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Wang H, Li H, Lee CK, Mat Nanyan NS, Tay GS. A systematic review on utilization of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol in sustainable polymers preparation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129536. [PMID: 38278390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of biodiesel, biodiesel-derived glycerol has become a promising renewable bioresource. The key to utilizing this bioresource lies in the value-added conversion of crude glycerol. While purifying crude glycerol into a pure form allows for diverse applications, the intricate nature of this process renders it costly and environmentally stressful. Consequently, technology facilitating the direct utilization of unpurified crude glycerol holds significant importance. It has been reported that crude glycerol can be bio-transformed or chemically converted into high-value polymers. These technologies provide cost-effective alternatives for polymer production while contributing to a more sustainable biodiesel industry. This review article describes the global production and quality characteristics of biodiesel-derived glycerol and investigates the influencing factors and treatment of the composition of crude glycerol including water, methanol, soap, matter organic non-glycerol, and ash. Additionally, this review also focused on the advantages and challenges of various technologies for converting crude glycerol into polymers, considering factors such as the compatibility of crude glycerol and the control of unfavorable factors. Lastly, the application prospect and value of crude glycerol conversion were discussed from the aspects of economy and environmental protection. The development of new technologies for the increased use of crude glycerol as a renewable feedstock for polymer production will be facilitated by the findings of this review, while promoting mass market applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Tangshan Jinlihai Biodiesel Co. Ltd., 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia.
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2
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Kosmela P, Kazimierski P. Comparison of the Efficiency of Hetero- and Homogeneous Catalysts in Cellulose Liquefaction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6135. [PMID: 37763417 PMCID: PMC10532583 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Biomass liquefaction is a well-known and extensively described process. Hydrothermal processes are well understood and can be used in the fuel industry. The use of organic solvents can result in full-fledged products for use in the synthesis of polyurethanes. The plastics industry, including polyurethanes, is targeting new, more environmentally friendly solutions. One of these is the replacement of petrochemical polyols with compounds obtained from renewable sources. It is common in biomass liquefaction to use sulfuric acid (VI) as a catalyst. The purpose of the present study was to test the effectiveness of a heterogeneous catalyst such as Nafion ion-exchange resin on the cellulose liquefaction process. The results obtained were compared with the bio-polyols obtained in a conventional way, using a homogeneous catalyst (sulfuric acid (VI)). Depending on the catalyst used and the temperature of the process, bio-polyols characterized, among other things, by a hydroxyl number in the range of 740-400 mgKOH/g were obtained. The research provides new information on the possibility of using heterogeneous catalysts in cellulose liquefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kazimierski
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera Str. 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland
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3
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Banik J, Chakraborty D, Rizwan M, Shaik AH, Chandan MR. Review on disposal, recycling and management of waste polyurethane foams: A way ahead. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1063-1080. [PMID: 36644994 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221146082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the burning issue of air, land and water pollution, the premonition of looking forward towards a future devoid of any kind of oil and gas reserves has caused a paradigm shift towards recycling, recovery of any synthetic polymer and also to dispose them off environmentally. Among them are plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate and poly vinyl chloride. Polyurethane (PU) is also under the scanner to dispose of or recycle it environmentally and sustainably. PU is at present the sixth most utilized polymer all over the world with a production of nearly 18 million tonnes per annum, which roughly estimates a daily production of PU products of greater than a million of cubic metres. Its thermostable nature is one of the major reasons for its higher preference over other polymers. This review article discusses the current disposal and technologies available to recycle waste PU foams and also sheds some light on some additional work being done in the field to upgrade the existing technology. Interestingly, some methods mentioned here are probably undergoing scale-up trials runs by now. Currently, the most researched and studied ones are mechanical recycling and glycolysis. But microbial and enzymatic disposal methods can be turned into full-scale industrial recycling processes in the near future. Additionally, we can see an archetypal shift from traditional oil-based sources to the agrarian sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotiparna Banik
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Debdyuti Chakraborty
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Mohammed Rizwan
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Aabid Hussain Shaik
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Mohammed Rehaan Chandan
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
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De la Hoz Alford L, de Souza CGP, Paciornik S, d’Almeida JRM, Leite BS, Avila HC, Léonard F, Bruno G. Three-Dimensional Characterization of Polyurethane Foams Based on Biopolyols. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2118. [PMID: 36903233 PMCID: PMC10004149 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two biopolyol-based foams derived from banana leaves (BL) or stems (BS) were produced, and their compression mechanical behavior and 3D microstructure were characterized. Traditional compression and in situ tests were performed during 3D image acquisition using X-ray microtomography. A methodology of image acquisition, processing, and analysis was developed to discriminate the foam cells and measure their numbers, volumes, and shapes along with the compression steps. The two foams had similar compression behaviors, but the average cell volume was five times larger for the BS foam than the BL foam. It was also shown that the number of cells increased with increasing compression while the average cell volume decreased. Cell shapes were elongated and did not change with compression. A possible explanation for these characteristics was proposed based on the possibility of cell collapse. The developed methodology will facilitate a broader study of biopolyol-based foams intending to verify the possibility of using these foams as green alternatives to the typical petrol-based foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenleyn De la Hoz Alford
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla 080020, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Camila Gomes Peçanha de Souza
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Paciornik
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Roberto M. d’Almeida
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Brenno Santos Leite
- Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Harold C. Avila
- Physics Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia 081008, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Fabien Léonard
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, The University of Manchester at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0DE, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und–prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Armylisas AHN, Hoong SS, Tuan Ismail TNM. Characterization of crude glycerol and glycerol pitch from palm-based residual biomass. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37363204 PMCID: PMC9978273 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-023-04003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerol (CG) and glycerol pitch (GP) are highly alkaline residues from biodiesel and oleochemical plants, respectively, and have organic content which incurs high disposal cost and poses an environmental threat. Characterization of these residues for composition and properties could provide insight into their quality for proper disposal and can help the biodiesel industry to adopt more sustainable practices, such as reducing waste and improving the efficiency of the production process, hence minimizing the impact of the biodiesel supply chain to the environment. These data also allow the identification and exploration of new ways for their utilization and transformation into highly value-added products. In this study, we evaluated four CG samples (B, C, D, and E) and two GP samples (F and G) obtained from Malaysian palm oil refineries, and the results were compared with pure glycerol (A). Spectroscopic analysis was performed using FTIR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR. All samples had similar density to A (1.26 g/cm3), except for F (1.31 g/cm3), while the density for E and G could not be determined due to their physical states. The pH and viscosity largely varied in the range of 7.26-11.89 and 43-225 cSt, respectively. The glycerol content of CG (B, C, D, and E) was high and consistent (81.7-87.3%) whereas GP F and G had 71.5 and 63.9% glycerol content, respectively. Major contaminants in CG and GP were water and matter organic non-glycerol (MONG), respectively. The water, ash, soap, and salt content were considerably low, which varied from 3.4 to 14.1%, 3.9 to 13.0%, 0.1 to 5.7%, and 4.1 to 9.2% respectively. Thermal analysis of CG and GP exhibited four phases of decomposition attributed to the impurities compared to the single phase in A. All samples had calorific values lower than A (18.1 MJ/kg) between 9.0 and 17.7 MJ/kg. Based on the results, CG and GP have high glycerol content which reveals their potential to be used as feedstock in bioconversion and chemical or thermal treatment while impurities may be removed by pre-treatment if required. As palm oil is one of the main feedstocks for the oleochemical industry, this work underlines the importance of characterization of the residue generated to provide additional data and information on palm-based agricultural industry wastes, minimize the impact of palm oil supply chain on the environment, and explore its potential usage for value-addition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-023-04003-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hassan Noor Armylisas
- Synthesis & Product Development (SPD) Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Seng Soi Hoong
- Synthesis & Product Development (SPD) Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tuan Noor Maznee Tuan Ismail
- Synthesis & Product Development (SPD) Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
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6
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Goyal S, Hernández NB, Cochran EW. An update on the future prospects of glycerol polymers. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Nacú B Hernández
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Eric W Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
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7
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El-Bialy HAA, Abd El-Khalek HH. A comparative study on astaxanthin recovery from shrimp wastes using lactic fermentation and green solvents:an applied model on minced Tilapia. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16878507.2020.1789388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abd Alla El-Bialy
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Radiation Microbiology Department Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Hassan Abd El-Khalek
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Radiation Microbiology Department Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Hussain Shaik A, Jain R, Manchikanti S, Krishnamoorthy K, Kumar Bal D, Rahaman A, Agashe S, Rehaan Chandan M. Reinstating Structural Stability of Castor Oil based Flexible Polyurethane Foam using Glycerol. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Hussain Shaik
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Rajan Jain
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Sindhu Manchikanti
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Karthik Krishnamoorthy
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Bal
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Ariful Rahaman
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, School of Mechanical EngineeringVellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Snehalata Agashe
- Indian Polyurethane Association Technical Centre, Pune Maharashtra 411088 India
| | - Mohammed Rehaan Chandan
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
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9
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Gama NV, Amaral C, Silva T, Vicente R, Coutinho JAP, Barros-Timmons A, Ferreira A. Thermal Energy Storage and Mechanical Performance of Crude Glycerol Polyurethane Composite Foams Containing Phase Change Materials and Expandable Graphite. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101896. [PMID: 30287738 PMCID: PMC6212961 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to enhance the thermal comfort properties of crude glycerol (CG) derived polyurethane foams (PUFs) using phase change materials (PCMs) (2.5–10.0% (wt/wt)) to contribute to the reduction of the use of non-renewable resources and increase energy savings. The main challenge when adding PCM to PUFs is to combine the low conductivity of PUFs whilst taking advantage of the heat released/absorbed by PCMs to achieve efficient thermal regulation. The solution considered to overcome this limitation was to use expandable graphite (EG) (0.50–1.50% (wt/wt)). The results obtained show that the use of PCMs increased the heterogeneity of the foams cellular structure and that the incorporation of PCMs and EG increased the stiffness of the ensuing composite PUFs acting as filler-reinforcing materials. However, these fillers also caused a substantial increase of the thermal conductivity and density of the ensuing foams which limited their thermal energy storage. Therefore, numerical simulations were carried using a single layer panel and the thermal and physical properties measured to evaluate the behavior of a composite PUF panel with different compositions, and guide future formulations to attain more effective results in respect to temperature buffering and temperature peak delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vasco Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry of University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Amaral
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry of University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Silva
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Romeu Vicente
- RISCO, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Civil Engineering of University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João Araújo Pereira Coutinho
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry of University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry of University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal.
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10
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Gama NV, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1841. [PMID: 30262722 PMCID: PMC6213201 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams can be found virtually everywhere due to their advantageous properties compared with counterparts materials. Possibly the most important class of polymeric foams are polyurethane foams (PUFs), as their low density and thermal conductivity combined with their interesting mechanical properties make them excellent thermal and sound insulators, as well as structural and comfort materials. Despite the broad range of applications, the production of PUFs is still highly petroleum-dependent, so this industry must adapt to ever more strict regulations and rigorous consumers. In that sense, the well-established raw materials and process technologies can face a turning point in the near future, due to the need of using renewable raw materials and new process technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing. In this work, the fundamental aspects of the production of PUFs are reviewed, the new challenges that the PUFs industry are expected to confront regarding process methodologies in the near future are outlined, and some alternatives are also presented. Then, the strategies for the improvement of PUFs sustainability, including recycling, and the enhancement of their properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno V Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda-Rua Comandante Pinho e Freitas, No. 28, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal.
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Hejna A, Kosmela P, Klein M, Gosz K, Formela K, Haponiuk J, Piszczyk Ł. Rheological properties, oxidative and thermal stability, and potential application of biopolyols prepared via two-step process from crude glycerol. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Qi X, Zhang Y, Chang C, Luo X, Li Y. Thermal, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Rigid Crude Glycerol-Based Polyurethane Foams Reinforced With Nanoclay and Microcrystalline Cellulose. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Chun Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Xiaolan Luo
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering; The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; 1680 Madison Ave Wooster OH 44691 USA
| | - Yebo Li
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering; The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; 1680 Madison Ave Wooster OH 44691 USA
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13
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Furtwengler P, Avérous L. Renewable polyols for advanced polyurethane foams from diverse biomass resources. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00827b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of renewable polyols, used for making polyurethane foams, from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM
- UMR CNRS 7515
- Université de Strasbourg
- Cedex 2
- France
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14
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Gama NV, Soares B, Freire CSR, Silva R, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. Effect of unrefined crude glycerol composition on the properties of polyurethane foams. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17732304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using unrefined crude glycerol (CG), a byproduct of the biodiesel industry, in the production of polyurethane foams. In order to assess the suitability of this raw material for the production of polyurethane foams, two samples of crude glycerol with different compositions in glycerol, fatty acids, and methyl esters were used directly, without any pretreatment or purification. Additionally, one of these samples was also submitted to a pre-treatment step in order to evaluate the advantage of purifying the raw material and, for comparison, pure glycerol was also used to prepare polyurethane foams. Both chemical and structural characterizations of the produced foams, as well as the thermomechanical properties determined, showed that unrefined crude glycerol is a suitable ecopolyol for the production of polyurethane foams. Although the presence of fatty acids and esters affects their mechanical performance, this issue can be explored to tune the properties of the ensuing polyurethane foams. Furthermore, the evaluation of the impact of using unrefined CG on the sustainability of polyurethane foams production yielded promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno V Gama
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Belinda Soares
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen SR Freire
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda, Águeda, Portugal
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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15
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Preparation of green and gelatin-free nanocrystalline cellulose capsules. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 164:358-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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17
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Substantially reinforcing plant oil-based materials via cycloaliphatic epoxy with double bond-bridged structure. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Luo X, Ge X, Cui S, Li Y. Value-added processing of crude glycerol into chemicals and polymers. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 215:144-154. [PMID: 27004448 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerol is a low-value byproduct which is primarily obtained from the biodiesel production process. Its composition is significantly different from that of pure glycerol. Crude glycerol usually contains various impurities, such as water, methanol, soap, fatty acids, and fatty acid methyl esters. Considerable efforts have been devoted to finding applications for converting crude glycerol into high-value products, such as biofuels, chemicals, polymers, and animal feed, to improve the economic viability of the biodiesel industry and overcome environmental challenges associated with crude glycerol disposal. This article reviews recent advances of biological and chemical technologies for value-added processing of crude glycerol into chemicals and polymers, and provides strategies for addressing production challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Luo
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
| | - Xumeng Ge
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
| | - Shaoqing Cui
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
| | - Yebo Li
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
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Crude glycerol-mediated liquefaction of saccharification residues of sunflower stalks for production of lignin biopolyols. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Li Y, Luo X, Hu S. Polyols and Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21539-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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