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Yong M, McCunney RJ. Evaluation of biological markers for the risk assessment of carbon black in epidemiological studies. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1367797. [PMID: 38689765 PMCID: PMC11060078 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1367797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been suggested as being capable of promoting inflammation, a key component in the pathways associated with carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions. As a result, the risk assessment of biological markers as early-stage indicators has the potential to improve translation from experimental toxicologic findings to identifying evidence in human studies. The study aims to review the possible early biological changes in workers exposed to carbon black (CB), followed by an evidentiary quality evaluation to determine the predictive value of the biological markers. Methods We conducted a literature search to identify epidemiological studies that assessed biological markers that were involved in the inflammatory process at early stages among workers with exposure to CB. We reviewed the studies with specific reference to the study design, statistical analyses, findings, and limitations. Results We identified five Chinese studies that investigated the potential impact of exposure to CB on inflammatory markers, bronchial wall thickening, genomic instability, and lung function impairment in CB production workers. Of the five Chinese studies, four were cross-sectional; another study reported results at two-time points over six years of follow-up. The authors of all five studies concluded positive relationships between exposure and the inflammatory cytokine profiles. The weak to very weak correlations between biomarkers and early-stage endpoints were reported. Conclusion Most inflammatory markers failed to satisfy the proposed evidentiary quality criteria. The significance of the results of the reviewed studies is limited by the cross-sectional study design, inconsistency in results, uncertain clinical relevance, and high occupational exposures. Based on this review, the risk assessment relying on inflammatory markers does not seem appropriate at this time. Nevertheless, the novel research warrants further exploration in assessing exposure to ENMs and corresponding potential health risks in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yong
- MY EpiConsulting, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert J. McCunney
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Pulmonary Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Kang H, Bae J, Lee J, Yun Y, Jeon S, Chung N, Jung J, Baek U, Lee J, Kim Y, Choi M. The Synergistic Effect of Carbon Black/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Fillers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of EPDM Composites after Exposure to High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1065. [PMID: 38674985 PMCID: PMC11054514 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the synergistic effect of carbon black/multi-wall carbon nanotube (CB/MWCNT) hybrid fillers on the physical and mechanical properties of Ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) composites after exposure to high-pressure hydrogen gas. The EPDM/CB/CNT hybrid composites were prepared by using the EPDM/MWCNT master batch (MB) with 10 phr CNTs to enhance the dispersion of CNTs in hybrid composites. The investigation included a detailed analysis of cure characteristics, crosslink density, Payne effect, mechanical properties, and hydrogen permeation properties. After exposure to 96.3 MPa hydrogen gas, the hydrogen uptake and the change in volume and mechanical properties of the composites were assessed. We found that as the MWCNT volume fraction in fillers increased, the crosslink density, filler-filler interaction, and modulus of hybrid composites increased. The hydrogen uptake and the solubility of the composites decreased with an increasing MWCNT volume fraction in fillers. Moreover, after exposure to hydrogen gas, the change in volume and mechanical properties exhibited a diminishing trend with a higher MWCNT volume fraction. We conclude that the hybridization of CB and CNTs formed strong filler-filler networks in hybrid composites, consequently reinforcing the EPDM composites and enhancing the barrier properties of hydrogen gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmin Kang
- Elastic Material Research Group, Korea Institute of Materials Convergence Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.B.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jongwoo Bae
- Elastic Material Research Group, Korea Institute of Materials Convergence Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.B.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jinhyok Lee
- Elastic Material Research Group, Korea Institute of Materials Convergence Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.B.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yumi Yun
- Elastic Material Research Group, Korea Institute of Materials Convergence Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.B.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Sangkoo Jeon
- Hydrogen Energy Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (N.C.); (J.J.); (U.B.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Nakkwan Chung
- Hydrogen Energy Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (N.C.); (J.J.); (U.B.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Jaekap Jung
- Hydrogen Energy Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (N.C.); (J.J.); (U.B.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Unbong Baek
- Hydrogen Energy Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (N.C.); (J.J.); (U.B.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Jihun Lee
- Hydrogen Energy Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (N.C.); (J.J.); (U.B.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yewon Kim
- Hydrogen Energy Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (N.C.); (J.J.); (U.B.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Myungchan Choi
- Elastic Material Research Group, Korea Institute of Materials Convergence Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.B.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
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Milone G, Vlachakis C, Tulliani JM, Al-Tabbaa A. Strain Monitoring of Concrete Using Carbon Black-Based Smart Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1577. [PMID: 38612091 PMCID: PMC11012817 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Given the challenges we face of an ageing infrastructure and insufficient maintenance, there is a critical shift towards preventive and predictive maintenance in construction. Self-sensing cement-based materials have drawn interest in this sector due to their high monitoring performance and durability compared to electronic sensors. While bulk applications have been well-discussed within this field, several challenges exist in their implementation for practical applications, such as poor workability and high manufacturing costs at larger volumes. This paper discusses the development of smart carbon-based cementitious coatings for strain monitoring of concrete substrates under flexural loading. This work presents a physical, electrical, and electromechanical investigation of sensing coatings with varying carbon black (CB) concentrations along with the geometric optimisation of the sensor design. The optimal strain-sensing performance, 55.5 ± 2.7, was obtained for coatings with 2 wt% of conductive filler, 3 mm thickness, and a gauge length of 60 mm. The results demonstrate the potential of applying smart coatings with carbon black addition for concrete strain monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Milone
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK; (C.V.); (A.A.-T.)
| | - Christos Vlachakis
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK; (C.V.); (A.A.-T.)
| | - Jean-Marc Tulliani
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology Research Unit, Lince Laboratory, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy;
| | - Abir Al-Tabbaa
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK; (C.V.); (A.A.-T.)
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4
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Lee BJ, Yoo HM. Effects of Carbon Black on Mechanical Properties and Oil Resistance of Liquid Silicone Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:933. [PMID: 38611191 PMCID: PMC11013876 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid silicone rubber (LSR) garners attention across a diverse range of industries owing to its commendable fluidity and heat resistance. Nonetheless, its mechanical strength and oil resistance fall short compared to other rubbers, necessitating enhancement through the incorporation of a suitable filler. This research focuses on reinforcing LSR using carbon black (CB) particles as a filler, evaluating the mechanical properties and oil resistance of neat LSR, and LSR containing up to 3 wt% of CB filler. CB was added in powder form to investigate its effect on LSR. When LSR was impregnated with oil, the deterioration of rubber was noticeably observed under high-temperature conditions compared to room-temperature conditions. Consequently, the mechanical properties and oil resistance, excluding the permanent compression reduction rate, tended to increase as the filling content of CB increased compared to the unfilled state. Notably, in the specimen with 2 wt% CB filler, the tensile modulus increased significantly by 48% and the deterioration rate was reduced by about 50% under accelerated deterioration conditions. Additionally, the swelling rate in oil decreased by around 14%. This validates a notable improvement in both mechanical properties and oil resistance. Based on the identified mechanism for properties enhancement in this study, CB/LSR composite is expected to have a wide range of applications in fields such as gaskets, oil seals, and flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyeong-Min Yoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH), Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea;
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Dedduwakumara HT, Barner-Kowollik C, Dubal D, Boase NRB. The Macromolecular Design of Poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene) (SIS) Copolymers Defines their Performance in Flexible Electrothermal Composite Heaters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38534075 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Electric cars are desirable for their environmental and economic benefits yet face limitations in range in cold weather due to the increased energy demands for cabin heating. To provide efficient heating for vehicles, flexible composite electrothermal heaters offer a viable solution owing to their lightweight design, efficiency, and adaptability for use within and beyond vehicle interiors. The current study aims to improve electrothermal heater stability and performance by understanding the impact of the polymer structure on composite properties. We explore how the presence and molecular structure of olefinic bonds within the polyisoprene block of styrenic triblock copolymers affect thermal stability and performance. Composite electrothermal heaters were fabricated by dispersing carbon black (CB) as the heating material in three triblock copolymer matrices, poly(styrene-1,4-isoprene-styrene) (1,4-SIS), poly(styrene-3,4-isoprene-styrene) (3,4-SIS), and its hydrogenated version poly(styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene) (SEPS). The chemical structure and thermal properties of each copolymer were linked to electrothermal performance measurements of composite heaters to establish structure-function relationships. Notably, 3,4-SIS with 28 wt % CB demonstrated the highest thermal and electrical conductivity, resulting in uniform heat distribution. The outcomes unambiguously demonstrate that the olefinic structure of SIS copolymers enhances the electric and thermal conductivity, leading to enhanced electrothermal performance of prototype heaters compared to that of the hydrogenated copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiruni T Dedduwakumara
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Deepak Dubal
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R B Boase
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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Kiaee MM, Maeder T, Brugger J. Near-Room-Temperature Detection of Aromatic Compounds with Inkjet-Printed Plasticized Polymer Composites. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1382-1390. [PMID: 38478707 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Chemiresistive gas sensors composed of a thermoplastic polymer matrix and conductive fillers offer various advantages for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including low power consumption due to near-room-temperature operation, high sensitivity, and inherent selectivity toward VOCs. However, such sensors have a slow response time as the polymer matrix often has a glass transition temperature (Tg) higher than the sensor operating temperature slowing the analyte diffusion to/from the polymer. A plasticizer lowers polymer Tg to match the sensor operation temperature, reducing its response time. In this study, the effect of a plasticizer diethylene glycol dibenzoate (DEGDB) on the sensing properties of polystyrene (PS)-carbon black (CB) composite is investigated to obtain sensors with a fast response time and high sensitivity to VOCs. The sensors are fabricated via drop-on-demand inkjet printing, providing a high degree of control over the sensory film morphology and reproducibility. A design-of-experiment (DoE) approach is adopted to find the optimum ink and print parameters with a minimum number of experiments. As a result, sensors with 30 times faster response time and 25 times higher effective sensitivity are obtained while operating near room temperature (27 °C). Furthermore, the sensors show high sensitivity toward aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, benzene, and ethylbenzene), with a sub-10 ppm limit of detection (LoD) and a negligible sensitivity toward humidity. Our results show the potential of PS-DEGDB-CB composite as a selective and cost-effective sensory material compatible with large-scale manufacturing techniques for selective near-room-temperature detection of toxic VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Kiaee
- Microsystem Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Maeder
- Microsystem Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Microsystem Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tang J, Diao P, Pan W, Li L, Xiong L. The cross-linking between DNA damage, oxidative stress and epidermal barrier in keratinocytes after exposure to particulate matters and carbon black. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15048. [PMID: 38439204 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
As the largest organ, the skin provides the first line of defence against environmental pollutants. Different pollutants have varied damage to the skin due to their own physical-chemical properties. A previous epidemiological study by our team revealed that eczema was positively correlated with different air pollutants. However, the mechanism of action from different pollutants on the skin is less known. In this work, the differences among the genotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and barrier-related parameters caused by two kinds of air pollutants, that is, S1650b and carbon black (CB) were investigated by Western blot, TUNEL, comet assay and RNA-sequences. The results indicated that both S1650b and CB caused DNA damage of keratinocytes. With the content of lipophilic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), S1650b leaked into the keratinocytes easily, which activated the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in keratinocytes, leading to worse damage to barrier-related proteins than CB. And CB-induced higher intracellular ROS than S1650b due to the smaller size which make it enter the keratinocytes easier. RNA-sequencing results revealed that S1650b and CB both caused DNA damage of keratinocytes, and the intervention of S1650b significantly upregulated AhR, cytochrome oxidase A1 and B1 (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) genes, while the results showed oppositely after CB intervention. The mechanism of keratinocyte damage caused by different air particle pollutants in this study will help to expand our understanding on the air pollutant-associated skin disease at cell levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Cosmetic, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Diao
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weixi Pan
- Analytical and Metrical Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Cosmetic, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lidan Xiong
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Cosmetic, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang J, Li S, Yang L, Liu B, Xie S, Qi R, Zhan Y, Xia H. Graphene-Based Hybrid Fillers for Rubber Composites. Molecules 2024; 29:1009. [PMID: 38474521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have been confirmed to be among the best fillers for rubber due to their excellent properties, such as high mechanical strength, improved interface interaction, and strain-induced crystallization capabilities. Graphene rubber materials can be widely used in tires, shoes, high-barrier conductive seals, electromagnetic shielding seals, shock absorbers, etc. In order to reduce the graphene loading and endow more desirable functions to rubber materials, graphene-based hybrid fillers are extensively employed, which can effectively enhance the performance of rubber composites. This review briefly summarizes the recent research on rubber composites with graphene-based hybrid fillers consisting of carbon black, silica, carbon nanotubes, metal oxide, and one-dimensional nanowires. The preparation methods, performance improvements, and applications of different graphene-based hybrid fillers/rubber composites have been investigated. This study also focuses on methods that can ensure the effectiveness of graphene hybrid fillers in reinforcing rubber composites. Furthermore, the enhanced mechanism of graphene- and graphene derivative-based hybrid fillers in rubber composites is investigated to provide a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shijiu Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Songzhi Xie
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rui Qi
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yanhu Zhan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Džuganová M, Dosoudil R, Hudec I, Krump H. The Electrical Conductivity, EMI Absorption Shielding Performance, Curing Process, and Mechanical Properties of Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:566. [PMID: 38475251 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Three types of composites were tested for electromagnetic interference (EMI) absorption shielding effectiveness, the curing process, and their physical-mechanical properties. For the first type of composites, nickel-zinc ferrite, manganese-zinc ferrite, and both fillers in their mutual combinations were incorporated into acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. The overall content of the filler, or fillers, was kept at 200 phr. Then, carbon black or carbon fibers were incorporated into each rubber formulation at a constant loading of-25 phr, while the content of magnetic fillers was unchanged, at -200 phr. This work focused on the understanding of correlations between the electromagnetic shielding parameters and electrical conductivity of composites in relation to their EMI absorption shielding effectiveness. The absorption shielding abilities of materials were evaluated within a frequency bandwidth from 1 MHz to 6 GHz. This study revealed good correlation among permittivity, conductivity, and EMI absorption effectiveness. Although the absorption shielding efficiency of composites filled only with ferrites seems to be the highest, the absorption maxima of those composites reached over 6 GHz. The application of carbon-based fillers resulted in the higher electrical conductivity and higher permittivity of composites, which was reflected in their lower absorption shielding performance. However, the composites filled with ferrites and carbon-based fillers absorbed electromagnetic radiation within the desired frequency range. The presence of carbon-based fillers caused improvement in the tensile behavior of composites. This study also demonstrated that the higher the ratio of nickel-zinc ferrite in combined magnetic fillers, the better the absorption shielding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Džuganová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Dosoudil
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Iľkovičova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Henrich Krump
- Bizlink Technology, Trenčianska Teplá 1356, 914 01 Trenčianska Teplá, Slovakia
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Omar AM, Hassan MH, Daskalakis E, Smith A, Dooghue J, Mirihanage W, Bartolo PJDS. Biomimetic dual sensing polymer nanocomposite for biomedical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1322753. [PMID: 38444647 PMCID: PMC10913024 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1322753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need for sensing materials that can provide multiple sensing capabilities for wearable devices, implantable sensors, and diagnostics tools. As complex human physiology requires materials that can simultaneously detect and respond to slow and fast pressure fluctuations. Mimicking the slow adaptive (SA) and fast adaptive (FA) mechanoreceptors in skin can lead to the development of dual sensing electrospun polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications. These dual sensing nanocomposites can provide simultaneous sensing of both slow and fast pressure fluctuations, making them ideal for applications such as monitoring vital signs, detecting a wider range of movements and pressures. Here we develop a novel dual sensing PVDF-HFP-based nanocomposite that combines the advantages of capacitive and piezoelectric properties through controling electrospinning environment and processing parameters, polymer solution composition, and addition of nucleating agents such as Carbon Black (CB) to enhance the crystalline development of β-phase, fibre thickness, and morphology. The developed PVDF-HFP/CB nanocomposite presents and response to both slow and fast pressure fluctuations with high capacitance (5.37 nF) and output voltage (1.51 V) allowing for accurate and reliable measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla M. Omar
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed H. Hassan
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evangelos Daskalakis
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Wajira Mirihanage
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo J. D. S. Bartolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Alosime EM, Basfar AA. A Systematic Investigation on the Effect of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Black on the Mechanical and Flame Retardancy Properties of Polyolefin Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:417. [PMID: 38337306 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to high filler loading, clean, commercial, thermoplastic, flame-retardant materials are mechanically unstable when insulating wires and cables. In this study, composite formulations of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) containing a flame retardant, such as magnesium hydroxide (MH; formula: Mg(OH)2) and huntite hydromagnesite (HH; formula: Mg3Ca(CO3)4, Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·3H2O), were prepared. The influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon black (CB) on the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of LLDPE/EVA was studied. Three types of CNTs were examined for their compatibility with other materials in clean thermoplastic flame-retardant compositions. The CNTs had the following diameters: 10-15 nm, 40-60 nm, and 60-80 nm. Optimum mechanical flame retardancy and electrical properties were achieved by adding CNTs with an outer diameter of 40-60 nm and a length of fewer than 20 nm. Large-sized CNTs result in poor mechanical characteristics, while smaller-sized CNTs improve the mechanical properties of the composites. CB enhances flame retardancy but deteriorates mechanical properties, particularly elongation at break, in clean, black, thermoplastic, flame-retardant compositions. Obtaining satisfactory compositions that meet both properties, especially formulations passing the V-0 of the UL 94 test with a minimum tensile strength of 9.5 MPa and an elongation at break of 125%, is challenging. When LLDPE was partially substituted with EVA, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased. The amount of filler in the formulations determined how it affected flammability. This study also included a reliable method for producing clean, black, thermoplastic, flame-retardant insulating material for wire and cable without sacrificing mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid M Alosime
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Basfar
- M.Sc. in Nuclear Engineering Program, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Hu C, Sun Q, Xue L, Xiao K, Meng F, Zhan X, Liu Q, Zhang Q. Bioinspired Flexible Wearable Sensor with High Self-Cleaning and Antibacterial Performance for Human Motion Sensing. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:5768-5775. [PMID: 38029407 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable strain sensors have shown great potential in monitoring human motion, due to their ability to flexibly fit to multiple surfaces, which can realize the monitoring of human motions and external stimulation. However, the utilization of the sensor in extreme conditions such as low or high temperatures still poses a risk of signal output distortion. Moreover, the continuous usage of the sensor may result in extensive bacterial growth at the interface between the sensor and the skin, posing a threat to human health. Herein, a hydrophobic flexible antibacterial strain sensor (CGP) based on carbon black-PDMS was prepared, inspired by the superhydrophobic surface of a lotus leaf. The CGP sensor demonstrates exceptional sensitivity, with a gauge factor (GF) of 0.467 in the strain range of 0-15% and a fast response time (65.4 ms, 5% strain). Additionally, it exhibits a high conductivity of 1.2 mS cm-1 at -20 °C and 2.0 mS cm-1 at 100 °C, indicating its ability to function effectively even in extreme temperatures. The static water contact angle of CGP measures 121.7°, and self-cleaning experiments have confirmed its excellent self-cleaning performance. Furthermore, the CGP displays distinct response characteristics to movements of human fingers, wrists, and knees, making it an ideal choice for monitoring various joints in the human body. In terms of antibacterial properties, CGP has demonstrated an antibacterial rate of over 99% against E. coli and S. aureus. Possessing high sensitivity, superior electrical conductivity in harsh environments, and super antibacterial capabilities, CGP holds significant potential for applications in human motion monitoring and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Longjian Xue
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kangjian Xiao
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fandong Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Michailidis N, Mountakis N, Argyros A, Spiridaki M, Moutsopoulou A, Papadakis V, Charitidis C. High-Density Polyethylene/ Carbon Black Composites in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: Conductivity, Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Responses. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4717. [PMID: 38139968 PMCID: PMC10747577 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density polyethylene polymer (HDPE) and carbon black (CB) were utilized to create HDPE/CB composites with different filler concentrations (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 16.0, 20.0, and 24.0 wt.%). The composites were extruded into filaments, which were then utilized to fabricate 3D-printed specimens with the material extrusion (MEX) method, suitable for a variety of standard mechanical tests. The electrical conductivity was investigated. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were carried out for all the HDPE/CB composites and pure HDPE. Scanning electron microscopy in different magnifications was performed on the specimens' fracture and side surfaces to investigate the morphological characteristics. Rheological tests and Raman spectroscopy were also performed. Eleven different tests in total were performed to fully characterize the composites and reveal connections between their various properties. HDPE/CB 20.0 wt.% showed the greatest reinforcement results in relation to pure HDPE. Such composites are novel in the MEX 3D printing method. The addition of the CB filler greatly enhanced the performance of the popular HDPE polymer, expanding its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Nikolaos Michailidis
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Apostolos Argyros
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mariza Spiridaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece;
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, N. Plastira 100m, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Costas Charitidis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering NTUA, National Technical University, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
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Yahagi T. A novel embedding composition for the evaluation of the internal structure of carbon materials using electron microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2023; 72:511-514. [PMID: 36905307 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The image contrast obtained in electron microscopy depends on the atomic number of the sample. Therefore, obtaining a clear contrast is challenging when samples composed of light elements (carbon materials and polymers) are embedded in the resin. Herein, a newly developed embedding composition exhibiting low viscosity and high electron density is reported, which can be solidified using physical or chemical methods. When used for carbon materials, this embedding composition allows clear microscopic observation with higher contrast compared to conventional resin embedding. Furthermore, details of the observation of samples such as graphite and carbon black using this embedding composition are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukaho Yahagi
- Kawasaki Technical Support Department, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, KSP East 1F, 3-2-1, Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
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15
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Shin HH, Ryu JH. Bio-Inspired Self-Healing, Shear-Thinning, and Adhesive Gallic Acid-Conjugated Chitosan/ Carbon Black Composite Hydrogels as Suture Support Materials. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:542. [PMID: 37999183 PMCID: PMC10669539 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of leakage from anastomotic sites is a significant issue given its potential undesirable complications. The management of anastomotic leakage after gastrointestinal surgery is particularly crucial because it is directly associated with mortality and morbidity in patients. If adhesive materials could be used to support suturing in surgical procedures, many complications caused by leakage from the anastomosis sites could be prevented. In this study, we have developed self-healing, shear-thinning, tissue-adhesive, carbon-black-containing, gallic acid-conjugated chitosan (CB/Chi-gallol) hydrogels as sealing materials to be used with suturing. The addition of CB into Chi-gallol solution resulted in the formation of a crosslinked hydrogel with instantaneous solidification. In addition, these CB/Chi-gallol hydrogels showed enhancement of the elastic modulus (G') values with increased CB concentration. Furthermore, these hydrogels exhibited excellent self-healing, shear-thinning, and tissue-adhesive properties. Notably, the hydrogels successfully sealed the incision site with suturing, resulting in a significant increase in the bursting pressure. The proposed self-healing and adhesive hydrogels are potentially useful in versatile biomedical applications, particularly as suture support materials for surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
- Smart Convergence Materials Analysis Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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16
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Boucenna Y, Layachi A, Cherfia A, Laoutid F, Satha H. Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics and Activation Energy for Crystal Growth of Polyamide 66/Short Glass Fiber/ Carbon Black Composites. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7073. [PMID: 38005003 PMCID: PMC10672216 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the effect of the addition of 0.4 wt.% carbon black (CB) to polyamide 66 (PA66) containing 30 wt.% short glass fibers (GFs) on the behavior of composite thermal crystallization. Composites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) at different cooling rates using wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This thermal crystallization study highlights the nucleation effect of GFs that promote PA66 crystallization by significantly increasing crystallization kinetics and rates. The activation energies (Eas) calculated by model-free (FWO; KAS) and model-fitting (Kissinger method and C-R method) approaches showed that the combination of both GF and CB decreases the activation energy with respect to neat PA66, meaning that the presence of both additives facilitates crystallization. The Coats-Redfern and Criado methods showed that the crystallization of neat PA66 and related composites follows the second-order reaction, i.e., the decelerated reaction, evidencing compatibility between GFs and the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Boucenna
- Mechanics Laboratory, Frères Mentouri University Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria; (Y.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Abdelheq Layachi
- Institut des Sciences et des Techniques Appliquées (ISTA), Frères Mentouri University Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Silicates, Polymers and Nanocomposites, University 8 Mai 1945, Guelma 24000, Algeria;
| | - Abdelhakim Cherfia
- Mechanics Laboratory, Frères Mentouri University Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria; (Y.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric & Composite Materials, Materia Nova Research Center, 3 Avenue Nicolas Copernic, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Hamid Satha
- Laboratory of Silicates, Polymers and Nanocomposites, University 8 Mai 1945, Guelma 24000, Algeria;
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Fasolt B, Albuquerque FB, Hubertus J, Schultes G, Shea H, Seelecke S. Electrode Impact on the Electrical Breakdown of Dielectric Elastomer Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4071. [PMID: 37896315 PMCID: PMC10610327 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) enable the realization of energy-efficient and compact actuator systems. DEAs operate at the kilovolt range with typically microampere-level currents and hence minimize thermal losses in comparison to low voltage/high current actuators such as shape memory alloys or solenoids. The main limiting factor for reaching high energy density in high voltage applications is dielectric breakdown. In previous investigations on silicone-based thin films, we reported that not only do environmental conditions and film parameters such as pre-stretch play an important role but that electrode composition also has a significant impact on the breakdown behavior. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of electrical breakdown on thin silicone films coated with electrodes manufactured by five different methods: screen printing, inkjet printing, pad printing, gold sputtering, and nickel sputtering. For each method, breakdown was studied under environmental conditions ranging from 1 °C to 80 °C and 10% to 90% relative humidity. The effect of different manufacturing methods was analyzed as was the influence of parameters such as solvents, silicone content, and the particle processing method. The breakdown field increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing humidity for all electrode types. The stiffer metal electrodes have a higher breakdown field than the carbon-based electrodes, for which particle size also plays a large role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Fasolt
- Intelligent Material Systems Lab, Center for Mechatronics and Automation Technology, ZeMA gGmbH, DE-66121 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Intelligent Material Systems Lab, Department of Systems Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, DE-66121 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Fabio Beco Albuquerque
- LMTS Soft Transducers Laboratory, EPFL Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (H.S.)
| | - Jonas Hubertus
- Sensors and Thin Film Group, University of Applied Sciences, DE-66117 Saarbrücken, Germany; (J.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Günter Schultes
- Sensors and Thin Film Group, University of Applied Sciences, DE-66117 Saarbrücken, Germany; (J.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Herbert Shea
- LMTS Soft Transducers Laboratory, EPFL Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (H.S.)
| | - Stefan Seelecke
- Intelligent Material Systems Lab, Department of Systems Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, DE-66121 Saarbrücken, Germany;
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Yi J, Babick F, Strobel C, Rosset S, Ciarella L, Borin D, Wilson K, Anderson I, Richter A, Henke EFM. Characterizations and Inkjet Printing of Carbon Black Electrodes for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:41992-42003. [PMID: 37611072 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have been proposed as a promising technology for developing soft robotics and stretchable electronics due to their large actuation. Among available fabrication techniques, inkjet printing is a digital, mask-free, material-saving, and fast technology, making it versatile and appealing for fabricating DEA electrodes. However, there is still a lack of suitable materials for inkjet-printed electrodes. In this study, multiple carbon black (CB) inks were developed and tested as DEA electrodes inkjet-printed on acrylic membranes (VHB). Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TGME) and chlorobenzene (CLB) were selected to disperse CB. The inks' stability, particle size, surface tension, viscosity, electrical resistance, and printability were characterized. The DEA with Ink-TGME/CLB (mixture solvent) electrodes obtained 80.63% area strain, a new benchmark for the DEA actuation with CB powder electrodes on VHB. The novelty of this work involves the disclosure of a new ink recipe (TGME/CLB/CB) for inkjet printing that can obtain stable drop formations with a small nozzle (17 × 17 μm), high resolution (∼25 μm, approaching the limit of drop-on-demand inkjet printing), and the largest area strain of DEAs under similar conditions, distinguishing this contribution from the previous works, which is important for the fabrication and miniaturization of DEA-based soft and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Yi
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Babick
- Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Strobel
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samuel Rosset
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Luca Ciarella
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitry Borin
- Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Iain Anderson
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- PowerON Group, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- StretchSense Ltd., Auckland 1061, New Zealand
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - E-F Markus Henke
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- PowerON Group, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Eljaddi T, Cabassud C. Wetting-Based Comparison of Ag, Carbon Black, and MoS 2 Composite Membranes for Photothermal Membrane Distillation. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:780. [PMID: 37755202 PMCID: PMC10535641 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal membrane distillation is a new-generation desalination process that can take advantage of the ability of specific materials to convert solar energy to heat at the membrane surface and thus to overcome temperature polarization. The development of appropriate photothermal membranes is challenging because many criteria need to be considered, including light to heat conversion, permeability and low wetting, and fouling, as well as cost. Based on our experience with wetting characterization, this study compares photothermal membranes prepared using different well-known or promising materials, i.e., silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), carbon black, and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), in terms of their structural properties, permeability, wettability, and wetting. Accordingly, membranes with different proportions of photothermal NPs are prepared and fully characterized in this study. Wetting is investigated using the detection of dissolved tracer intrusion (DDTI) method following membrane distillation operations with saline solutions. The advantages of MoS2 and carbon black-based photothermal membranes in comparison with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes include both a permeability increase and a less severe wetting mechanism, with lower wetting indicators in the short term. These materials are also much cheaper than Ag NPs, having higher permeabilities and presenting less severe wetting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Cabassud
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Hao H, Zhu H, Zhang R, Wang W, Zhang Y. [Neurobehavioral damage and Th17 cell infiltration in mice exposed to nano carbon black]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2023; 52:702-709. [PMID: 37802892 DOI: 10.19813/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of nano-carbon black on neural behavior and Th17 cell infiltration in mice were investigated by establishing a mice model of subacute dynamic inhalation of carbon black aerosol. METHODS 36 SPF grade male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group(clean air), a low carbon black group(15 mg/m~3), and a high carbon black group(30 mg/m~3). Nano-carbon black particles were blown into the dynamic exposure cabinet by aerosol generator for 28 days. Morris water maze test and open field test were used to detect the neural behavior of mice. The pathological changes of prefrontal cortex in mice were observed by HE staining. The proportion of Th17/CD4~+ cells in peripheral blood and brain tissue of mice was detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of interleukin(IL)-17 and IL-23 in the prefrontal cortex of mice. RESULTS The result of open field test showed that compared with the control group, the central area residence time and standing times of mice in the low and high carbon black groups decreased significantly(P<0.05), and the defecation times of mice in the high carbon black group increased significantly(P<0.05). The central area residence time of mice in the high carbon black group was significantly lower than that in the low carbon black group(P<0.05). The Morris water maze result showed that the escape latency of the high carbon black group mice on the 3rd day was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05). Meanwhile, the escape latency of the carbon black group mice on the 4th day was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05). The positioning navigation test showed that the number of mice crossing the platform in the high carbon black group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). The HE staining result showed that the neural cells in the prefrontal cortex of the control group mice were round, the cytoplasm was plump and evenly distributed, and the nucleus was clearly visible in an oval shape. The low carbon black group showed that the neural cells were deep staining of nerve cells, blurred structure, and nuclear pyknosis. The high carbon black group further intensified. The flow cytometry result showed that compared with the control group, the percentage of Th17/CD4~+T cells in the peripheral blood of the carbon black group mice was significantly increased, and the high carbon black group mice were significantly higher than the low carbon black group(P<0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of Th17/CD4~+T cells in the brain tissue of carbon black treated mice significantly increased(P<0.05). The high carbon black group was significantly higher than the low carbon black group(P<0.05). Western blotting result showed that compared with the control group, the expression of IL-17 and IL-23 proteins in the prefrontal cortex of the carbon black group mice brain tissue was significantly increased(P<0.05). Compared with the low carbon black group, the expression of IL-17 and IL-23 proteins in the prefrontal cortex of the high carbon black group mice brain tissue was significantly increased(P<0.05). The difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION Nano-carbon black exposure can lead to an increase in Th17 cells in peripheral blood and brain tissue of mice, which in turn promotes damage to the prefrontal cortex of mice, and ultimately causes neurobehavioral changes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Weixuan Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
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Hsu BZ, Lai JK, Lee YH. La-based perovskites for capacity enhancement of Li-O 2 batteries. Front Chem 2023; 11:1264593. [PMID: 37720718 PMCID: PMC10502298 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1264593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Li-O2 batteries are a promising technology for the upcoming energy storage requirements because of their high theoretical specific energy density of 11,680 Wh kg-1. Currently, the actual capacity of Li-O2 batteries is much lower than this theoretical value. In many studies, perovskites have been applied as catalysts to improve the air electrode reactions in Li-O2 batteries. The effects of structure and doping on the catalytic activity of perovskites are still unclear. La1-xSrxCoO3-δ (x = 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) and La0.9Sr0.1YbO3-δ mixed with carbon black (Vulcan XC500 or Super P) were used as air electrode catalysts. Electrochemical characterizations were conducted using a Swagelok-type cell. The charge-discharge capacity and cyclic voltammetry (CV) performance were investigated in this study. The La1-xSrxCoO3-δ (x = 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) is a suitable cathode catalyst for Li-O2 batteries. In this study, the La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ/Super P cathode demonstrated the highest discharge capacity (6,032 mAh g-1). This excellent performance was attributed to the large reaction area and enhanced Li2CO3 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Naebpetch W, Thumrat S, Indriasari, Nakaramontri Y, Sattayanurak S. Effect of Glycerol as Processing Oil in Natural Rubber/ Carbon Black Composites: Processing, Mechanical, and Thermal Aging Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3599. [PMID: 37688225 PMCID: PMC10490132 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to study the effect of glycerol as a replacement for mineral oils in natural rubber (NR) composites to obtain suitable properties via cure characteristics, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. Glycerol was used at a 5 phr rate in the compound with carbon black as a reinforcing filler and was compared to mineral processing oils such as aromatic oil, treated distillate aromatic extracted oil, and paraffinic oil. Compared to the other oils, glycerol exhibits better maximum torque and torque differences. Also, a shorter scorch time, cure time, and a higher cure rate index of the compounds were observed. However, although the received mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and compression set of the vulcanized rubber using glycerol showed slightly lower values than the others, the 100% and 300% moduli, as well as the hardness of the composites filled with glycerol, exhibit better values relative to the other commercial oils. These findings demonstrate that glycerol overall presents a good balance of properties, making it beneficial to use glycerol as a substitute for mineral oil in tire, shoe sole, and rubber stopper applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerawut Naebpetch
- Department of Rubber and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, Phatthalung 93210, Thailand; (W.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Sutiwat Thumrat
- Department of Rubber and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, Phatthalung 93210, Thailand; (W.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Indriasari
- Advanced Material Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST B.J. Habibie, Serpong 15314, Indonesia;
| | - Yeampon Nakaramontri
- Sustainable Polymer & Innovative Composite Materials Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Suppachai Sattayanurak
- Department of Rubber and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, Phatthalung 93210, Thailand; (W.N.); (S.T.)
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23
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Magaletti F, Margani F, Monti A, Dezyani R, Prioglio G, Giese U, Barbera V, Galimberti MS. Adducts of Carbon Black with a Biosourced Janus Molecule for Elastomeric Composites with Lower Dissipation of Energy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3120. [PMID: 37514509 PMCID: PMC10383720 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastomer composites with low hysteresis are of great importance for sustainable development, as they find application in billions of tires. For these composites, a filler such as silica, able to establish a chemical bond with the elastomer chains, is used, in spite of its technical drawbacks. In this work, a furnace carbon black (CB) functionalized with polar groups was used in replacement of silica, obtaining lower hysteresis. CBN326 was functionalized with 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1,3-propanediol (serinol pyrrole, SP), and samples of CB/SP adducts were prepared with different SP content, ranging from four to seven parts per hundred carbon (phc). The entire process, from the synthesis of SP to the preparation of the CB/SP adduct, was characterized by a yield close to 80%. The functionalization did not alter the bulk structure of CB. Composites were prepared, based on diene rubbers-poly(1,4-cis-isoprene) from Hevea Brasiliensis and poly(1,4-cis-butadiene) in a first study and synthetic poly(1,4-cis-isoprene) in a second study-and were crosslinked with a sulfur-based system. A CB/silica hybrid filler system (30/35 parts) was used and the partial replacement (66% by volume) of silica with CB/SP was performed. The composites with CB/SP exhibited more efficient crosslinking, a lower Payne effect and higher dynamic rigidity, for all the SP content, with the effect of the functionalized CB consistently increasing the amount of SP. Lower hysteresis was obtained for the composites with CB/SP. A CB/SP adduct with approximately 6 phc of SP, used in place of silica, resulted in a reduction in ΔG'/G' of more than 10% and an increase in E' at 70 °C and in σ300 in tensile measurements of about 35% and 30%, respectively. The results of this work increase the degrees of freedom for preparing elastomer composites with low hysteresis, allowing for the use of either silica or CB as filler, with a potentially great impact on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Magaletti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Fatima Margani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Monti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Roshanak Dezyani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gea Prioglio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Ulrich Giese
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e. V., Eupener Straße 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vincenzina Barbera
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Stefano Galimberti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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24
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Tariq M, Utkarsh, Syed NA, Behravesh AH, Pop-Iliev R, Rizvi G. Optimization of Filler Compositions of Electrically Conductive Polypropylene Composites for the Manufacturing of Bipolar Plates. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3076. [PMID: 37514466 PMCID: PMC10383071 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, polypropylene (PP)-graphite composites were prepared using the melt mixing technique in a twin-screw extruder. Graphite, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), carbon black (CB), and expanded graphite (EG) were added to the PP in binary, ternary, and quaternary formations. The graphite was used as a primary filler, and MWCNT, CB, and EG were added to the PP-graphite composites as secondary fillers at different compositions. The secondary filler compositions were considered the control input factors of the optimization study. A full factorial design of the L-27 Orthogonal Array (OA) was used as a Design of Experiment (DOE). The through-plane electrical conductivity and flexural strength were considered the output responses. The experimental data were interpreted via Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the significance of each secondary filler. Furthermore, statistical modeling was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) to predict the properties of the composites as a function of filler composition. The empirical model for the filler formulation demonstrated an average accuracy of 83.9% and 93.4% for predicting the values of electrical conductivity and flexural strength, respectively. This comprehensive experimental study offers potential guidelines for producing electrically conductive thermoplastic composites for the manufacturing of bipolar fuel cell plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Utkarsh
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Nabeel Ahmed Syed
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Amir Hossein Behravesh
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Remon Pop-Iliev
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Ghaus Rizvi
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
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25
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Valentino SA, Seidel C, Lorcin M, Sébillaud S, Wolff H, Grossmann S, Viton S, Nunge H, Saarimäki LA, Greco D, Cosnier F, Gaté L. Identification of a Gene Signature Predicting (Nano)Particle-Induced Adverse Lung Outcome in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10890. [PMID: 37446067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are extensively used in industrial products or as food additives. However, despite their contribution to improving our quality of life, concerns have been raised regarding their potential impact on occupational and public health. To speed up research assessing nanoparticle-related hazards, this study was undertaken to identify early markers of harmful effects on the lungs. Female Sprague Dawley rats were either exposed to crystalline silica DQ-12 with instillation, or to titanium dioxide P25, carbon black Printex-90, or multi-walled carbon nanotube Mitsui-7 with nose-only inhalation. Tissues were collected at three post-exposure time points to assess short- and long-term effects. All particles induced lung inflammation. Histopathological and biochemical analyses revealed phospholipid accumulation, lipoproteinosis, and interstitial thickening with collagen deposition after exposure to DQ-12. Exposure to the highest dose of Printex-90 and Mitsui-7, but not P25, induced some phospholipid accumulation. Comparable histopathological changes were observed following exposure to P25, Printex-90, and Mitsui-7. Comparison of overall gene expression profiles identified 15 potential early markers of adverse lung outcomes induced by spherical particles. With Mitsui-7, a distinct gene expression signature was observed, suggesting that carbon nanotubes trigger different toxicity mechanisms to spherical particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Amandine Valentino
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Carole Seidel
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mylène Lorcin
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sylvie Sébillaud
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stéphane Grossmann
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Viton
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hervé Nunge
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laura Aliisa Saarimäki
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Gaté
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue du Morvan, F-54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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26
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Buchheiser S, Kistner F, Rhein F, Nirschl H. Spray Flame Synthesis and Multiscale Characterization of Carbon Black-Silica Hetero-Aggregates. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1893. [PMID: 37368323 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries requires constant improvements in the areas of production and recycling to reduce their environmental impact. In this context, this work presents a method for structuring carbon black aggregates by adding colloidal silica via a spray flame with the goal of opening up more choices for polymeric binders. The main focus of this research lies in the multiscale characterization of the aggregate properties via small-angle X-ray scattering, analytical disc centrifugation and electron microscopy. The results show successful formation of sinter-bridges between silica and carbon black leading to an increase in hydrodynamic aggregate diameter from 201 nm to up to 357 nm, with no significant changes in primary particle properties. However, segregation and coalescence of silica particles was identified for higher mass ratios of silica to carbon black, resulting in a reduction in the homogeneity of the hetero-aggregates. This effect was particularly evident for silica particles with larger diameters of 60 nm. Consequently, optimal conditions for hetero-aggregation were identified at mass ratios below 1 and particle sizes around 10 nm, at which homogenous distributions of silica within the carbon black structure were achieved. The results emphasise the general applicability of hetero-aggregation via spray flames with possible applications as battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Buchheiser
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Kistner
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Rhein
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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27
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Smajdor J, Paczosa-Bator B, Grabarczyk M, Piech R. Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with CB/TiO 2 Layer for Sensitive Determination of Sumatriptan by Means of Voltammetry and Flow Injection Analysis. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5397. [PMID: 37420564 DOI: 10.3390/s23125397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Sumatriptan is an organic chemical compound from the tryptamine group. It is used as a medicine for migraine attacks and in the treatment of cluster headaches. In this work, a new voltammetric method is proposed for highly sensitive SUM determination, using glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon black and titanium dioxide suspension. The novelty of the presented work is the usage of the mixture of carbon black and TiO2 as glassy carbon electrode modifier for the first time for SUM determination. The mentioned sensor was characterized by great repeatability and sensitivity of measurements, which resulted in the obtention of a wide range of linearity and a low detection limit. The electrochemical properties of the CB-TiO2/GC sensor was characterized using the LSV and EIS method. The effect of different factors on the SUM peak, such as supporting electrolyte type, preconcentration time and potential, or influence of interferents, were tested using the square wave voltammetry technique. The linear voltammetric response for the analyte was obtained in the concentration range of 5 nmol L-1 to 150 μmol L-1 with a detection limit of 2.9 nmol L-1 for a preconcentration time of 150 s in the 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer pH 6.0. The proposed method was successfully applied for highly sensitive sumatriptan determination in complex matrices, such as tablets, urine, and plasma, with a good recovery parameter (94-105%). The presented CB-TiO2/GC electrode is characterized by great stability, it was used for 6 weeks without significant changes in the SUM peak current. Amperometric and voltammetric measurements of SUM under the flow injection conditions were also performed to indicate the possibility of its fast and accurate determination with a time of single analysis of approx. 30 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smajdor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Paczosa-Bator
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Piech
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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28
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Niemiec B, Piech R, Paczosa-Bator B. All-Solid-State Carbon Black Paste Electrodes Modified by Poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and Transition Metal Oxides for Determination of Nitrate Ions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114313. [PMID: 37298788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents new paste ion-selective electrodes for the determination of nitrate ions in soil. The pastes used in the construction of the electrodes are based on carbon black doped with transition metal oxides: ruthenium, iridium, and polymer-poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl). The proposed pastes were electrically characterized by chronopotentiometry and broadly characterized potentiometrically. The tests showed that the metal admixtures used increased the electric capacitance of the pastes to 470 μF for the ruthenium-doped paste. The polymer additive used positively affects the stability of the electrode response. All tested electrodes were characterized by a sensitivity close to that of the Nernst equation. In addition, the proposed electrodes have a measurement range of 10-5 to 10-1 M NO3- ions. They are impervious to light conditions and pH changes in the range of 2-10. The utility of the electrodes presented in this work was demonstrated during measurements directly in soil samples. The electrodes presented in this paper show satisfactory metrological parameters and can be successfully used for determinations in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Niemiec
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Piech
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Paczosa-Bator
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland
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29
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Lubura J, Kočková O, Strachota B, Bera O, Pavlova E, Pavličević J, Ikonić B, Kojić P, Strachota A. Natural Rubber Composites Using Hydrothermally Carbonized Hardwood Waste Biomass as a Partial Reinforcing Filler-Part II: Mechanical, Thermal and Ageing (Chemical) Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102397. [PMID: 37242972 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber composites were reinforced by the co-fillers 'hydrochar' (HC), obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of hardwood sawdust and commercial carbon black (CB). The content of the combined fillers was kept constant while their ratio was varied. The aim was to test the suitability of HC as a partial filler in natural rubber. Due to its larger particle size and hence smaller specific surface area, large amounts of HC reduced the crosslinking density in the composites. On the other hand, due to its unsaturated organic character, HC was found to display interesting chemical effects: if it was used as the exclusive filler component, it displayed a very strong anti-oxidizing effect, which greatly stabilized the rubber composite against oxidative crosslinking (and hence embrittlement). HC also affected the vulcanization kinetics in different ways, depending on the HC/CB ratio. Composites with HC/CB ratios 20/30 and 10/40 displayed interesting chemical stabilization in combination with fairly good mechanical properties. The performed analyses included vulcanization kinetics, tensile properties, determination of density of permanent and reversible crosslinking in dry and swollen states, chemical stability tests including TGA, thermo-oxidative aging tests in air at 180 °C, simulated weathering in real use conditions ('Florida test'), and thermo-mechanical analyses of degraded samples. Generally, the results indicate that HC could be a promising filler material due to its specific reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lubura
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Olga Kočková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Beata Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Oskar Bera
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jelena Pavličević
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Ikonić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Predrag Kojić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Adam Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
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30
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Kirakosyan A, Lee D, Choi Y, Jung N, Choi J. Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-Grafted Carbon Black Synthesized by Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104168. [PMID: 37241908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to their excellent electrical conductivity and robust mechanical properties, carbon-based nanocomposites are being used in a wide range of applications and devices, such as electromagnetic wave interference shielding, electronic devices, and fuel cells. While several approaches have been developed for synthesizing carbon nanotubes and carbon-black-based polymer nanocomposites, most studies have focused on the simple blending of the carbon material with a polymer matrix. However, this results in uncontrolled interactions between the carbon filler and the polymer chains, leading to the agglomeration of the carbon filler. Herein, we report a new strategy for synthesizing sulfonated polystyrene (PSS)-grafted carbon black nanoparticles (NPs) via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization. Treatments with O2 plasma and H2O2 result in the effective attachment of the appropriate initiator to the carbon black NPs, thus allowing for the controlled formation of the PSS brushes. The high polymeric processability and desirable mechanical properties of the PSS-grafted carbon black NPs enable them suitable for use in nonfluorinated-hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells, which must exhibit high proton conductivity without interrupting the network of channels consisting of ionic clusters (i.e., sulfonic acid moieties).
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Affiliation(s)
- Artavazd Kirakosyan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseong Choi
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology (GEST), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Namgee Jung
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology (GEST), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Albright T, Hobeck J. Investigating the Electromechanical Properties of Carbon Black-Based Conductive Polymer Composites via Stochastic Modeling. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13101641. [PMID: 37242057 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) have shown potential for structural health monitoring applications based on repeated findings of irreversible transducer electromechanical property change due to fatigue. In this research, a high-fidelity stochastic modeling framework is explored for predicting the electromechanical properties of spherical element-based CPC materials at bulk scales. CPC dogbone specimens are manufactured via casting and their electromechanical properties are characterized via uniaxial tensile testing. Model parameter tuning, demonstrated in previous works, is deployed for improved simulation fidelity. Modeled predictions are found in agreement with experimental results and compared to predictions from a popular analytical model in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Albright
- Alan Levin Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jared Hobeck
- Alan Levin Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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32
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Kim JH. Ex Situ Study on the Co-Preparation of Pitch and Carbon Black from Petroleum Residue to Improve the Cost-Efficiency of the Pitch Synthesis Plant. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093592. [PMID: 37176474 PMCID: PMC10180152 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to improve the economic efficiency of the pitch synthesis reaction on the pilot plant by optimizing the pitch synthesis reaction and utilization of the byproduct. The pitch was synthesized using a 150 L pilot plant with pyrolyzed fuel oil as a precursor. The pitch synthesis reaction is carried out through volatilization and polycondensation, which occur at 300 and 400 °C. Volatilization is terminated during heating; thus, additional soaking time is meaningless and reduces the process efficiency. Soaking time is a major variable when the synthesis temperature exceeds 400 °C. The byproduct is generated through volatilization; thus, its chemical characteristics are only influenced by the reaction temperature. The byproduct consists of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The average molecular weight and yield of the byproduct increase with the reaction temperature. Carbon black was synthesized using chemical vapor deposition from the byproduct. The particle size of carbon black was controlled by the used precursor (byproduct), and the electrical conductivity of prepared carbon black has a maximum of 58.0 S/cm. Therefore, carbon black, which is synthesized from the byproduct of pitch synthesis, is expected to be used as a precursor for conductive material used in lithium-ion batteries or supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Kim
- C1 Gas & Carbon Convergent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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33
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Chen J, Hu M, Li Y, Li R, Qing L. Significant Influence of Bound Rubber Thickness on the Rubber Reinforcement Effect. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092051. [PMID: 37177198 PMCID: PMC10181254 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the contribution of different types of carbon blacks (N115, N330, N550, N660) and their primary and secondary thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks to the mechanical properties of NR composites was evaluated. The thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks were prepared by cracking the rubber composites at 500 °C and de-hybridizing them at 900 °C. The characterization of the thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that carbon blacks after primary and secondary thermal cracking recovery were more prone to aggregation and exhibited a higher degree of carbon defects. The number and type of functional groups on the surface of these carbon blacks were significantly reduced. For NR composites with pristine samples added, the mechanical properties and the bound rubber content tests showed that the mechanical properties of the NR composites became weaker with the increase in carbon black particle size. The bound rubber content also decreased with increased carbon black particle size. The mechanical properties of the NR composites reinforced with carbon black recovered by primary and secondary thermal cracking would therefore decrease. The results of AFM and DSC tests further confirmed the decreasing trend of bound rubber. The present work demonstrates the effect of bound rubber content variation on the mechanical properties of rubber, demonstrates the morphology of bound rubber more visually, and provides new insights into the reinforcement theory of CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Maoyuan Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Yuming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Long Qing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Zigong 643000, China
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34
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Melo DS, Reis IC, Queiroz JC, Cena CR, Nahime BO, Malmonge JA, Silva MJ. Evaluation of Piezoresistive and Electrical Properties of Conductive Nanocomposite Based on Castor-Oil Polyurethane Filled with MWCNT and Carbon Black. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3223. [PMID: 37110058 PMCID: PMC10143113 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible films of a conductive polymer nanocomposite-based castor oil polyurethane (PUR), filled with different concentrations of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles or multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were obtained by a casting method. The piezoresistive, electrical, and dielectric properties of the PUR/MWCNT and PUR/CB composites were compared. The dc electrical conductivity of both PUR/MWCNT and PUR/CB nanocomposites exhibited strong dependences on the concentration of conducting nanofillers. Their percolation thresholds were 1.56 and 1.5 mass%, respectively. Above the threshold percolation level, the electrical conductivity value increased from 1.65 × 10-12 for the matrix PUR to 2.3 × 10-3 and 1.24 × 10-5 S/m for PUR/MWCNT and PUR/CB samples, respectively. Due to the better CB dispersion in the PUR matrix, the PUR/CB nanocomposite exhibited a lower percolation threshold value, corroborated by scanning electron microscopy images. The real part of the alternating conductivity of the nanocomposites was in accordance with Jonscher's law, indicating that conduction occurred by hopping between states in the conducting nanofillers. The piezoresistive properties were investigated under tensile cycles. The nanocomposites exhibited piezoresistive responses and, thus, could be used as piezoresistive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego S. Melo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
- Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Idalci C. Reis
- Science and Technology Goiano, Federal Institute of Education, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil
| | - Júlio C. Queiroz
- Science and Technology Goiano, Federal Institute of Education, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil
| | - Cicero R. Cena
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Bacus O. Nahime
- Science and Technology Goiano, Federal Institute of Education, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil
| | - José A. Malmonge
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael J. Silva
- Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil
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35
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Vizcaíno-Vergara M, Kari L, Tunnicliffe LB, Busfield JJC. Evolution of the Viscoelastic Properties of Filler Reinforced Rubber under Physical Aging at Room Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071806. [PMID: 37050420 PMCID: PMC10098797 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Filler reinforced rubber is widely used for engineering applications; therefore, a sound characterization of the effects of physical aging is crucial for accurately predicting its viscoelastic properties within its operational temperature range. Here, the torsion pendulum is used to monitor the evolution of the storage and loss modulus of carbon black filled samples for four days after a temperature drop to 30 °C. The storage modulus presents a continuous increase, while the loss modulus generally displays a steady decrease throughout the four days that each test was conducted. The relationship of the recovery rates with the carbon black properties is also studied, analysing its dependency on the particle size and aggregate structure. The evolution of the recovery rate seems to depend linearly on the surface area while the carbon black structure appears to have a much weaker influence on the physical aging behavior for the set of compounds tested. The obtained results corroborate the presence of physical aging at room temperature for filler rubber materials and the ability of the torsion pendulum to monitor the storage and loss modulus change, providing pivotal data on the influence of physical aging on the viscoelastic properties of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vizcaíno-Vergara
- The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research (MWL), Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 8, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Leif Kari
- The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research (MWL), Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 8, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - James J C Busfield
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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36
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Ma L, Xue Y, Liu ZH, Cui H, Zhang N, Jiang R. Atomically Dispersed Fe-N 4 Sites and NiFe-LDH Sub-Nanoclusters as an Excellent Air Cathode for Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:16732-16743. [PMID: 36972415 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sluggish four-electron processes of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limit the development of rechargeable Zn-air batteries (RZABs). Highly efficient ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalysts are therefore highly desired for the commercialization of RZABs in large scale. Herein, the Fe-N4-C (ORR active sites) and NiFe-LDH clusters (OER active sites) are successfully integrated within a NiFe-LDH/Fe,N-CB electrocatalyst. The NiFe-LDH/Fe,N-CB electrocatalyst is first prepared by the introduction of Fe-N4 into carbon black (CB), followed by the growth of NiFe-LDH clusters. The cluster nature of NiFe-LDH effectively avoids the blocking of Fe-N4-C ORR active centers and affords excellent OER activity. The NiFe-LDH/Fe,N-CB electrocatalyst thus exhibits an excellent bifunctional ORR and OER performance, with a potential gap of only 0.71 V. The NiFe-LDH/Fe,N-CB-based RZAB exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 1.565 V and a specific capacity of 731 mAh gZn-1, which is much better than the RZAB composed of Pt/C and IrO2. Particularly, the NiFe-LDH/Fe,N-CB-based RZAB displays excellent long-term charging/discharging cyclic stability and rechargeability. Even at a large charging/discharging current density (20 mA cm-2), the charging/discharging voltage gap is only ∼1.33 V and exhibits an increase smaller than 5% after 140 cycles. This work provides a new low-cost bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalyst with high activity and superior long-term stability and will be helpful to the commercialization of RZAB in large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yaping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lixia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yanzhong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zong-Huai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Huali Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yanan University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ruibin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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37
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Silva RM, da Silva AD, Camargo JR, de Castro BS, Meireles LM, Silva PS, Janegitz BC, Silva TA. Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing Applications. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13040453. [PMID: 37185528 PMCID: PMC10136782 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors consisting of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are recurrent devices in the recent literature for applications in different fields of interest and contribute to the expanding electroanalytical chemistry field. This is due to inherent characteristics that can be better (or only) achieved with the use of SPEs, including miniaturization, cost reduction, lower sample consumption, compatibility with portable equipment, and disposability. SPEs are also quite versatile; they can be manufactured using different formulations of conductive inks and substrates, and are of varied designs. Naturally, the analytical performance of SPEs is directly affected by the quality of the material used for printing and modifying the electrodes. In this sense, the most varied carbon nanomaterials have been explored for the preparation and modification of SPEs, providing devices with an enhanced electrochemical response and greater sensitivity, in addition to functionalized surfaces that can immobilize biological agents for the manufacture of biosensors. Considering the relevance and timeliness of the topic, this review aimed to provide an overview of the current scenario of the use of carbonaceous nanomaterials in the context of making electrochemical SPE sensors, from which different approaches will be presented, exploring materials traditionally investigated in electrochemistry, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and those more recently investigated for this (carbon quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, and biochar). Perspectives on the use and expansion of these devices are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Matias Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Rocha Camargo
- Laboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine, and Nanostructured Materials, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Laís Muniz Meireles
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Timóteo 35180-008, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Laboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine, and Nanostructured Materials, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Almeida Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
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38
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Ianăşi C, Svera (m. Ianăşi) P, Popa A, Lazău R, Negrea A, Negrea P, Duteanu N, Ciopec M, Nemes NS. Adsorbent Material Based on Carbon Black and Bismuth with Tunable Properties for Gold Recovery. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2837. [PMID: 37049135 PMCID: PMC10096360 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption recovery of precious metals on a variety of solid substrates has steadily gained increased attention in recent years. Special attention was paid to the studies on the characterization of the adsorptive properties of materials with a high affinity for gold depending on the nature of the pendant groups present in the structure of the material. The aim of the present work was to synthesize and characterize a new material by using the sol-gel synthesis method (designated as BCb/CB). In this case, synthesis involved the following precursors: bismuth carbonate (III), carbon black, and IGEPAL surfactant (octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol). Immobilization of the heterojunction as bismuth oxide over a flexible support such as carbon black (CB) can prevent their elution in solution and make it versatile for its use in a system. In this work, a new adsorbent material based on bismuth carbonate supported over carbon black (BCb/CB) was developed and used further for gold recovery from aqueous solutions. The required material was characterized physically/chemically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX); X-ray diffraction (XRD); thermal analysis (DTG/DTA); atomic force microscopy (AFM). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method was used to determine the specific surface area indicating a value of approximately 40 m2/g, higher than the surface of CB precursor (36 m2/g). The adsorptive properties and the adsorption mechanism of the materials were highlighted in order to recover Au(III). For this, static adsorption studies were carried out. The parameters that influence the adsorption process were studied, namely: the pH, the contact time, the temperature, and the initial concentration of the gold ions in the used solution. In order to establish the mechanism of the adsorption process, kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium studies were carried out. Experimental data proved that the gold recovery can be conducted with maximum performance at pH 3, at room temperature. Thermodynamic studies proved that the gold adsorption on BCb/CB material is a spontaneous and endothermal process. The results indicate a total adsorption capacity of 13.1 mg Au(III)/g material. By using this material in real solutions, a recovery efficiency of 90.5% was obtained, concomitant with a higher selectivity (around 95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Ianăşi
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politechnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Paula Svera (m. Ianăşi)
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 144th Dr. A.P. Podeanu Street, 300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandru Popa
- Coriolan Drăgulescu Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazul, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Lazău
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politechnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adina Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politechnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Petru Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politechnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Narcis Duteanu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politechnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ciopec
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politechnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta-Sorina Nemes
- Renewable Energy Research Institute-ICER, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 138 Gavril Musicescu Street, 300501 Timisoara, Romania
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39
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Prado ESP, Miranda FS, Marquesi AR, Essiptchouk A, Labat Amaral GA, da Silva Sobrinho AS, Petraconi G, Baldan MR. Theoretical and experimental approach of fuel gas and carbon black production from coal tar pitch by thermal plasma process. Environ Technol 2023; 44:1379-1391. [PMID: 34739358 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The processing of coal tar pitch (CTP) to produce clean fuel gas and carbon black (CB) is studied in a plasma reactor equipped with a direct-current plasma torch. The composition of the gas produced and energy costs were estimated theoretically for the CTP pyrolysis and gasification processes by two oxidants, namely oxygen and water vapor. We have found that the main gaseous compounds obtained in the pyrolysis and gasification processes are hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and very often carbon dioxide (CO2). For the pyrolysis case, the mean value of the synthesis gas concentration reaches a major value of 98 vol.% (H2 - 81 vol.%, CO - 17. vol.%). However, only 23% of the initial CTP is transformed into gas phase at 1100 K and its content increases up to 37.4% at a temperature of 3000 K. For oxygen gasification, the syngas quantity is little less compared to the pyrolysis case and attains 96.6 vol.% (H2 - 26.5 vol.%, CO - 70.1 vol.%) for T > 1100 K. An intermediate syngas content for the water steam gasification is 97.8 vol.% (with H2 - 55.8 vol.% and CO - 42.0 vol.%). The CB produced was composed of well-defined spherical particles of 30-nm size. Furthermore, it is composed of carbon (98.2%), and followed by oxygen (1.8%) with a surface area of 97 m2 g-1. The thermal plasma system shows high efficiency in conversion of CTP into high-value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S P Prado
- National Institute of Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Technological Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - F S Miranda
- Technological Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - A R Marquesi
- Technological Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - A Essiptchouk
- São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - G A Labat Amaral
- National Institute of Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - G Petraconi
- Technological Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - M R Baldan
- National Institute of Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
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40
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Orfeo A, Tubaldi E, McAlorum J, Perry M, Ahmadi H, McDonald H. Self-Sensing Rubber for Bridge Bearing Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3150. [PMID: 36991861 PMCID: PMC10057651 DOI: 10.3390/s23063150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Elastomeric bearings are widely used in bridges to support the superstructure, to transfer loads to substructures, and to accommodate movements induced by, for example, temperature changes. Bearing mechanical properties affect the bridge's performance and its response to permanent and variable loadings (e.g., traffic). This paper describes the research carried out at Strathclyde towards the development of smart elastomeric bearings that can be used as a low-cost sensing technology for bridge and/or weigh-in-motion monitoring. An experimental campaign was performed, under laboratory conditions, on various natural rubber (NR) specimens enhanced with different conductive fillers. Each specimen was characterized under loading conditions that replicated in-situ bearings to determine their mechanical and piezoresistive properties. Relatively simple models can be used to describe the relationship between rubber bearing resistivity and deformation changes. Gauge factors (GFs) in the range between 2 and 11 are obtained, depending on the compound and the applied loading. Experiments were also carried out to show that the developed model can be used to predict the state of deformation of the bearings under random loadings of different amplitudes that are characteristic of the passage of traffic over a bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Orfeo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde; Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Enrico Tubaldi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde; Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Jack McAlorum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde; Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Marcus Perry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde; Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Hamid Ahmadi
- Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre-TARRC, Hertford SG13 8NL, UK
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41
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RaviChandran N, Teo MY, McDaid A, Aw K. Conformable Electrode Arrays for Wearable Neuroprostheses. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2982. [PMID: 36991692 PMCID: PMC10054495 DOI: 10.3390/s23062982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electrode arrays can selectively stimulate muscle groups by modulating their shape, size, and position over a targeted region. They can potentially revolutionize personalized rehabilitation by being noninvasive and allowing easy donning and doffing. Nevertheless, users should feel comfortable using such arrays, as they are typically worn for an extended time period. Additionally, to deliver safe and selective stimulation, these arrays must be tailored to a user's physiology. Fabricating customizable electrode arrays needs a rapid and economical technique that accommodates scalability. By leveraging a multilayer screen-printing technique, this study aims to develop personalizable electrode arrays by embedding conductive materials into silicone-based elastomers. Accordingly, the conductivity of a silicone-based elastomer was altered by adding carbonaceous material. The 1:8 and 1:9 weight ratio percentages of carbon black (CB) to elastomer achieved conductivities between 0.0021-0.0030 S cm-1 and were suitable for transcutaneous stimulation. Moreover, these ratios maintained their stimulation performance after several stretching cycles of up to 200%. Thus, a soft, conformable electrode array with a customizable design was demonstrated. Lastly, the efficacy of the proposed electrode arrays to stimulate hand function tasks was evaluated by in vivo experiments. The demonstration of such arrays encourages the realization of cost-effective, wearable stimulation systems for hand function restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narrendar RaviChandran
- Medical Devices and Technologies Group, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Mei Ying Teo
- Smart Materials and Microtechnologies Group, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McDaid
- Medical Devices and Technologies Group, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kean Aw
- Smart Materials and Microtechnologies Group, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Albright T, Hobeck J. Characterization of Carbon-Black-Based Nanocomposite Mixtures of Varying Dispersion for Improving Stochastic Model Fidelity. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13050916. [PMID: 36903793 PMCID: PMC10005693 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black nanocomposites are complex systems that show potential for engineering applications. Understanding the influence of preparation methods on the engineering properties of these materials is critical for widespread deployment. In this study, the fidelity of a stochastic fractal aggregate placement algorithm is explored. A high-speed spin-coater is deployed for the creation of nanocomposite thin films of varying dispersion characteristics, which are imaged via light microscopy. Statistical analysis is performed and compared to 2D image statistics of stochastically generated RVEs with comparable volumetric properties. Correlations between simulation variables and image statistics are examined. Future and current works are discussed.
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Lubura J, Kobera L, Abbrent S, Pavlova E, Strachota B, Bera O, Pavličević J, Ikonić B, Kojić P, Strachota A. Natural Rubber Composites Using Hydrothermally Carbonized Hardwood Waste Biomass as a Partial Reinforcing Filler- Part I: Structure, Morphology, and Rheological Effects during Vulcanization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051176. [PMID: 36904417 PMCID: PMC10007617 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new generation biomass-based filler for natural rubber, 'hydrochar' (HC), was obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of hardwood waste (sawdust). It was intended as a potential partial replacement for the traditional carbon black (CB) filler. The HC particles were found (TEM) to be much larger (and less regular) than CB: 0.5-3 µm vs. 30-60 nm, but the specific surface areas were relatively close to each other (HC: 21.4 m2/g vs. CB: 77.8 m2/g), indicating a considerable porosity of HC. The carbon content of HC was 71%, up from 46% in sawdust feed. FTIR and 13C-NMR analyses indicated that HC preserved its organic character, but it strongly differs from both lignin and cellulose. Experimental rubber nanocomposites were prepared, in which the content of the combined fillers was set at 50 phr (31 wt.%), while the HC/CB ratios were varied between 40/10 and 0/50. Morphology investigations proved a fairly even distribution of HC and CB, as well as the disappearance of bubbles after vulcanization. Vulcanization rheology tests demonstrated that the HC filler does not hinder the process, but it significantly influences vulcanization chemistry, canceling scorch time on one hand and slowing down the reaction on the other. Generally, the results suggest that rubber composites in which 10-20 phr of CB are replaced by HC might be promising materials. The use of HC in the rubber industry would represent a high-tonnage application for hardwood waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lubura
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Libor Kobera
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Abbrent
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Beata Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Oskar Bera
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Pavličević
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Ikonić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Predrag Kojić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Adam Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 00 Praha, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (A.S.)
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Al-Qahtani AM, Ali S, Khan A, Bermak A. Performance Optimization of Wearable Printed Human Body Temperature Sensor Based on Silver Interdigitated Electrode and Carbon-Sensing Film. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1869. [PMID: 36850466 PMCID: PMC9964601 DOI: 10.3390/s23041869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The human body's temperature is one of the most important vital markers due to its ability to detect various diseases early. Accurate measurement of this parameter has received considerable interest in the healthcare sector. We present a novel study on the optimization of a temperature sensor based on silver interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and carbon-sensing film. The sensor was developed on a flexible Kapton thin film first by inkjet printing the silver IDEs, followed by screen printing a sensing film made of carbon black. The IDE finger spacing and width of the carbon film were both optimized, which considerably improved the sensor's sensitivity throughout a wide temperature range that fully covers the temperature of human skin. The optimized sensor demonstrated an acceptable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 3.93 × 10-3 °C-1 for temperature sensing between 25 °C and 50 °C. The proposed sensor was tested on the human body to measure the temperature of various body parts, such as the forehead, neck, and palm. The sensor showed a consistent and reproducible temperature reading with a quick response and recovery time, exhibiting adequate capability to sense skin temperatures. This wearable sensor has the potential to be employed in a variety of applications, such as soft robotics, epidermal electronics, and soft human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M. Al-Qahtani
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Khan
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
| | - Amine Bermak
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
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Jung JK, Lee JH, Jeon SK, Tak NH, Chung NK, Baek UB, Lee SH, Lee CH, Choi MC, Kang HM, Bae JW, Moon WJ. Correlations between H 2 Permeation and Physical/Mechanical Properties in Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Polymers Blended with Carbon Black and Silica Fillers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032865. [PMID: 36769186 PMCID: PMC9917398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
H2 permeation in peroxide-crosslinked EPDM blended with carbon black (CB) and silica fillers was studied at pressures ranging from 1.2 MPa to 90 MPa via the volumetric analysis technique. H2 uptake in the CB-filled EPDM revealed dual-sorption behaviors via Henry's law and the Langmuir model, which were attributed to H2 absorption by the polymer chains and H2 adsorption at the filler interfaces, respectively. Additionally, single-sorption mechanisms were observed for neat EPDM and silica-blended EPDM according to Henry's law, indicating H2 absorption by the polymer chain. The linear decreases in the diffusivity with filler content for the silica-blended EPDMs were attributed to increases in the diffusion paths caused by the filler. Exponential decreases in the diffusivity with increasing filler content and in the permeation with the physical/mechanical properties for CB-filled EPDMs were caused by decreases in the fractional free volume due to increased densities for the EPDM composites. Moreover, good filler-dependent correlations between permeability and density, hardness, and tensile strength were demonstrated for EPDMs used as sealing materials for O-rings. From the resulting equation, we predicted the permeation value without further measurements. Thus, we can select EPDM candidates satisfying the permeation guidelines used in hydrogen infrastructure for the future hydrogen economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae K. Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
| | - Ji H. Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang K. Jeon
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae H. Tak
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak K. Chung
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Un B. Baek
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Si H. Lee
- Department of Biochemical and Polymer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang H. Lee
- Department of Biochemical and Polymer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung C. Choi
- Rubber Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun M. Kang
- Rubber Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong W. Bae
- Rubber Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea
| | - Won J. Moon
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Moseenkov SI, Kuznetsov VL, Zolotarev NA, Kolesov BA, Prosvirin IP, Ishchenko AV, Zavorin AV. Investigation of Amorphous Carbon in Nanostructured Carbon Materials (A Comparative Study by TEM, XPS, Raman Spectroscopy and XRD). Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1112. [PMID: 36770119 PMCID: PMC9919804 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous carbon (AC) is present in the bulk and on the surface of nanostructured carbon materials (NCMs) and exerts a significant effect on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of NCMs. Thus, the determination of AC in NCMs is extremely important for controlling the properties of a wide range of materials. In this work, a comparative study of the effect of heat treatment on the structure and content of amorphous carbon in deposited AC film, nanodiamonds, carbon black and multiwalled carbon nanotube samples was carried out by TEM, XPS, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. It has been established that the use of the 7-peak model for fitting the Raman spectra makes it possible not only to isolate the contribution of the modes of amorphous carbon but also to improve the accuracy of fitting the fundamental G and D2 (D) modes and obtain a satisfactory convergence between XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The use of this model for fitting the Raman spectra of deposited AC film, ND, CB and MWCNT films demonstrated its validity and effectiveness for investigating the amorphous carbon in various carbon systems and its applicability in comparative studies of other NCMs.
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Alrashidi A, El-Sherif AM, Ahmed J, Faisal M, Alsaiari M, Algethami JS, Moustafa MI, Abahussain AAM, Harraz FA. A Sensitive Hydroquinone Amperometric Sensor Based on a Novel Palladium Nanoparticle/Porous Silicon/Polypyrrole- Carbon Black Nanocomposite. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:178. [PMID: 36831944 PMCID: PMC9953257 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to hydroquinone (HQ) can cause various health hazards and negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, we developed an efficient electrochemical sensor to detect and quantify HQ based on palladium nanoparticles deposited in a porous silicon-polypyrrole-carbon black nanocomposite (Pd@PSi-PPy-C)-fabricated glassy carbon electrode. The structural and morphological characteristics of the newly fabricated Pd@PSi-PPy-C nanocomposite were investigated utilizing FESEM, TEM, EDS, XPS, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. The exceptionally higher sensitivity of 3.0156 μAμM-1 cm-2 and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.074 μM were achieved for this innovative electrochemical HQ sensor. Applying this novel modified electrode, we could detect wide-ranging HQ (1-450 μM) in neutral pH media. This newly fabricated HQ sensor showed satisfactory outcomes during the real sample investigations. During the analytical investigation, the Pd@PSi-PPy-C/GCE sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. Hence, this work can be an effective method in developing a sensitive electrochemical sensor to detect harmful phenol derivatives for the green environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alrashidi
- Engineering College, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M. El-Sherif
- Engineering College, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jahir Ahmed
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Faisal
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mabkhoot Alsaiari
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Empty Quarter Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah 68342, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jari S. Algethami
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulaziz A. M. Abahussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid A. Harraz
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Empty Quarter Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah 68342, Saudi Arabia
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Mariappan K, Alagarsamy S, Chen SM, Sakthinathan S. Fabrication of ZnWO 4/ Carbon Black Nanocomposites Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Enhanced Electrochemical Determination of Ciprofloxacin in Environmental Water Samples. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:741. [PMID: 36676478 PMCID: PMC9861401 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The major problem facing humanity in the world right now is the sustainable provision of water and electricity. Therefore, it is essential to advance methods for the long-term elimination or removal of organic contaminants in the biosphere. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is one of the most harmful pollutants affecting human health through improper industrial usage. In this study, a zinc tungsten oxide (ZnWO4) nanomaterial was prepared with a simple hydrothermal synthesis. The ZnWO4/Carbon black nanocomposites were fabricated for the determination of CIP. The nanocomposites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical studies were done using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry methods. Based on the electrode preparation, the electrochemical detection of CIP was carried out, producing exceptional electrocatalytic performance with a limit of detection of 0.02 μM and an excellent sensitivity of (1.71 μA μM-1 cm-2). In addition, the modified electrode displayed great selectivity and acceptable recoveries in an environmental water sample analysis for CIP detection of 97.6% to 99.2%. The technique demonstrated high sensitivity, selectivity, outstanding consistency, and promise for use in ciprofloxacin detection. Ciprofloxacin was discovered using this brand-new voltammetry technique in a water sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruthika Mariappan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung−Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Saranvignesh Alagarsamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung−Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung−Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Subramanian Sakthinathan
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Zhong-Xiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Willian TP, Fasolt B, Motzki P, Rizzello G, Seelecke S. Effects of Electrode Materials and Compositions on the Resistance Behavior of Dielectric Elastomer Transducers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36679190 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer (DE) transducers possess various advantages in comparison to alternative actuator technologies, such as, e.g., electromagnetic drive systems. DE can achieve large deformations, high driving frequencies, and are energy efficient. DEs consist of a dielectric membrane sandwiched between conductive electrodes. Electrodes are especially important for performance, as they must maintain high electrical conductivity while being subjected to large stretches. Low electrical resistances allow faster actuation frequencies. Additionally, a rate-independent, monotonic, and hysteresis-free resistance behavior over large elongations enables DEs to be used as resistive deformation sensors, in contrast to the conventional capacitive ones. This paper presents a systematic study on various electrode compositions consisting of different polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and nano-scaled carbon blacks (CB). The experiments show that the electrode resistance depends on the weight ratio of CB to PDMS, and the type of CB used. At low ratios, a high electrical resistance accompanied by a bimodal behavior in the resistance time evolution was observed, when stretching the electrodes cyclic in a triangular manner. This phenomenon decreases with increasing CB ratio. The type of PDMS also influences the resistance characteristics during elongation. Finally, a physical model of the observed phenomenon is presented.
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50
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Jung JK, Lee JH, Jeon SK, Baek UB, Lee SH, Lee CH, Moon WJ. H(2) Uptake and Diffusion Characteristics in Sulfur-Crosslinked Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Polymer Composites with Carbon Black and Silica Fillers after High-Pressure Hydrogen Exposure Reaching 90 MPa. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15. [PMID: 36616510 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of two fillers-CB (carbon black) and silica-on the H2 permeation of EPDM polymers crosslinked with sulfur in the pressure ranges 1.2-90 MPa. H2 uptake in the CB-blended EPDM revealed dual sorption (Henry's law and Langmuir model) when exposed to pressure. This phenomenon indicates that H2 uptake is determined by the polymer chain and filler-surface absorption characteristics. Moreover, single sorption characteristics for neat and silica-blended EPDM specimens obey Henry's law, indicating that H2 uptake is dominated by polymer chain absorption. The pressure-dependent diffusivity for the CB-filled EPDM is explained by Knudsen and bulk diffusion, divided at the critical pressure region. The neat and silica-blended EPDM specimens revealed that bulk diffusion behaviors decrease with decreasing pressure. The H2 diffusivities in CB-filled EPDM composites decrease because the impermeable filler increases the tortuosity in the polymer and causes filler-polymer interactions; the linear decrease in diffusivity in silica-blended EPDM was attributed to an increase in the tortuosity. Good correlations of permeability with density and tensile strength were observed. From the investigated relationships, it is possible to select EPDM candidates with the lowest H2-permeation properties as seal materials to prevent gas leakage under high pressure in H2-refueling stations.
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