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Shrivastava S, Upadhyay A, Pradhan SS, Saha S, Singh A. Evolution Kinetics of Stabilizing Pickering Emulsion by Brush-Modified Janus Particles: DPD Simulation and Experimental Insights. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:13920-13934. [PMID: 38809114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the evolution of stabilizing Pickering emulsions using brush-modified Janus particles (JPs), utilizing the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation technique. Our results are subsequently corroborated with experimental findings. Each JP has one-half of the hydrophobic surface, with the other half embedded with hydrophilic polymer brushes grown via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Our generic simulation model analyzes the chemical kinetics of polymer brush growth on one-half of the initiator-embedded microparticle (MP) surface, resulting in the formation of JP. This involves evaluating monomer conversion and reaction rates. Our results exhibit a substantial influence of the number of JPs, grafted brush density, and brush length on oil-in-water emulsion stability. We studied the evolution kinetics and stability of emulsion formation by analyzing the growth of average domain size and corresponding scaling functions up to a late time limit. This study aims to clarify the connection between the size, quantity, and functionality of JPs and the stability of Pickering emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Shrivastava
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashank Upadhyay
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Awaneesh Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Singh AK, Chauhan A, Singh A. Growth kinetics and morphology characterization of binary polymeric fluid under random photo-illumination. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:024907. [PMID: 38193555 DOI: 10.1063/5.0181688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study using dissipative particle dynamics simulations to investigate phase separation kinetics (PSK) in three-dimensional (3d) polymeric fluids under random photo-illumination. We consider two scenarios: polymer blends with active radicals at one end of each immiscible chain and block copolymer (BCP) melts with photosensitive bonds linking incompatible blocks. The phase separation (PS) is induced by temperature quench of the initial homogeneously mixed system. Simultaneously, the system experiences random photo-illumination, simulated by two concurrent random events: (a) the recombination of active radicals in polymer blends and (b) the breaking of photosensitive bonds in BCP chains. Variations in the bond-breaking probability, Pb, mimic the change in light intensity. The length scale follows power law growth, R(t) ∼ tϕ, where ϕ represents the growth exponent. Increasing Pb results in a gradual transition in growth kinetics from micro-PS to macro-PS, accompanied by corresponding transition probabilities for both systems. Micro-PSK dominates the evolution process at low Pb values. The scaling functions exhibit data overlap for most scaled distances, indicating the statistical self-similarity of evolving patterns. Our study enhances the understanding of PSK in polymeric fluids, revealing the impact of photosensitive bonds and active radicals. Furthermore, it suggests the potential for designing novel polymeric materials with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Avinash Chauhan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Awaneesh Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Shrivastava S, Ifra, Saha S, Singh A. Dissipative particle dynamics simulation study on ATRP-brush modification of variably shaped surfaces and biopolymer adsorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17986-18003. [PMID: 35856807 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01749k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation study on the surface modification of initiator embedded microparticles (MPs) of different shapes via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) brush growth. The surface-initiated ATRP-brush growth leads to the formation of a more globular MP shape. We perform the comparative analysis of ATRP-brush growth on three different forms of particle surfaces: cup surface, spherical surface, and flat surface (rectangular/disk-shaped). First, we establish the chemical kinetics of the brush growth: the monomer conversion and the reaction rates. Next, we discuss the structural changes (shape-modification) of brush-modified surfaces by computing the radial distribution function, spatial density distribution, radius of gyration, hydrodynamic radius, and shape factor. The polymer brush-modified particles are well known as the carrier materials for enzyme immobilization. Finally, we study the biopolymer adsorption on ATRP-brush modified particles in a compatible solution. In particular, we explore the effect of ATRP-brush length, biopolymer chain length, and concentration on the adsorption process. Our results illustrate the enhanced biopolymer adsorption with increased brush length, initiator concentration, and biopolymer concentration. Most importantly, when adsorption reaches saturation, the flat surface loads more biopolymers than the other two surfaces. The experimental results verified the same, considering the disk-shaped flat surface particles, cup-shaped particles, and spherical particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Shrivastava
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ifra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Awaneesh Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Zhang Z, Hao J. Bioinspired organohydrogels with heterostructures: Fabrications, performances, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 292:102408. [PMID: 33932827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since emerging in 1960, the artificial hydrogels have garnered enormous attentions in scientific community due to their high level of similarities to biological soft tissues in both structures and properties. With the proceeding of research, the concern of hydrogels is gradually shifted from fundamental investigation to abundant functionalization. In contrast to the natural soft tissues, the current artificial hydrogels still possess relatively simple structures and unsatisfactory environmental adaptability, extremely limiting their practical applications in complex environments. Enlightened by the prominent adaptability of biological organisms, the binary cooperative complementary principle is utilized to develop bioinspired organohydrogels by combining two components with opposite but cooperative physiochemical features. The present review provides the advanced progresses of bioinspired organohydrogels with sophisticated heterogeneous networks and desirably environmental adaptabilities. We clearly summarize the synthesizing strategies in regard to both corresponding mechanisms and typical examples, including macroscopic organohydrogels, organohydrogels with binary solvent, organohydrogels with heteronetworks, and emulsion-based organohydrogels. Meanwhile, the intriguing features of the reported organohydrogels, such as temperature resistance, switchable mechanics, adaptive wettability, and opposite components compatibility, are also clearly highlighted with a short overview of their promising applications. Ultimately, the current challenges and perspectives on the future development of bioinspired organohydrogels are also discussed.
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Singh AK, Chauhan A, Puri S, Singh A. Photo-induced bond breaking during phase separation kinetics of block copolymer melts: a dissipative particle dynamics study. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1802-1813. [PMID: 33399613 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01664k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation method, we study the phase separation dynamics in block copolymer (BCP) melts in d = 3, subjected to external stimuli such as light. An initial homogeneous BCP melt is rapidly quenched to a temperature T < Tc, where Tc is the critical temperature. We then allow the system to undergo alternate light "on" and "off" cycles. An on-cycle breaks the stimuli-sensitive bonds connecting both the blocks A and B in the BCP melt, and during the off-cycle, the broken bonds recombine. By simulating the effect of light, we isolate scenarios where phase separation begins with the light off (set 1); the cooperative interactions within the system allow it to undergo microphase separation. When the phase separation starts with the light on (set 2), the system undergoes macrophase separation due to bond breaking. Here, we report the role of alternate cycles on domain morphology by varying the bond-breaking probability for both set 1 and set 2, respectively. We observe that the scaling functions depend upon the conditions mentioned above that change the time scale of the evolving morphologies in various cycles. However, in all the cases, the average domain size respects the power-law growth: R(t) ∼tφ at late times, where φ is the dynamic growth exponent. After a short-lived diffusive growth (φ∼ 1/3) at early times, φ illustrates a crossover from the viscous hydrodynamic (φ∼ 1) to the inertial hydrodynamic (φ∼ 2/3) regimes at late times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Avinash Chauhan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Sanjay Puri
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Awaneesh Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India.
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Simulation study of the pH sensitive directed self-assembly of rheins for sustained drug release hydrogel. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 195:111260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Understanding the origin of softness in structurally tailored and engineered macromolecular (STEM) gels: A DPD study. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Feng YH, Zhang XP, Zhao ZQ, Guo XD. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Aided Design of Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1778-1799. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hao Feng
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao Peng Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ze Qiang Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Dong Guo
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
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Ifra, Singh A, Saha S. Shape Shifting of Cup Shaped Particles on Growing poly (2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) Brushes by “Grafting From” Approach and Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ifra
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Awaneesh Singh
- Department of PhysicsIndian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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Xing JY, Xue YH, Lu ZY, Liu H. In-Depth Analysis of Supramolecular Interfacial Polymerization via a Computer Simulation Strategy. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Yao-Hong Xue
- Information Science School, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Cuthbert J, Zhang T, Biswas S, Olszewski M, Shanmugam S, Fu T, Gottlieb E, Kowalewski T, Balazs AC, Matyjaszewski K. Structurally Tailored and Engineered Macromolecular (STEM) Gels as Soft Elastomers and Hard/Soft Interfaces. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tao Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Santidan Biswas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Travis Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Eric Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Hanay SB, O’Dwyer J, Kimmins SD, de Oliveira FCS, Haugh MG, O’Brien FJ, Cryan SA, Heise A. Facile Approach to Covalent Copolypeptide Hydrogels and Hybrid Organohydrogels. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:944-949. [PMID: 35650970 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinking of tryptophan (Trp) containing copolypeptides with varying ratios of benzyl-l-glutamate (BLG) and Nα-(carbobenzyloxy)-l-lysine (Z-Lys) is achieved by the selective reaction with hexamethylene-bis-TAD (bisTAD). Conversion of the resulting organogels into biocompatible hydrogels by full BLG or Z-Lys deprotection is demonstrated. Moreover, diffusion controlled deprotection allows the design of macroscopic hybrid organohydrogels comprising hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic regions at a desired ratio and position. FTIR and SEM analysis confirm the coexistence of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments in one copolypeptide piece. Selective loading of hydrogel and organogel segments with hydrophilic and hydrophobic dyes, respectively, is observed on macroscopic amphiphilic gels and films. These materials offer significant potential as dual-loaded drug release gels as well as tissue engineering platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saltuk B. Hanay
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joanne O’Dwyer
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Scott D. Kimmins
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Matthew G. Haugh
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 2, and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER) RCSI and TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 2, and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 2, and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER) RCSI and TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Cuthbert J, Beziau A, Gottlieb E, Fu L, Yuan R, Balazs AC, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Transformable Materials: Structurally Tailored and Engineered Macromolecular (STEM) Gels by Controlled Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Antoine Beziau
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Eric Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Beziau A, De Menezes RNL, Biswas S, Singh A, Cuthbert J, Balazs AC, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Combining ATRP and FRP Gels: Soft Gluing of Polymeric Materials for the Fabrication of Stackable Gels. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E186. [PMID: 30970867 PMCID: PMC6432409 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stackable gels comprised of layers of dissimilar polymers were synthesized by combining conventional free radical polymerization (FRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using two approaches: (i) polymerization of a pre-gel solution containing a monomer and cross-linker introduced on top of a previously prepared gel, and (ii) simultaneous polymerization of two immiscible pre-gel solutions remaining in contact. All permutations of FRP and ATRP yielded single-piece, connected, amphiphilic gels regardless of the order of polymerization. Furthermore, multi-layer ATRP gels combining different polymers were synthesized with the FRP layer as a gluing agent. A 10-layer amphiphilic stackable gel combining n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and a 10-layer stackable gel combining BMA, DMAEMA and di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEO₂MA) were synthesized. This patching method, combining conventional FRP gels with ATRP ones, offers an efficient path to the formation of complex stackable gel architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Beziau
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | - Santidan Biswas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Awaneesh Singh
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of phase separation in semiconducting/ferroelectric blend resistive films. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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