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Gao C, Wong WWH, Qin Z, Lo SC, Namdas EB, Dong H, Hu W. Application of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Organic Optoelectronic Devices: Advances and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100704. [PMID: 34596295 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials have been widely used in various optoelectronic devices due to their rich optical and/or electrical properties, which are highly related to their excited states. Therefore, how to manage and utilize the excited states in organic semiconductors is essential for the realization of high-performance optoelectronic devices. Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion is a unique process of converting two non-emissive triplet excitons to one singlet exciton with higher energy. Efficient optical-to-electrical devices can be realized by harvesting sub-bandgap photons through TTA-based upconversion. In electrical-to-optical devices, triplets generated after the combination of electrons and holes also can be efficiently utilized via TTA, which resulted in a high internal conversion efficiency of 62.5%. Currently, many interesting explorations and significant advances have been demonstrated in these fields. In this review, a comprehensive summary of these intriguing advances on developing efficient TTA upconversion materials and their application in optoelectronic devices is systematically given along with some discussions. Finally, the key challenges and perspectives of TTA upconversion systems for further improvement for optoelectronic devices and other related research directions are provided. This review hopes to provide valuable guidelines for future related research and advancement in organic optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wallace W H Wong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zhengsheng Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shih-Chun Lo
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ebinazar B Namdas
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Kishimoto F, Wakihara T, Okubo T. Water-Dispersible Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion Particle: Molecules Integrated in Hydrophobized Two-Dimensional Interlayer Space of Montmorillonite and Their Application for Photocatalysis in the Aqueous Phase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7021-7029. [PMID: 31970990 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green incident light (λ = ∼500 nm) is converted to blue light (λ = 400-450 nm) in air using bulky alkylammonium (DMDOA+), 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), and Ru(dmb)32+ (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) intercalated in a layered clay compound called "montmorillonite" [MMT-DMDOA+-DPA-Ru(dmb)32+]. The two-dimensional interstitial space has an interlayer spacing of a few nanometers. Emitter DPA is present in this interlayer spacing, having an intermolecular distance of approximately 3.0 nm at a high concentration. Sensitizer Ru(dmb)32+ is relatively dilute, having an intermolecular distance of 47 nm. The emission decay measurements and quantitative evaluation of the emission intensity demonstrate that blue light emission is induced by sequential processes, which consist of a triplet-triplet (T-T) energy transfer reaction from Ru(dmb)32+ to DPA and T-T annihilation of DPA molecules. From thermogravimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectra measurements, we observe that the cointercalated alkylammonium acts as a waterproof agent to prevent quenching of the molecules in the excited triplet states by H2O. Finally, we demonstrate a photocatalytic decomposition of Rhodamine B dissolved in H2O-containing MMT-DMDOA+-DPA-Ru(dmb)32+ and Pt-deposited WO3 photocatalyst, where wavelength of incident light (λ > 440 nm) is longer than the absorption edge of WO3 photocatalyst. The mechanism of photocatalytic decomposition is the following: (i) the incident long wavelength light is upconverted to 400-450 nm light by MMT-DMDOA+-DPA-Ru(dmb)32+, and then, (ii) WO3 photocatalyst is excited by the generated 400-450 nm light, and finally, (iii) Rhodamine B is decomposed on the Pt cocatalyst induced by the holes in a valence band of WO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminao Kishimoto
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Toru Wakihara
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
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3
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Nitneth DT, Hutchison JA, Ghiggino KP. Excitonic Processes in a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Complex. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In aqueous solution, a di-sulfonated phenylenevinylene polymer (DPS-PPV) forms a complex with non-ionic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) leading to absorption spectroscopic shifts and a dramatic (6-fold) increase in DPS-PPV fluorescence intensity. Spectroscopic investigations demonstrate that the complexation with PVA and other neutral polymers results in conformational changes in the DPS-PPV chains that lead to the removal of non-fluorescent energy traps and results in the observed increase in fluorescence in the bulk solution. Single molecule fluorescence measurements of DPS-PPV chains dispersed on glass and in PVA films confirm that efficient exciton energy transfer occurs within each photo-excited DPS-PPV chain and that the observed increase in fluorescence intensity in the PVA film environment is also associated with fewer quenching sites. The results highlight the importance of conjugated polyelectrolyte conformation on exciton relaxation pathways.
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Kuhn LR, Allegrezza ML, Dougher NJ, Konkolewicz D. Using Kinetic Modeling and Experimental Data to Evaluate Mechanisms in PET‐RAFT. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah R. Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMiami University, 651 E High St. Oxford Ohio 45056
| | - Michael L. Allegrezza
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMiami University, 651 E High St. Oxford Ohio 45056
| | - Nicholas J. Dougher
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMiami University, 651 E High St. Oxford Ohio 45056
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMiami University, 651 E High St. Oxford Ohio 45056
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Gao C, Seow JY, Zhang B, Hall CR, Tilley AJ, White JM, Smith TA, Wong WWH. Tetraphenylethene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Derivatives - Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Chempluschem 2019; 84:746-753. [PMID: 31944010 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetraphenylethene 9,10-diphenylanthracene (TPE-DPA) derivatives have been synthesized, and their photophysical properties studied. Photoluminescence measurements in PMMA, neat films and nanoparticle dispersions reveal that different aggregation states are formed, which leads to different photophysical behavior. The triplet excited state properties were studied using Pt(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) as triplet sensitizer. Upconverted emission from the DPA moiety is observed in nanoparticle dispersions of each derivative. A higher upconverted emission intensity is observed in aerated (compared to deaerated) solutions of the derivatives following irradiation, which is attributed to oxidation of the TPE moiety. These results provide valuable insight for the design of AIE luminogens for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Gao
- School of Chemistry ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jia Yi Seow
- School of Chemistry ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Bolong Zhang
- School of Chemistry ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher R Hall
- School of Chemistry ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Tilley
- School of Chemistry ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- School of Chemistry ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Wallace W H Wong
- School of Chemistry ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Joarder B, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Solid-State Photon Upconversion Materials: Structural Integrity and Triplet-Singlet Dual Energy Migration. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4613-4624. [PMID: 30059619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process wherein longer-wavelength light (lower-energy photons) is converted into shorter-wavelength light (higher-energy photons) under low excitation intensity in multichromophore systems. There have been many reports on highly efficient TTA-UC in solution; however, significant challenges remain in the development of solid-state upconverters in order to explore real-world applications. In this Perspective, we discuss the advantages and challenges of different approaches for TTA-UC in solvent-free solid systems. We consider that the energy migration-based TTA-UC has the potential to achieve ideal materials with high UC efficiency at weak solar irradiance. While the UC performance of such systems is still limited at this moment, we introduce recently developed important concepts to improve it, including kinetic/thermodynamic donor dispersion in acceptor assemblies, defectless crystals, and triplet-singlet dual energy migration. Future integration of these concepts into a single material would realize the ideal TTA-UC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Joarder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
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7
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Towards efficient solid-state triplet–triplet annihilation based photon upconversion: Supramolecular, macromolecular and self-assembled systems. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhu S, Ye C, Xu N, Wu Z, Ma H, Zhou X, Leng R, Wang L, He W. Green to Blue Annihilated Upconversion from a Simple Iridium(III) Sensitizer with Carboxylic Group. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Saijiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Nan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Zhengying Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Xingchen Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Ruimei Leng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Ligen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuai He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry; Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology; Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
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Joshi NK, Polgar AM, Steer RP, Paige MF. White light generation using Förster resonance energy transfer between 3-hydroxyisoquinoline and Nile Red. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:609-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple mixture of 3-hydroxyisoquinoline with Nile Red in a polymeric matrix of polyvinyl alcohol is used to generate white light that is suitable for lighting applications through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Saskatchewan
- Saskatoon
- Canada
| | | | - Ronald P. Steer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Saskatchewan
- Saskatoon
- Canada
| | - Matthew F. Paige
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Saskatchewan
- Saskatoon
- Canada
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10
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Lee SH, Thévenaz DC, Weder C, Simon YC. Glassy poly(methacrylate) terpolymers with covalently attached emitters and sensitizers for low-power light upconversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyon Lee
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - David C. Thévenaz
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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11
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Filatov MA, Heinrich E, Busko D, Ilieva IZ, Landfester K, Baluschev S. Reversible oxygen addition on a triplet sensitizer molecule: protection from excited state depopulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6501-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular “chaff-flares” strategy for the protection of the triplet excited state from quenching by oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Filatov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Institute of Polymers
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Dmitry Busko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Iliyana Z. Ilieva
- Optics and Spectroscopy Department
- Faculty of Physics
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ochridski”
- 1164 Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | | | - Stanislav Baluschev
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Optics and Spectroscopy Department
- Faculty of Physics
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12
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Tilley AJ, Robotham BE, Steer RP, Ghiggino KP. Sensitized non-coherent photon upconversion by intramolecular triplet–triplet annihilation in a diphenylanthracene pendant polymer. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Zhou J, Liu Q, Feng W, Sun Y, Li F. Upconversion Luminescent Materials: Advances and Applications. Chem Rev 2014; 115:395-465. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1511] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Yu X, Cao X, Chen X, Ayres N, Zhang P. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion from rationally designed polymeric emitters with tunable inter-chromophore distances. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:588-91. [PMID: 25414975 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07589g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report an investigation of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) based on polymeric emitters with tunable inter-chromophore distances. Poly[(9-anthrylmethyl methacrylate)-co-(methyl methacrylate)] (poly(AnMMA-co-MMA)) with different percentages of AnMMA was synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and used as an emitter in association with platinum octaethylporphyrin as a sensitizer to form TTA-UC systems. It is observed that the TTA-UC intensity first increases with increasing AnMMA percentage in the polymers then decreases, and ultimately disappears, upon further increasing the AnMMA percentage. The results shed light on the key factors affecting TTA-UC in polymers, and have implications for the design of polymer-based TTA-UC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221.
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15
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Zhang J, Li A, Liu H, Yang D, Liu J. Well-controlled RAFT polymerization initiated by recyclable surface-modified Nb(OH)5
nanoparticles under visible light irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Zhang
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Aihua Li
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Dongjiang Yang
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
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