epoxy networks and the impact upon mechanical and thermal properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry Q. Reyes
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Jane Zhang
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Buu Dao
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton MDC Victoria 3169 Australia
| | - Duc L. Nguyen
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Russell J. Varley
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
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12
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Reyes LQ, Zhang J, Dao B, Varley RJ. Synthesis of tri‐aryl ether epoxy resin isomers and their cure with diamino diphenyl sulphone. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry Q. Reyes
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria Australia
| | - Jane Zhang
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria Australia
| | - Buu Dao
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton MDC Victoria Australia
| | - Russell J. Varley
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria Australia
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13
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Zhang M, Miao X, Fu J, Bao F, An X, He L, Li X, Meng Y. Tertiary‐amine‐free, non‐planar, sulfone‐containing, tetrafunctional epoxy and its application as a high temperature matrix. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xuepei Miao
- Changzhou Institute of Technology Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Fu
- Shenyang Aircraft Design and Research Institute Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Fei Bao
- Shenyang Aircraft Design and Research Institute Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xing An
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lifan He
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P. R. China
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14
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Zhang F, Zong L, Bao F, Weng Z, Wang C, Wang J, Jian X. Novel phthalazinone‐bearing tetrafunctional epoxy: Synthesis, characterization, and their toughening application for TGDDM system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and MaterialsDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Lishuai Zong
- Department of Polymer Science and MaterialsDalian University of Technology Dalian China
- Dalian University of TechnologyLiaoning Province Engineering Technology Center of High Performance Resins Dalian China
| | - Feng Bao
- Department of Polymer Science and MaterialsDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Zhihuan Weng
- Department of Polymer Science and MaterialsDalian University of Technology Dalian China
- Dalian University of TechnologyLiaoning Province Engineering Technology Center of High Performance Resins Dalian China
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and MaterialsDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and MaterialsDalian University of Technology Dalian China
- Dalian University of TechnologyLiaoning Province Engineering Technology Center of High Performance Resins Dalian China
| | - Xigao Jian
- Department of Polymer Science and MaterialsDalian University of Technology Dalian China
- Dalian University of TechnologyLiaoning Province Engineering Technology Center of High Performance Resins Dalian China
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15
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Knox ST, Wright A, Cameron C, Fairclough JPA. Well-Defined Networks from DGEBF-The Importance of Regioisomerism in Epoxy Resin Networks. Macromolecules 2019; 52:6861-6867. [PMID: 32051651 PMCID: PMC7007253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
previously ignored or unreported
impact of regiosomerism within diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF)
on its network properties is presented. Routes to the isomers of DGEBF
were explored: high-performance liquid chromatography showed good
separation of the three isomers [para–para-DGEBF (ppDGEBF), para–ortho-DGEBF (poDGEBF), and ortho–ortho-DGEBF (ooDGEBF)] with small yields; column chromatography
gave good separation of pp- + po- from oo-DGEBF but pp-/po- separation
was not achieved. Synthesis was optimized to crude yields of 76% for
pp-; 87% for po-, and 86% for oo-. Subsequently, crosslinked networks
were prepared with meta-xylylenediamine. With increasing
ortho content, degradation of chemical resistance and an inherent
weakening of the network was observed, that is, glass transition temperature
(Tg), beta transition temperature (Tβ), density, crosslink density, and the
desorption diffusion coefficient decreased, whereas sorption diffusion
coefficient and ultimate solvent uptake increased. This clearly shows
that a subtle chemical structure change can significantly impact network
performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Knox
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4BJ, U.K
| | - Anthony Wright
- AkzoNobel, International Paint Limited, Stoneygate Lane, Gateshead NE10 0JY, U.K
| | - Colin Cameron
- AkzoNobel, International Paint Limited, Stoneygate Lane, Gateshead NE10 0JY, U.K
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16
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Unthank MG, Cameron C, Wright A, Hughes D, Alam MA, Probert MR. Amino-diol borate complexation for controlling transport phenomena of penetrant molecules into polymeric matrices. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00780f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new type of epoxy-amine-borate (EAB) hybrid material is reported for control of penetrant solvent molecules into cross-linked polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Unthank
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael R. Probert
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Bedson Building
- Newcastle University
- UK
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17
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Linde E, Giron NH, Celina MC. Water diffusion with temperature enabling predictions for sorption and transport behavior in thermoset materials. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Vergara JH, Tian Y, La Scala JJ, Sadler JM, Palmese GR. Synthesis and characterization of fatty acid modified amines with improved water barrier properties. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Vergara J, La Scala J, Henry C, Sadler J, Yadav S, Palmese G. The effect of pendant alkyl chain length on the barrier properties of epoxy/amine crosslinked networks. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Pandini S, Bignotti F, Baldi F, Sartore L, Consolati G, Panzarasa G. Thermomechanical and large deformation behaviors of antiplasticized epoxy resins: Effect of material formulation and network architecture. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pandini
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Brescia; Via Branze 38 Brescia 25123 Italy
| | - Fabio Bignotti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Brescia; Via Branze 38 Brescia 25123 Italy
| | - Francesco Baldi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Brescia; Via Branze 38 Brescia 25123 Italy
| | - Luciana Sartore
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Brescia; Via Branze 38 Brescia 25123 Italy
| | - Giovanni Consolati
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science; Montanuniversität; Otto-Glöckel Strasse 2 Leoben 8700 Austria
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21
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Garrison MD, Harvey BG. Bio-based hydrophobic epoxy-amine networks derived from renewable terpenoids. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Garrison
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Office, Chemistry Branch; China Lake California 93555
| | - Benjamin G. Harvey
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Office, Chemistry Branch; China Lake California 93555
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22
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Childers CH, Hassan MK, Mauritz KA, Wiggins JS. Molecular scale cure rate dependence of thermoset matrix polymers. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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23
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Ramani R, Alam S. Free volume and damping in a miscible high performance polymer blend: Positron annihilation lifetime and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis studies. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasubbu Ramani
- Polymer Science Division; Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment; G.T. Road Kanpur -208 013 India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Polymer Science Division; Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment; G.T. Road Kanpur -208 013 India
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24
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25
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Celina MC, Dayile AR, Quintana A. A perspective on the inherent oxidation sensitivity of epoxy materials. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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