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Gao X, Isayev AI, Zhang X. Continuous film casting of polycarbonate/single‐walled carbon nanotubes composites with ultrasound‐assisted twin‐screw extruder: Effect of screw configuration. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
| | - Avraam I. Isayev
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- Department of Materials Engineering Xuzhou College of Industrial Technology Xuzhou Jiangsu China
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Pole SS, Isayev AI, Zhong J. Constitutive Modeling of Nonlinear Rheological Behavior of Carbon Nanotube-Filled Polypropylene Nanocomposites. INT POLYM PROC 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2020-4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The rheological behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-filled polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites with different filler loadings was experimentally studied and simulated using constitutive modeling. Rheological behavior was characterized in small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) flow, large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) flow, startup of shear flow, steady shear flow, and stress relaxation after the imposition of a step shear strain. Virgin PP and PP with CNT loadings of 1, 3, and 5 wt% were used. The formation of a rheological percolation network was observed at these loadings. The Leonov and Simhambhatla-Leonov models were used to simulate the rheological behavior. In the linear region, the simulations provided good predictions of the experimental data for both the unfilled and filled PP. In the nonlinear region, the simulations also provided good results for the virgin PP and satisfactory results for the PP/1 wt%CNT nanocomposite under most flow conditions. However, for the other two nanocomposites the model showed mixed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Pole
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, OH , USA
| | - A. I. Isayev
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, OH , USA
| | - J. Zhong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, OH , USA
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Andrade-Guel M, Ávila-Orta CA, Cadenas-Pliego G, Cabello-Alvarado CJ, Pérez-Alvarez M, Reyes-Rodríguez P, Inam F, Cortés-Hernández DA, Quiñones-Jurado ZV. Synthesis of Nylon 6/Modified Carbon Black Nanocomposites for Application in Uric Acid Adsorption. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5173. [PMID: 33212761 PMCID: PMC7697714 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High uric acid levels cause different clinic conditions. One of them is hyperuricemia, which leads to kidney damage. A solution for eliminating uric acid in the blood is by hemodialysis, which is performed using nanocomposite membranes. In this work, Nylon 6 nanocomposites were synthesized with modified carbon black (MCB), which were considered candidate materials for hemodialysis membranes. The modification of carbon black was made with citric acid using the variable-frequency ultrasound method. The new MCB was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dispersion tests. Nylon 6/MCB nanocomposites were processed using the ultrasound-assisted melt-extrusion method to improve the dispersion procedure of the nanoparticles. The Nylon 6/MCB nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, TGA, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These were assessed for the absorption of toxins and hemocompatibility. MBC and nanocomposites showed excellent uric acid removal (78-82%) and hemocompatibility (1.6-1.8%). These results suggest that Nylon 6/MCB nanocomposites with low loading percentages can be used on a large scale without compatibility problems with blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Andrade-Guel
- Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.Á.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.R.-R.)
| | - Carlos A. Ávila-Orta
- Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.Á.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.R.-R.)
| | - Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego
- Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.Á.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.R.-R.)
| | | | - Marissa Pérez-Alvarez
- Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.Á.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.R.-R.)
| | - Pamela Reyes-Rodríguez
- Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.Á.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.R.-R.)
| | - Fawad Inam
- Department of Engineering and Construction, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK
| | - Dora A. Cortés-Hernández
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV) Saltillo Unit. Av. Industria Metalúrgica #1062 Parque Industrial Saltillo-Ramos Arizpe, Saltillo 25900, Mexico;
| | - Zoe V. Quiñones-Jurado
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Durango State Juárez University, Durango C.P. 34120, Mexico;
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Cabello-Alvarado CJ, Quiñones-Jurado ZV, Cruz-Delgado VJ, Avila-Orta CA. Pigmentation and Degradative Activity of TiO 2 on Polyethylene Films Using Masterbatches Fabricated Using Variable-Frequency Ultrasound-Assisted Melt-Extrusion. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173855. [PMID: 32882893 PMCID: PMC7503362 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted melt-extrusion method (USME) is a high-quality process used to produce polymeric compounds with an adequate homogeneous dispersion. This study evaluates white-color films of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) prepared using TiO2 masterbatch obtained by ultrasound-assisted melt-extrusion at variable frequencies (USME-VF). LLDPE with three different melt-flow indices (2, 20 and 50 g/10 min) were used as the polymer matrix. The films were obtained from the dilution of masterbatches of LLDPE (melt-flow index = 2) at a concentration of 7 wt% TiO2. The morphology, pigmentation, TiO2 reactivity, and the mechanical stability of the films were assessed. The masterbatch compounds were evaluated by melt-flow index (MFI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The contrast ratio, yellowness index and mechanical properties of films were also measured. The properties of whiteness and elongation at break improved in the films prepared using masterbatches with higher dispersion. Though the reactivity of the TiO2 particles increased during accelerated aging, it did not affect the elongation to rupture. The yellowness index was moderately affected in films that included TiO2 particles processed using USME-VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Cabello-Alvarado
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Centro de Investigación y de Innovación del Estado de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala C.P. 90000, Mexico;
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, Coahuila C.P. 25294, Mexico
| | - Zoe V. Quiñones-Jurado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango C.P. 34120, Mexico
- Correspondence: (Z.V.Q.-J.); (C.A.A.-O.)
| | - Víctor J. Cruz-Delgado
- Departamento de Procesos de Transformación, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, Coahuila C.P. 25294, Mexico;
| | - Carlos A. Avila-Orta
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, Coahuila C.P. 25294, Mexico
- Correspondence: (Z.V.Q.-J.); (C.A.A.-O.)
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Zhou S, Lei X, Mei J, Hrymak AN, Kamal MR, Zou H. Microinjection molding of polyoxymethylene/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites with different matrix viscosities. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengtai Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xue Lei
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Junqi Mei
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Andrew N. Hrymak
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Musa R. Kamal
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Huawei Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Rheological Behavior of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites: An Overview. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122771. [PMID: 32570902 PMCID: PMC7344594 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current achievements regarding the rheological behavior of polymer-based nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These systems have been the subject of a very large number of scientific investigations in the last decades, due to the outstanding characteristics of CNTs that have allowed the formulation of nanostructured polymer-based materials with superior properties. However, the exploitation of the theoretical nanocomposite properties is strictly dependent on the complete dispersion of CNTs within the host matrix and on the consequent development of a huge interfacial region. In this context, a deep knowledge of the rheological behavior of CNT-containing systems is of fundamental importance, since the evaluation of the material's viscoelastic properties allows the gaining of fundamental information as far as the microstructure of nanofilled polymers is concerned. More specifically, the understanding of the rheological response of polymer/CNT nanocomposites reveals important details about the characteristics of the interface and the extent of interaction between the two components, hence allowing the optimization of the final properties in the resulting nanocomposites. As the literature contains plenty of reviews concerning the rheological behavior of polymer/CNT nanocomposites, this review paper will summarize the most significant thermoplastic matrices in terms of availability and relevant industrial applications.
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Yang YJ, Huang CC. Effects of ultrasonic injection molding conditions on the plate processing characteristics of PMMA. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polymer processing is a crucial and diverse field in the manufacturing industry. We investigated the process characteristics and effects of injection molding using ultrasonic vibration. An ultrasonic device was installed in an injection mold; polymer was directly vibrated during injection. An ultrasonic oscillation device 45 mm in diameter was placed in the cavity and used to vibrate a poly(methyl methacrylate) melt at 19 kHz. The amplitude of the acoustic unit was set at 15 μm for the measurements. Moreover, cavity pressure sensors were positioned at the front and rear sides of the vibration region to determine the melt flow behavior under ultrasonic-assisted injection molding conditions. Because of the absorption of ultrasonic energy, local heat was generated inside the resin, thus improving the flow characteristics of the melt. Moreover, the melt flow behavior around the skin layer was changed; the molecular orientation and high shear effect were reduced. Furthermore, the freezing rate of the melt was reduced; thus, the amount of melt pressure lost through the cavity was decreased and the residual stress inside the injection-molded component generated during the photoelastic stress analysis was lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Yang
- Mold and Die Engineering Department , National Kaohsiung University of Sciences and Technology , 415 Chien-Kung Road , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan, R.O.C. , e-mail:
| | - Chung-Ching Huang
- Mold and Die Engineering Department , National Kaohsiung University of Sciences and Technology , 415 Chien-Kung Road , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan, R.O.C. , e-mail:
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Wax Confinement with Carbon Nanotubes for Phase Changing Epoxy Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090405. [PMID: 30965709 PMCID: PMC6418604 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A paraffin wax was shape stabilized with 10 wt % of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and dispersed in various concentrations in an epoxy resin to develop a novel blend with thermal energy storage capabilities. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that CNTs improve the thermal stability of paraffin, while differential scanning calorimetry showed that the paraffin kept its ability to melt and crystallize, with enthalpy values almost proportional to the paraffin fraction. In contrast, a noticeable loss of enthalpy was observed for epoxy/wax blends without CNTs, which was mainly attributed to the partial exudation of paraffin out of the epoxy matrix during the curing phase. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis contributed to elucidate the effects of the melting of the paraffin phase on the viscoelastic properties of the epoxy blends. Flexural elastic modulus and strength of the blends decreased with the wax/CNT content according to a rule of mixtures, while flexural strain at break values deviate positively from it. These results show the potentialities of the investigated epoxy blends for the development of multifunctional structural composites.
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