1
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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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González-Benito J, Zuñiga-Prado S, Najera J, Olmos D. Non-Woven Fibrous Polylactic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites Obtained via Solution Blow Spinning: Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Behavior. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:196. [PMID: 38251160 PMCID: PMC10818388 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is widely used in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications. PLA can be modified with appropriate biocompatible ceramic materials since this would allow tailoring the mechanical properties of the tissues to be engineered. In this study, PLA-based non-woven fibrillar nanocomposites containing nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite (HA), a bioceramic commonly used in bone tissue engineering, were prepared via solution blow spinning (SBS). The compositions of the final materials were selected to study the influence of HA concentration on the structure, morphology, and thermal and mechanical properties. The resulting materials were highly porous and mainly constituted fibers. FTIR analysis did not reveal any specific interactions. The diameters of the fibers varied very little with the composition. For example, slightly thinner fibers were obtained for pure PLA and PLA + 10% HA, with fiber diameters of less than 400 nm, while the thicker fibers were found for PLA + 1% HA, with average diameters of 427 ± 170 nm. The crystallinity and stiffness of the PLA/HA composite increased with the HA content. Further, composites containing PLA fibers with slightly larger diameters were more ductile. Thus, with an appropriate balance between factors, such as the diameter of the solution-blow-spun PLA fibers, HA particle content, and degree of crystallinity, PLA/HA composites may be effectively used in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Benito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (S.Z.-P.)
- Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephania Zuñiga-Prado
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (S.Z.-P.)
| | - Julian Najera
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Dania Olmos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (S.Z.-P.)
- Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Du JW, Zhou TT, Zhang R, Hu SF. Influence of TPU/EVA Phase Morphology Evolution on Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extrusion Foaming. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3134. [PMID: 37514523 PMCID: PMC10385997 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) was added at different contents to the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix to form a non-compatible blending system, and foaming materials with high pore density were prepared using the supercritical carbon dioxide extrusion method. The influence of the phase morphology and crystal morphology of the TPU/EVA blend on its foaming behavior was studied. The results show that EVA changed the phase morphology and crystal morphology of the blends, leading to the improved melt viscosity and crystallinity of the blend system. At the same time, interfacial nucleation increases the density of cells and decreases the cell thickness and size, which is beneficial for improving the foaming properties of the blends. For the EVA content of 10% (mass fraction), the cell size is small (105.29 μm) and the cell density is the highest (3.74 × 106 cells/cm3). Based on the TPU/EVA phase morphology and crystal morphology, it is found that the sea-island structure of the blend has better foaming properties than the bicontinuous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Du
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Sheng-Fei Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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4
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Wang Y, Guo F, Liao X, Li S, Yan Z, Zou F, Peng Q, Li G. High-expansion-ratio PLLA/PDLA/HNT composite foams with good thermally insulating property and enhanced compression performance via supercritical CO 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123961. [PMID: 36898452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been a great challenge to prepare high-expansion-ratio polylactide (PLA) foam with eminent thermal insulation and compression performance in packaging field. Herein, a naturally formed nanofiller halloysite nanotube (HNT) and stereocomplex (SC) crystallites were introduced into PLA with a supercritical CO2 foaming method to improve foaming behavior and physical properties. The compressive performance and thermal insulation properties of the obtained poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA)/HNT composite foams were successfully investigated. At a HNT content of 1 wt%, the PLLA/PDLA/HNT blend foam with an expansion ratio of 36.7 folds showed a thermal conductivity as low as 30.60 mW/(m·K). Meanwhile, the compressive modulus of PLLA/PDLA/HNT foam was 115% higher than that of PLLA/PDLA foam without HNT. Moreover, the crystallinity of PLLA/PDLA/HNT foam was dramatically improved after annealing, thus the results showed that compressive modulus of the annealed foam increased by as high as 72%, while it still maintained good heat insulation with the thermal conductivity of 32.63 mW/(m·K). This work provides a green method for the preparation of biodegradable PLA foams with admirable heat resistance and mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Fumin Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Zhihui Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Fangfang Zou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Qianyun Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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5
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Corrugated thermoplastic polyurethane foams with high mechanical strength fabricated by integrating fused filament fabrication and microcellular foaming using supercritical CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Hua M, Chen D, Xu Z, Fang Y, Song Y. Fabrication of high‐expansion, fully degradable polylactic acid‐based foam with exponent oil/water separation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Hua
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yiqun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yongming Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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7
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Jiang J, Liu F, Chen B, Li Y, Yang X, Tian F, Xu D, Zhai W. Microstructure development of PEBA and its impact on autoclave foaming behavior and inter-bead bonding of EPEBA beads. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Ma Y, Xie J, Li Z, Liu G, Yang W, Xie P. Lightweight, low temperature fatigue resistant, and low dielectric microcellular polyetheretherketone foams fabricated by microcellular injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhao Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Gonghan Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
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9
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Kalia K, Francoeur B, Amirkhizi A, Ameli A. In Situ Foam 3D Printing of Microcellular Structures Using Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22454-22465. [PMID: 35522894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A facile manufacturing method to enable the in situ foam 3D printing of thermoplastic materials is reported. An expandable feedstock filament was first made by incorporation of thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs) in the filament during the extrusion process. The material formulation and extrusion process were designed such that TEM expansion was suppressed during filament fabrication. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used as a model material, and filaments containing 2.0 wt % triethyl citrate and 0.0-5.0 wt % TEM were fabricated. Expandable filaments were then fed into a material extrusion additive manufacturing process to enable the in situ foaming of microcellular structures during layer deposition. The mesostructure, cellular morphology, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties of the printed foams were investigated. Repeatable foam prints with highly uniform cellular structures were successfully achieved. The part density was reduced with an increase in the TEM content, with a maximum reduction of 50% at 5.0 wt % TEM content. It is also remarkable that the interbead gaps of mesostructure vanished due to the local polymer expansion during in situ foaming. The incorporation of TEM and plasticizer only slightly lowered the critical temperatures of PLA, that is, glass-transition, melting, and decomposition temperatures. Moreover, with the introduction of foaming, the specific tensile strength and modulus decreased, whereas the ductility and toughness increased severalfold. The results unveil the feasibility of a novel additive manufacturing technology that offers numerous opportunities toward the manufacturing of specially designed structures including functionally graded foams for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karun Kalia
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Benjamin Francoeur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Alireza Amirkhizi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Amir Ameli
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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10
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Kuhnigk J, Standau T, Dörr D, Brütting C, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H. Progress in the development of bead foams – A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221087603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, the number of available bead foam variants limited to standard polymers which restricted their functionality mainly to packaging, thermal insulation (e.g. in construction) and shock absorption (e.g. in transportation). In particular, standard polymers such as expanded polystyrene, expanded polyethylene and expanded polypropylene were used for components requiring good insulating properties and high energy absorption at low cost. Mainly since the last two decades, new polymer variants have found their way into the world of bead foams and are currently adding further functionalities, such as sustainability, flame retardancy, increased thermal stability and enhanced mechanical performance (e.g. improvements in energy absorption and impact resistance). Versatile fields of application open up, revolutionizing both industry and design sectors. This review article emphasizes the special development progress of new bead foam variants and their processing technologies. Upcoming opportunities of digital methods for modelling and simulation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Kuhnigk
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dominik Dörr
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Brütting
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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11
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Li S, Liao X, Xiao W, Jiang Q, Li G. The improved foaming behavior of PLA caused by the enhanced rheology properties and crystallization behavior via synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and graphene. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qiuyue Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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12
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Nofar M, Utz J, Geis N, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H. Foam 3D Printing of Thermoplastics: A Symbiosis of Additive Manufacturing and Foaming Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105701. [PMID: 35187843 PMCID: PMC9008799 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their light-weight and cost-effectiveness, cellular thermoplastic foams are considered as important engineering materials. On the other hand, additive manufacturing or 3D printing is one of the emerging and fastest growing manufacturing technologies due to its advantages such as design freedom and tool-less production. Nowadays, 3D printing of polymer compounds is mostly limited to manufacturing of solid parts. In this context, a merged foaming and printing technology can introduce a great alternative for the currently used foam manufacturing technologies such as foam injection molding. This perspective review article tackles the attempts taken toward initiating this novel technology to simultaneously foam and print thermoplastics. After explaining the basics of polymer foaming and additive manufacturing, this article classifies different attempts that have been made toward generating foamed printed structures while highlighting their challenges. These attempts are clustered into 1) architected porous structures, 2) syntactic foaming, 3) post-foaming of printed parts, and eventually 4) printing of blowing agents saturated filaments. Among these, the latest approach is the most practical route although it has not been thoroughly studied yet. A filament free approach that can be introduced as a potential strategy to unlock the difficulties to produce printed foam structures is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Sustainable and Green Plastics LaboratoryMetallurgical and Materials Engineering DepartmentFaculty of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul34469Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology ProgramIstanbul Technical UniversityMaslakIstanbul34469Turkey
| | - Julia Utz
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Nico Geis
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular ResearchUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular ResearchUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
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13
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Ma W, Liu P, Xu D, Wang Q. High‐strength and antistatic
PET
/
CNTs
bead foams prepared by
scCO
2
foaming and microwave sintering. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Pengju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Dawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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14
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Wang H, Peng X, Liu F, Song X, Wang H, Geng L, Huang A. Facile preparation of super lightweight and highly elastic thermoplastic polyurethane bead blend foam with microporous segregated network structure for good interfacial adhesion. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Effect of the crystallization of modified polybutylene terephthalate on its foaming using supercritical CO2: Transition from microcellular to nanocellular foam. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Influence of Interfacial Enantiomeric Grafting on Melt Rheology and Crystallization of Polylactide/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composites. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Jiang J, Liu F, Yang X, Xiong Z, Liu H, Xu D, Zhai W. Evolution of ordered structure of TPU in high-elastic state and their influences on the autoclave foaming of TPU and inter-bead bonding of expanded TPU beads. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Standau T, Nofar M, Dörr D, Ruckdäschel H, Altstädt V. A Review on Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Joncryl® ADR Chain Extended Thermoplastics. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dominik Dörr
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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19
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Evolution of cell morphology from sub-macroscale to nanoscale in modified thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer via supercritical CO2 foaming. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Insights into the Bead Fusion Mechanism of Expanded Polybutylene Terephthalate (E-PBT). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040582. [PMID: 33672028 PMCID: PMC7919499 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable polystyrene (EPS) and expanded polypropylene (EPP) dominate the bead foam market. As the low thermal performance of EPS and EPP limits application at elevated temperatures novel solutions such as expanded polybutylene terephthalate (E-PBT) are gaining importance. To produce parts, individual beads are typically molded by hot steam. While molding of EPP is well-understood and related to two distinct melting temperatures, the mechanisms of E-PBT are different. E-PBT shows only one melting peak and can surprisingly only be molded when adding chain extender (CE). This publication therefore aims to understand the impact of thermal properties of E-PBT on its molding behavior. Detailed differential scanning calorimetry was performed on neat and chain extended E-PBT. The crystallinity of the outer layer and center of the bead was similar. Thus, a former hypothesis that a completely amorphous bead layer enables molding, was discarded. However, the incorporation of CE remarkably reduces the crystallization and re-crystallization rate. As a consequence, the time available for interdiffusion of chains across neighboring beads increases and facilitates crystallization across the bead interface. For E-PBT bead foams, it is concluded that sufficient time for polymer interdiffusion during molding is crucial and requires adjusted crystallization kinetics.
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21
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Wang Q, Yang J, Liu P, Li L. Facile One-Step Approach to Manufacture Environmentally Friendly Poly(vinyl alcohol) Bead Foam Products. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Pengju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Jieshou Tianhong New Mat Co Ltd., Jieshou 236500, Peoples R China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Jieshou Tianhong New Mat Co Ltd., Jieshou 236500, Peoples R China
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22
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Li S, Liao X, Liu F, Li G. The crystallization morphology and process of stereocomplex crystallites of polylactide under CO 2: the effect of H-bonding and chain diffusion. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01109j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of PLA SC under CO2 was in situ investigated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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23
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Yang C, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Xia M, Yan K, Lu J, Wu G. High thermal insulation and compressive strength polypropylene microcellular foams with honeycomb structure. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Pin JM, Tuccitto AV, Shivokhin ME, Lee PC. Linking ethylene co-monomer content and stereostructure to polycrystallinity and foam density of random copolymers of polypropylene. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Design and Fabrication of Partially Foamed Grid Structure Using Additive Manufacturing and Solid State Foaming. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A partially foamed lattice structure based on synthetic polymers was considered as a functionally graded materials due to their unique properties. In this study, a copolymer is manufactured to be porous functional materials by physical foaming technology, using carbon dioxide. Through morphological characterization, using scanning electron microscope, we identified a potential to fabricate partially foamed structures with micropores. We showed that variation of post-foaming temperature can tune the pore size distribution in the range of 0.9 to 30 μm. Thermal data of the foam grid from differential scanning calorimeter showed some shifts in glass transition, cold crystallization, and melting points. Mechanical strength and thermal conductivity were also measured to find rationale of thermal insulation with tunable mechanical strength and to elucidate the actual 3D lattice foam of a copolymer.
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26
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Jiang ZY, Zhang YF, Gong CJ, Yao Z, Shukla A, Cao K. Foaming behavior of the fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer assisted with supercritical carbon dioxide. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20964003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foaming behavior of the fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) and its composites assisted with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as the blowing agent were investigated. The batch foaming process was applied at temperature ranging from 250°C to 265°C and pressure ranging between 12 MPa and 24 MPa. The optimal foaming temperature and saturation pressure were obtained for both pure FEP and FEP composites with 1 wt% different-sized BaTiO3 as nucleating agent. The cell diameter of pure FEP foam ranging from 80–140 µm was observed while the cell diameter decreased to 20–40 µm after adding BaTiO3 particles. The cell density of foamed FEP with BaTiO3 increased significantly from 106 to 108 cells/cm3 and the expansion ratio ranged between 4.0 and 5.5. Moreover, a decrease in an abnormal phenomenon that expansion ratio for the pure FEP foam was observed as the saturation pressure increased. This unexpected phenomenon can be explained by the relationship between foaming and crystallization coupling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-yin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Yun-fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Chang-jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Abhinaya Shukla
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University
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27
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Zhang X, Wang X, Dong B, Zheng G, Chen J, Shen C, Park CB. Synergetic effect of crystal nucleating agent and melt self-enhancement of isotactic polypropylene on its rheological and microcellular foaming properties. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20969553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Crystal nucleating agent Bis (3, 4- dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol (DMDBS) was used to tune the melt strength and microcellular foaming properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in this study. Rheological testing results reveal that the introduction of DMDBS could enhance the storage modulus and complex viscosity of iPP, obviously increase its crystallization onset temperature, compared to its counterparts without DMDBS. The addition of DMDBS could also significantly increase the cell nucleating ability of iPP, due to its large surface, cooperating with a thermal history control treatment. Quite fine microcellular iPP/DMDBS foams were fabricated with relatively small average cell sizes of nano to several micrometers, and cell densities up to 1011∼1012 cells/cm3, using the synergy effect of DMDBS and iPP’s melt self-enhancement. Under a comparatively low re-saturation pressure of 8 to 12 MPa, ideal microcellular foams could be generated, at a temperature zone of 158 to 162°C, which is slightly below to iPP’s original pellets nominal melting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Xihuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Binbin Dong
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Jiang J, Feng W, Zhao D, Zhai W. Poly(ether imide)/Epoxy Foam Composites with a Microcellular Structure and Ultralow Density: Bead Foam Fabrication, Compression Molding, Mechanical Properties, Thermal Stability, and Flame-Retardant Properties. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25784-25797. [PMID: 33073103 PMCID: PMC7557248 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to prepare ultralow-density microcellular foams based on high-performance polymers due to their low gas solubility and rigid polymer matrix. In this study, by applying microcellular foaming technology using CO2/acetone as the blowing agent, ultralow-density poly(ether imide) (PEI) bead foams with an expansion ratio of 30-56 times and cell density of 107-109 cells/cm3 were fabricated, resulting from the enhanced plasticization effect of the mixed fluid. The slow diffusivity of acetone at room temperature ensured the saturated PEI beads to foam after desorption for more than 6 days, which potentially reduces the transportation cost of PEI bead foams significantly. A novel compression molding process was developed to prepare the molded PEI bead foams (MPEIs) using epoxy as a coating agent. The good infiltration character of epoxy on bead foams endowed the MPEIs with excellent mechanical properties, together with an ultralow density of 80-200 kg/m3, long-term dimensional stability at 160 °C, and excellent flame-retardant properties of V0 rating. These features made the MPEIs very promising for many advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Jiang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun
Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Ningbo
Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute
of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun
Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wentao Zhai
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun
Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
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29
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Chen J, Yang L, Mai Q, Li M, Wu L, Kong P. Foaming behavior of poly(lactic acid) with different D-isomer content based on supercritical CO2-induced crystallization. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20950242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as a physical foaming agent, the effect of sc-CO2 on the formation of crystalline domains and subsequently on the foaming behaviors of the two grades of PLA with different D-isomer content were investigated in a wide foaming temperature range. The PLA’s final crystallinity is significantly increased with decreasing annealing temperature and by reducing the D-isomer content. Cellular structure results show that not only the crystallinity but also the crystalline morphology play an important role in cellular structure. A novel spherulite morphology including ringless and ring-banded morphology in the same spherulite was formed at lower foaming temperature, as a result, some entities were nonuniformly distributed in the PLA foams. Uniform and closed cellular structure were obtained when only the ring-banded spherulites were formed. An opened and interconnected cellular structure is tended to be formed because of the synergistic effect of high temperature and plasticization of CO2. Based on the crystallinity and morphology, a suitable foaming window as a function of temperature is proposed. It is found that PLA with 4.1% D-isomer content had much broader suitable foaming window range to produce homogeneous cellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Chen
- Advanced Research Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunshan Mai
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixuan Wu
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Kong
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Batı B, Küçük EB, Durmuş A, Nofar M. Microcellular foaming behavior of ether- and ester-based TPUs blown with supercritical CO2. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The bead foaming behavior of ether- and an ester-based Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) resins were investigated in a lab-scale reactor using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The samples were saturated at various saturation temperatures and the effects of hard segment crystallization during the saturation on the foaming behavior of the TPU samples were explored. The results revealed that the different HS crystallization tendencies and possible CO2 solubility differences in two TPU grades led to their different foaming behaviors. The ester-based TPU could be foamed within a wider saturation temperature range and revealed an easier cell growth and foam expansion while the ether-based TPU showed a more limited cell growth behavior and hence processing window. The effect of pre-annealing and hence the isothermally induced HS crystallization on the foaming behavior of the ether-based TPU and the influence of depressurization rate on the foaming behavior of ester-based TPU was also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bige Batı
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
| | - Emine Büşra Küçük
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
| | - Ali Durmuş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Avcılar , Istanbul , 34320 , Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
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31
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Li B, Ma X, Zhao G, Wang G, Zhang L, Gong J. Green fabrication method of layered and open-cell polylactide foams for oil-sorption via pre-crystallization and supercritical CO2-induced melting. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Highly expanded fine-cell foam of polylactide/polyhydroxyalkanoate/nano-fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene composites blown with mold-opening injection molding. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:286-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Effects of in-situ crystallization on poly (lactic acid) microcellular foaming: Density functional theory and experiment. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Nofar M, Batı B, Küçük EB, Jalali A. Effect of soft segment molecular weight on the microcellular foaming behavior of TPU using supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Nofar M, Mohammadi M, Carreau PJ. Effect of TPU hard segment content on the rheological and mechanical properties of PLA/TPU blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringIstanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mojtaba Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC)Polytechnique Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pierre J. Carreau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC)Polytechnique Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
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36
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WITHDRAWN: Green Fabrication Method of Layered and Open-Cell Polylactide Foams for Oil-Sorption via Pre-Crystallization and Supercritical CO2-Induced Melting. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Evaluation of the Zero Shear Viscosity, the D-Content and Processing Conditions as Foam Relevant Parameters for Autoclave Foaming of Standard Polylactide (PLA). MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061371. [PMID: 32197473 PMCID: PMC7143153 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this comprehensive study, the influence of (i) material specific properties (e.g., molecular weight, zero shear viscosity, D-content) and (ii) process parameters (e.g., saturation temperature, -time, -pressure, and pressure drop rate) on the expansion behavior during the autoclave foaming process were investigated on linear Polylactide (PLA) grades, to identify and evaluate the foam relevant parameters. Its poor rheological behavior is often stated as a drawback of PLA, that limits its foamability. Therefore, nine PLA grades with different melt strength and zero shear viscosity were systematically chosen to identify whether these are the main factors governing the foam expansion and whether there is a critical value for these rheological parameters to be exceeded, to achieve low density foams with fine cells. With pressure drop induced batch foaming experiments, it could be shown that all of the investigated PLA grades could be foamed without the often used chemical modifications, although with different degrees of expansion. Interestingly, PLAs foaming behavior is rather complex and can be influenced by many other factors due to its special nature. A low molecular weight combined with a high ability to crystallize only lead to intermediate density reduction. In contrast, a higher molecular weight (i.e., increased zero shear viscosity) leads to significant increased expandability independent from the D-content. However, the D-content plays a crucial role in terms of foaming temperature and crystallization. Furthermore, the applied process parameters govern foam expansion, cell size and crystallization.
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38
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Abstract
Injection moulding is a well-established replication process for the cost-effective manufacture of polymer-based components. The process has different applications in fields such as medical, automotive and aerospace. To expand the use of polymers to meet growing consumer demands for increased functionality, advanced injection moulding processes have been developed that modifies the polymer to create microcellular structures. Through the creation of microcellular materials, additional functionality can be gained through polymer component weight and processing energy reduction. Microcellular injection moulding shows high potential in creating innovation green manufacturing platforms. This review article aims to present the significant developments that have been achieved in different aspects of microcellular injection moulding. Aspects covered include core-back, gas counter pressure, variable thermal tool moulding and other advanced technologies. The resulting characteristics of creating microcellular injection moulding components through both plasticising agents and nucleating agents are presented. In addition, the article highlights potential areas for research exploitation. In particular, acoustic and thermal applications, nano-cellular injection moulding parts and developments of more accurate simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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39
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Li S, Chen T, Liao X, Han W, Yan Z, Li J, Li G. Effect of Macromolecular Chain Movement and the Interchain Interaction on Crystalline Nucleation and Spherulite Growth of Polylactic Acid under High-Pressure CO2. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Taoyi Chen
- Jiaxiang Foreign Language School, Attached to Chengdu No. 7 Middle School, Chengdu, Sichuan 610023, China
| | - Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Weiqiang Han
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Zhihui Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Junsong Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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40
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Jang BK, Kim MH, Park OO. Effects of Crystallinity and Molecular Weight on the Melting Behavior and Cell Morphology of Expanded Polypropylene in Bead Foam Manufacturing. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Nofar M, Büşra Küçük E, Batı B. Effect of hard segment content on the microcellular foaming behavior of TPU using supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Polylactide cellulose-based nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:912-938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Li Y, Mi J, Fu H, Zhou H, Wang X. Nanocellular Foaming Behaviors of Chain-Extended Poly(lactic acid) Induced by Isothermal Crystallization. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12512-12523. [PMID: 31460371 PMCID: PMC6682135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the fabrication of semicrystalline polymer foams with a nanocellular structure by supercritical fluids has been becoming a newly developing research hotspot, owing to their peculiar properties and prospective applications. In this work, a facile and effective isothermal crystallization-induced method was proposed to prepare nanocellular semicrystalline poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foams using CO2 as a physical blowing agent. Styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate (SAG) as a chain extender (CE) was introduced into PLA through a melt-mixing method to improve the crystallization behavior and melt viscoelasticity of PLA. The chain extension reaction between PLA and SAG occurred successfully as well as the branching and micro cross-linking structures were generated in chain-extended PLA (CPLA) samples, which were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra, gel fraction, and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Owing to the nucleation effect of branching points and the restricted movement of PLA molecular chains by the formation of branching and/or microcross-linking structures, a large number of small spherocrystals were generated in CPLA samples, which was beneficial to produce nanocells. Nanocellular CPLA foams were prepared successfully, when the foaming temperature was 125 °C. As the SAG content increased, the cell size of various PLA foams decreased from 364 ± 198 to 249 ± 100 nm and their volume expansion ratio increased from 1.15 ± 0.05 to 2.22 ± 0.01 times, gradually. When the foaming temperature increased from 125 to 127 °C, an interesting transition from nanocells to microcells could be observed in CPLA foam with the CE content of 2 wt %. Finally, the formation mechanism of nanocells in various PLA foams was proposed and clarified using a schematic diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Materials
and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic
of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology
for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic
Composites, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Hai Fu
- School of Material and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials
and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic
of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology
for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials
and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic
of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology
for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People’s
Republic of China
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Xu LQ, Huang HX. Tuning cell structure and expansion ratio of thick-walled biodegradable poly(lactic acid) foams prepared using supercritical CO2. J CELL PLAST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x19864389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thick-walled poly(lactic acid) samples are foamed using supercritical carbon dioxide as physical foaming agent over a wide saturation time range using a constant-temperature mode and a wide foaming pressure range using the constant-temperature mode and a varying-temperature mode. Using the constant-temperature mode, three regions with no-celled core and two regions with cells of different diameters appear on the fractured surfaces of the foamed samples prepared at 5 and 10 min saturation times, respectively, whereas a relatively uniform cellular structure is obtained at 20–180 min saturation times. Raising the foaming pressure can improve the cellular structure uniformity. Moreover, prolonging saturation time or raising foaming pressure results in rupture of more cell walls and so formation of open-celled structure to a certain extent. Using the varying-temperature mode, a bimodal cellular structure with stamen-like cells and a trimodal cellular structure with an extraordinarily high expansion ratio (76.2) are successively achieved during raising the foaming pressure (18–22 MPa). The formation mechanisms for the bimodal and trimodal cellular structures are analyzed based on the result of the foaming pressure effect on the cellular structure in the foamed poly(lactic acid) samples prepared using the constant-temperature mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Qiong Xu
- Lab for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Xiong Huang
- Lab for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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45
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Li B, Zhao G, Wang G, Zhang L, Hou J, Gong J. A green strategy to regulate cellular structure and crystallization of poly(lactic acid) foams based on pre-isothermal cold crystallization and CO2 foaming. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:171-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reza Salehiyan
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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47
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Standau T, Zhao C, Murillo Castellón S, Bonten C, Altstädt V. Chemical Modification and Foam Processing of Polylactide (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E306. [PMID: 30960290 PMCID: PMC6419231 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is known as one of the most promising biopolymers as it is derived from renewable feedstock and can be biodegraded. During the last two decades, it moved more and more into the focus of scientific research and industrial use. It is even considered as a suitable replacement for standard petroleum-based polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), which can be found in a wide range of applications-amongst others in foams for packaging and insulation applications-but cause strong environmental issues. PLA has comparable mechanical properties to PS. However, the lack of melt strength is often referred to as a drawback for most foaming processes. One way to overcome this issue is the incorporation of chemical modifiers which can induce chain extension, branching, or cross-linking. As such, a wide variety of substances were studied in the literature. This work should give an overview of the most commonly used chemical modifiers and their effects on rheological, thermal, and foaming behavior. Therefore, this review article summarizes the research conducted on neat and chemically modified PLA foamed with the conventional foaming methods (i.e., batch foaming, foam extrusion, foam injection molding, and bead foaming).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Chunjing Zhao
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Svenja Murillo Castellón
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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48
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Yang C, Zhao Q, Xing Z, Zhang W, Zhang M, Tan H, Wang J, Wu G. Improving the Supercritical CO₂ Foaming of Polypropylene by the Addition of Fluoroelastomer as a Nucleation Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E226. [PMID: 30960210 PMCID: PMC6419069 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a small amount of fluoroelastomer (FKM) was used as a nucleating agent to prepare well-defined microporous PP foam by supercritical CO₂. It was observed that solid FKM was present as the nanoscale independent phase in PP matrix and the FKM could induce a mass of CO₂ aggregation, which significantly enhanced the diffusion rate of CO₂ in PP. The resultant PP/FKM foams exhibited much smaller cell size (~24 μm), and more than 16 times cell density (3.2 × 10⁸ cells/cm³) as well as a much more uniform cell size distribution. PP/FKM foams possessed major concurrent enhancement in their tensile stress and compressive stress compared to neat PP foam. We believe that the added FKM played a key role in enhancing the heterogeneous nucleation, combined with the change of local strain in the multiple-phase system, which was responsible for the considerably improved cell morphology of PP foaming. This work provides a deep understanding of the scCO₂ foaming behavior of PP in the presence of FKM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Zhe Xing
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Maojiang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Hairong Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Jixiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Guozhong Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
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49
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Kuska R, Milovanovic S, Frerich S, Ivanovic J. Thermal analysis of polylactic acid under high CO2 pressure applied in supercritical impregnation and foaming process design. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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50
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Yeh SK, Liu WH, Huang YM. Carbon Dioxide-Blown Expanded Polyamide Bead Foams with Bimodal Cell Structure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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