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Chen Q, Cui L, Zhou X, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Anthracene dimer cross-linked, washing- and sterilization-free hydrogel films for multicellular spheroid generation. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9914-9922. [PMID: 36448470 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01878k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids are better in vitro cell models than two-dimensional cell monolayers; however, their applications are limited by their difficult production. PHEMA hydrogel films with honeycomb-like wrinkled patterns have been developed for high-throughput generation of multicellular spheroids with a uniform shape and size; however, the films are prepared by polymerization of the HEMA monomer, and should be washed extensively before use. Here to synthesize washing-free PHEMA hydrogel films, linear anthracene-functionalized PHEMA polymers were first synthesized by the free-radical copolymerization of HEMA and an anthracene-containing vinyl monomer. Smooth films were then prepared from the linear polymers in the wells of cell culture plates by solution casting. They were cross-linked via photo-dimerization of anthracene groups by exposing to 365 nm UV light, and patterned spontaneously by adding water to swell them. The swelling degree of the films and hence the shape of the wrinkled patterns could be facilely adjusted by adjusting the anthracene content in the linear polymers. If necessary, the cross-link density of the film and thus the shape of the wrinkled patterns could be callbacked by irradiating with 254 nm UV light, thanks to the reversibility of the photo-dimerization of anthracene. The as-prepared films exhibit a high biocompatibility and support cell growth well even without washing and sterilization. The high biocompatibility is attributed to the facts that no low molecular weight monomer, crosslinker and initiator were involved in the film preparation, and the photo-dimerization of anthracene groups produces no by-products. The films are sterilized simultaneously when cross-linked with UV irradiation, thus avoiding an additional sterilization step. PHEMA films with long-range ordered hexagonal wrinkled patterns were selected to generate multicellular spheroids of tumor cell lines. The resulting spheroids exhibit a narrow size distribution and high cell viability. Preliminary tests demonstrated their potential in the screening of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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2
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Bruzon DA, De Jesus AP, Bautista CD, Martinez IS, Paderes MC, Tapang GA. Enhanced photo-reactivity of polyanthracene in the VIS region. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271280. [PMID: 35802661 PMCID: PMC9269904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The wavelength-dependent photo-reactivity of polyanthracene was explored upon UV-C and VIS light irradiation. The material was prepared via one-pot chemical oxidation route using FeCl3 as oxidizing agent. A decrease in surface hydrophobicity of a polyanthracene-coated poly(methylmethacrylate) substrate from 109.11° to 60.82° was observed upon UV-C exposure for 48 hrs which was attributed to increase in oxygen content at the surface, as validated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Upon exposure to ultraviolet-visible LEDs, photo-dimerization of polyanthracene in solution occurred and was monitored using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The photo-dimer product formation decreased from 381 nm to 468 nm and was found to be higher for the polyanthracene material compared to the monomer anthracene. At 381 nm, photo-dimerization of the material was found to be approx. 4x more efficient than the non-substituted monomer counterpart. Results obtained show that photo-dimerization of polyanthracene will proceed upon exposure with visible light LEDs with reduction in efficiency at longer wavelengths. To compensate, irradiation power of the light source and irradiation time were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Angelo Bruzon
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Pamela De Jesus
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Chris Dion Bautista
- National Institute of Physics, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Imee Su Martinez
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Monissa C. Paderes
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Giovanni A. Tapang
- National Institute of Physics, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
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Paderes MC, Diaz MJ, Pagtalunan CA, Bruzon DA, Tapang GA. Photo-Controlled [4+4] Cycloaddition of Anthryl-Polymer Systems: A Versatile Approach to Fabricate Functional Materials. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200193. [PMID: 35452165 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reversible photo-induced [4+4] cycloaddition reaction of anthracene enables multiple cycles of dimerization and scission, allowing phototunable linkage of molecular fragments for the synthesis of polymer scaffolds. New functional materials ranging from hydrogels to shape-memory polymers were designed from anthryl-polymer systems because of their diverse photochemical reactivity and responsiveness. Light as an external stimulus allows for the remote and precise spatiotemporal control of materials without the need for additional reagents. Depending on how the photoreactive anthracene moieties were introduced, the interaction of anthryl-polymer systems with light results in various processes such as polymerization, cyclization, and cross-linking. Structural modifications of anthracene derivatives could shift their absorption from the ultraviolet to the visible light region, widening their range of applications including biologically relevant studies. These applications are further diversified and enhanced by the reversibility of the dimerization reaction using light and heat as stimuli. In this review, current developments in the synthesis and photodimerization of anthracene-containing polymers and their emerging applications in the fabrication of new materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monissa C Paderes
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Institute of Chemistry, Regidor St., 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
| | - Mark Jeffrey Diaz
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Institute of Chemistry, 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
| | - Cris Angelo Pagtalunan
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Institute of Chemistry, 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
| | - Dwight Angelo Bruzon
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Materials Science and Engineering, 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
| | - Giovanni A Tapang
- University of the Philippines Diliman, National Institute of Physics, 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
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Ichimura K, Sonoda T, Ubukata T. UV-Vis Higher-Order Derivative Spectra Disclose the Involvement of Two Processes in the Solid-State 4+4 Photocycloaddition of an Amorphous Bisanthracene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Ichimura
- R & D centre, Murakami Co. Ltd., 1-6-12 Ohnodai, Midori-ku, Chiba 267-0056, Japan
| | - Taishi Sonoda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Ubukata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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7
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Brancart J, Van Damme J, Du Prez F, Van Assche G. Substituent effect on the thermophysical properties and thermal dissociation behaviour of 9-substituted anthracene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2252-2263. [PMID: 33443241 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05953f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure and location of substituents on anthracene derivatives influence the electron balance of the aromatic system, thus determining the wavelengths at which light is absorbed, which results in the photochemically induced dimerization or monomerization. Here, the thermal dissociation kinetics of 7 photodimers of 9-substituted anthracene derivatives are studied using a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques in the condensed state and compared to scarce literature data on thermal dissociation of other anthracene derivatives. The length and chemical structure of the substituent chains have a clear impact on the melting temperatures of the anthracene derivatives and corresponding photodimers. The crystallinity of the photodimers and monomers in turn influences the thermal dissociation kinetics. The thermal dissociation behaviour and previously published photochemistry data are related to the electronic effects of the substituents by means of the Hammett parameters. Stronger electron-withdrawing effects result in larger red shifts of the maximum wavelength λmax for the photodimerization of the anthracene derivatives. It is also shown that for the studied substitutions on the 9-position of anthracene, the higher the magnitude of the electronic effect - both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing - the faster the thermal dissociation kinetics and thus the lower the thermal stability. The strong electronic effects of the substituents on the thermal and photochemical reactivity of the anthracene derivatives and their photodimers allow tuning of the thermal or photochemical responsiveness, e.g. for polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Dennis JM, Savage AM, Mrozek RA, Lenhart JL. Stimuli‐responsive mechanical properties in polymer glasses: challenges and opportunities for defense applications. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Dennis
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Alice M Savage
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Randy A Mrozek
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Joseph L Lenhart
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
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Liu Z, Cheng J, Zhang J. An Efficiently Reworkable Thermosetting Adhesive Based on Photoreversible [4+4] Cycloaddition Reaction of Epoxy‐Based Prepolymer with Four Anthracene End Groups. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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10
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Kütahya C, Meckbach N, Strehmel V, Gutmann JS, Strehmel B. NIR Light-Induced ATRP for Synthesis of Block Copolymers Comprising UV-Absorbing Moieties. Chemistry 2020; 26:10444-10451. [PMID: 32343443 PMCID: PMC7496941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
NIR exposure at 790 nm activated photopolymerization of monomers comprising UV-absorbing moieties by using [CuII /(TPMA)]Br2 (TPMA=tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) in the ppm range and an alkyl bromide as initiator. Some of them comprised structural elements selected either from those showing proton transfer or photocycloaddition upon UV excitation. Polymers obtained comprise living end groups serving as macroinitiator for controlled synthesis of block copolymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions. Chromatographic results indicated formation of block copolymers produced by this synthetic approach. Free-radical polymerization of monomers pursued for comparison exhibited the expected broader dispersity of molecular weight compared to photo-ATRP. Polymerization of these monomers by UV photo-ATRP failed on the contrary to NIR photo-ATRP demonstrating the UV-filter function of the monomers. This work conclusively provides a new approach for the polymerization of monomers comprising UV-absorbing moieties through photo-ATRP in the NIR region. This occurred in a simple and efficient pathway. However, studies also showed that not all monomers chosen successfully proceeded in the NIR photo-ATRP protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kütahya
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein University of Applied SciencesAdlerstr. 147798KrefeldGermany
| | - Nicolai Meckbach
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein University of Applied SciencesAdlerstr. 147798KrefeldGermany
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein University of Applied SciencesAdlerstr. 3247798KrefeldGermany
| | - Jochen S. Gutmann
- Department of Physical ChemistryCenter of, Nanointegration (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen45141EssenGermany
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein University of Applied SciencesAdlerstr. 147798KrefeldGermany
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11
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Brancart J, Van Damme J, Du Prez F, Van Assche G. Thermal dissociation of anthracene photodimers in the condensed state: kinetic evaluation and complex phase behaviour. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17306-17313. [PMID: 32687137 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermally and photochemically reversible functional groups, such as photodimers of anthracene derivatives, offer interesting stimuli-responsive behaviour. To evaluate their potential for application in reversible polymer networks, accurate kinetic parameters and knowledge of their thermophysical behaviour are required. Accurate kinetic studies of the thermal dissociation of the photodimers in the condensed state, thus without the influence of solvents on their reactivity, is still lacking. A methodology was set up to accurately evaluate the chemical reaction kinetics and complex phase behaviour during the thermal dissociation of photodimers into their corresponding monomers. Temperature-controlled time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the reaction progress, while non-isothermal DSC measurements were used to study the thermophysical changes, resulting from the thermal dissociation reaction. The thermal dissociation behaviour in the condensed state is more challenging than in the solution state due to the crystallinity of the dimers, stabilizing the dimers and thus slowing down the initial dissociation rates. Distinctly different sets of kinetic parameters were found for the dissociation from the molten and the crystalline state. For experiments performed below the melting temperature of the photodimer, the reaction rate changes abruptly as the dimer is partly dissociated and partly dissolved into the formed monomer. This methodology provides an accurate assessment of the reaction kinetics with detailed knowledge about the complex phase behaviour of the mixture of the anthracene photodimer and monomer during thermal dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jonas Van Damme
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Shen L, Cheng J, Zhang J. Reworkable adhesives: Healable and fast response at ambient environment based on anthracene-based thiol-ene networks. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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He Z, Niu H, Li Y. UV‐Light Responsive and Self‐Healable Ethylene/Propylene Copolymer Rubbers Based on Reversible [4 + 4] Cycloaddition of Anthracene Derivatives. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongke He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsLiaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Hui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsLiaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsLiaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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Kawarazaki I, Hayashi M, Yamamoto K, Takasu A. Quick and Efficient Thermal Stability Enhancement of Micro‐Phase Separated Structure Formed from ABA Triblock Copolymers by Photo Cross‐Linking Approach. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Kawarazaki
- Department of Life Science and Applied ChemistryGraduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku Nagoya-city Aichi 466-8555 JAPAN
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied ChemistryGraduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku Nagoya-city Aichi 466-8555 JAPAN
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied ChemistryGraduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku Nagoya-city Aichi 466-8555 JAPAN
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department of Life Science and Applied ChemistryGraduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku Nagoya-city Aichi 466-8555 JAPAN
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15
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Kawarazaki I, Hayashi M, Takasu A. Extraction of intrinsic cross-linking effects of A hard domains on segmental motion of B soft block for ABA triblock copolymer-based elastomers by utilizing photo cross-linking. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xue H, Li X, Xia J, Lin Q. A photo-reversible crosslinking resin for additive manufacturing: reversibility and performance. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44323-44331. [PMID: 35694177 PMCID: PMC9122619 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the adhesion between layers and achieving the recycling of resins are challenges in additive manufacturing (AM) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Xue
- Fujian Engineering and Reaearch Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials
- Ocean College
- Minjiang University
- Fuzhou
- PR China
| | - Xinzhong Li
- Fujian Engineering and Reaearch Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials
- Ocean College
- Minjiang University
- Fuzhou
- PR China
| | - Jianrong Xia
- Fujian Engineering and Reaearch Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials
- Ocean College
- Minjiang University
- Fuzhou
- PR China
| | - Qi Lin
- Fujian Engineering and Reaearch Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials
- Ocean College
- Minjiang University
- Fuzhou
- PR China
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Kaiser S, Wurzer S, Pilz G, Kern W, Schlögl S. Stress relaxation and thermally adaptable properties in vitrimer-like elastomers from HXNBR rubber with covalent bonds. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6062-6072. [PMID: 31298258 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00856j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Widening the scope of skeletons in the chemistry of vitrimer(-like) high molecular weight rubbers, the present study highlights the preparation of vitrimer-like elastomers based on a technically relevant rubber that is characterised by high thermal and oxidation stability. In particular, we prepared covalently crosslinked hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (HXNBR) networks that can rearrange their topology due to the exchangeable nature of the crosslinks. By crosslinking with a di-functional epoxide, β-hydroxyl ester linkages are incorporated into the rubber, enabling thermo-activated transesterifications in the presence of the catalyst triazabicyclodecene. At moderate temperatures, the covalent linkages ensure good mechanical properties as well as chemical and thermal stability of the rubber, which is essential for most applications. In addition, bond exchange reactions allow for fast and distinctive stress relaxation at elevated temperatures. Due to the enhanced network mobility above the vitrification transition temperature, the materials exhibit thermally adaptable properties. A comparative study throughout all experiments with catalyst-free samples serving as a reference is made. Shape change experiments reveal a certain malleability of the HXNBR elastomers and improved adhesion properties are shown by means of lap shear tests. In the presence of catalyst, the failure mechanism changes from adhesive to cohesive failure proving the weldability of the material. Furthermore, the samples exhibit thermally triggered repair capabilities as demonstrated by stress-rupture tests. In general, it is shown that already low quantities of exchangeable crosslinks of associative nature impart a promising thermal adaptability into high molecular weight HXNBR rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Stefan Wurzer
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Gerald Pilz
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
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Hughes T, Simon GP, Saito K. Light-Healable Epoxy Polymer Networks via Anthracene Dimer Scission of Diamine Crosslinker. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19429-19443. [PMID: 31062582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two anthracene-based diamine crosslinkers were used to cure a range of commercially available monomers to produce four highly photoreversible crosslinked epoxy polymers. Through careful selection of the epoxy monomers used, the properties of the resultant polymer networks were varied to create a coating material that possessed room-temperature light-stimulated healing. Of the four coatings created, the best healing performance was exhibited by the two most flexible systems, both of these also exhibited the thermal and mechanical performance necessary for coatings. By using anthracene, the utilization of a wide range of wavelengths in the healing process is possible, which in applications such as industrial coatings would be of significant benefit.
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Jin K, Banerji A, Kitto D, Bates FS, Ellison CJ. Mechanically Robust and Recyclable Cross-Linked Fibers from Melt Blown Anthracene-Functionalized Commodity Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12863-12870. [PMID: 30843683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melt blowing combines extrusion of a polymer melt through orifices and attenuation of the extrudate with hot high-velocity air jets to produce nonwoven fibers in a single step. Due to its simplicity and high-throughput nature, melt blowing produces more than 10% of global nonwovens (∼$50 billion market). Semicrystalline thermoplastic feedstock, such as poly(butylene terephthalate), polyethylene, and polypropylene, have dominated the melt blowing industry because of their facile melt processability and thermal/chemical resistance; other amorphous commodity thermoplastics (e.g., styrenics, (meth)acrylates, etc.) are generally not employed because they lack one or both characteristics. Cross-linking commodity polymers could enable them to serve more demanding applications, but cross-linking is not compatible with melt processing, and it must be implemented after fiber formation. Here, cross-linked fibers were fabricated by melt blowing linear anthracene-functionalized acrylic polymers into fibers, which were subsequently cross-linked via anthracene-dimerization triggered by either UV light or sunlight. The resulting fibers possessed nearly 100% gel content because of highly efficient anthracene photodimerization in the solid state. Compared to the linear precursors, the anthracene-dimer cross-linked acrylic fibers exhibited enhanced thermomechanical properties suggesting higher upper service temperatures (∼180 °C), showing promise for replacing traditional thermoplastic-based melt blown nonwovens in certain applications. Additionally, given the dynamic nature of the anthracene-dimer cross-links at elevated temperatures (> ∼180 °C), the resulting cross-linked fibers could be effectively recycled after use, providing new avenues toward sustainable nonwoven products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailong Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Aditya Banerji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - David Kitto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Christopher J Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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20
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Kütahya C, Yagci Y, Strehmel B. Near‐Infrared Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Click Chemistry with a Cyanine Comprising a Barbiturate Group. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kütahya
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein Univeristy of Applied Sciences Adlerstr. 1 D-47798 Krefeld Germany
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical University Maslak, Ayazaga Campus 34469 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein Univeristy of Applied Sciences Adlerstr. 1 D-47798 Krefeld Germany
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21
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Hughes T, Simon GP, Saito K. Photocuring of 4-arm coumarin-functionalised monomers to form highly photoreversible crosslinked epoxy coatings. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly photoreversible photocurable crosslinked epoxy coatings that can heal substantial surface damage were formed by the synthesis of unique monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Hughes
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - G. P. Simon
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - K. Saito
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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22
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23
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Ozguc Onal C, Nugay T. UV induced reversible chain extension of 1-(2-anthryl)-1-phenylethylene functionalized polyisobutylene. Des Monomers Polym 2018; 20:514-523. [PMID: 29491823 PMCID: PMC5784863 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2017.1382028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel 1-(2-anthryl)-1-phenylethylene (APE) di-telechelic
polyisobutylenes is described. Utilization of a difunctional cationic initiator
and the in situ addition of the non-homopolymerizable APE lead
to the formation of di-anthryl telechelic polyisobutylenes. Products were
characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and Size Exclusion
Chromatography. The polymers were UV irradiated at 365 and 254 nm and the
reversible photocycloaddition of anthryl moieties was investigated. The chain
extension of di-anthryl telechelic PIBs through photocoupling at 365 nm
produced higher molecular weight products from low molecular weight precursors.
The effect of precursor polymer concentration on the degree of chain extension
was investigated, and intermolecular interactions leading to the formation of
tetramers was observed. The photocoupled products were UV irradiated at
254 nm to induce the reversal of photocycloaddition of anthryl groups and
to follow the consequent photoscission of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cimen Ozguc Onal
- Chemistry Department, Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgut Nugay
- Chemistry Department, Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Synthesis and photo-controllable thermosensitivity of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) terminated with dimethylaminochalcone unit. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Hu X, Lawrence JA, Mullahoo J, Smith ZC, Wilson DJ, Mace CR, Thomas SW. Directly Photopatternable Polythiophene as Dual-Tone Photoresist. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - John A. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - James Mullahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Zachary C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Daniel J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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26
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Van Damme J, van den Berg O, Brancart J, Vlaminck L, Huyck C, Van Assche G, Van Mele B, Du Prez F. Anthracene-Based Thiol–Ene Networks with Thermo-Degradable and Photo-Reversible Properties. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Damme
- Department of Organic
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Otto van den Berg
- Department of Organic
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Unit of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Research Unit of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Vlaminck
- Department of Organic
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolien Huyck
- Research Unit of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Research Unit of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Van Mele
- Research Unit of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Department of Organic
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Radl SV, Schipfer C, Kaiser S, Moser A, Kaynak B, Kern W, Schlögl S. Photo-responsive thiol–ene networks for the design of switchable polymer patterns. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00055c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photo-patternable thiol–ene networks are prepared by combining versatile o-NBE chemistry with the distinctive advantages of a typical “click” reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - C. Schipfer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - S. Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - A. Moser
- Chair of Materials Science and Testing of Plastics
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - B. Kaynak
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - W. Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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28
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Manhart J, Ayalur-Karunakaran S, Radl S, Oesterreicher A, Moser A, Ganser C, Teichert C, Pinter G, Kern W, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Data on synthesis and thermo-mechanical properties of stimuli-responsive rubber materials bearing pendant anthracene groups. Data Brief 2016; 9:524-529. [PMID: 27747267 PMCID: PMC5054239 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The photo-reversible [4πs+4πs] cycloaddition reaction of pendant anthracene moieties represents a convenient strategy to impart wavelength dependent properties into hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (HXNBR) networks. The present article provides the 1H NMR data on the reaction kinetics of the side chain functionalization of HXNBR. 2-(Anthracene-9-yl)oxirane with reactive epoxy groups is covalently attached to the polymer side chain of HXNBR via ring opening reaction between the epoxy and the carboxylic groups. Along with the identification, 1H NMR data on the quantification of the attached functional groups are shown in dependence on reaction time and concentration of 2-(anthracene-9-yl)oxirane. Changes in the modification yield are reflected in the mechanical properties and DMA data of photo-responsive elastomers are illustrated in dependence on the number of attached anthracene groups. DMA curves over repeated cycles of UV induced crosslinking (λ>300 nm) and UV induced cleavage (λ=254 nm) are further depicted, demonstrating the photo-reversibility of the thermo-mechanical properties. Interpretation and discussion of the data are provided in “Design and application of photo-reversible elastomer networks by using the [4πs+4πs] cycloaddition reaction of pendant anthracene groups” (Manhart et al., 2016) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Manhart
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | - Simone Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Andreas Oesterreicher
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet Inks, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Andreas Moser
- Chair of Materials Science and Testing of Plastics, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Christian Ganser
- Institute of Physics, University of Leoben, Franz Josef – Straße 18, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Teichert
- Institute of Physics, University of Leoben, Franz Josef – Straße 18, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Gerald Pinter
- Chair of Materials Science and Testing of Plastics, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet Inks, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
- Corresponding author.
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