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Lim JV, Bee ST, Sin LT, Ratnam CT, Bee SL. Study of Thermal Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Nylon 610 Nanocomposites with Graphite Flakes That Have Undergone Supercritical Water Treatment at Different Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245494. [PMID: 36559863 PMCID: PMC9781813 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the thermal effect of supercritical water treatment at different temperatures (150, 175, 200 °C) and semi-vacuum state (-0.08 MPa) on graphite flakes which are then incorporated into nylon 610. The treatment is deemed to increase the surface activity of nanofillers through the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystal structure of the flakes remained similar before and after supercritical water treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) also showed the presence of hydrogen bonding between the flakes and the polymer matrix through the appearance of amide bands. The intensity of the amide peaks is higher for nanocomposites with treated flakes than untreated ones. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that at higher wt%, aggregation will occur, which leads to a weakening in physical properties. The tensile strength of nanocomposites with treated flakes decreased with increasing wt%, while those with untreated flakes increased with increasing wt%. Young's modulus of all the nanocomposites generally increased with increasing wt%. The highest tensile strength obtained is 967.02 kPa, while that of neat nylon 610 is 492.09 kPa. This enhancement in mechanical properties can be attributed to the intact structure of the graphite flakes and the interaction between the flakes and the nylon 610 matrix. A higher temperature of water treatment was discovered to cause higher oxidation levels on surface of the nanofillers but would result in some structural damage. The optimum nylon 610 nanocomposite synthesized was the one that was incorporated with 1.5 wt% graphite flakes treated at 150 °C and -0.08 MPa, as it has the highest tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ven Lim
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Tueen Bee
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.-T.B.); (L.T.S.)
| | - Lee Tin Sin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.-T.B.); (L.T.S.)
| | - Chantara Thevy Ratnam
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Ling Bee
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains, Bukit Panchor, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia, Bukit Panchor, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Bee ST, Ooi Ker Qi N, Sin LT, Ng HM, Lim JV, Ratnam CT, Ma C. Superior Interaction of Electron Beam Irradiation with Carbon Nanotubes Added Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite System. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244334. [PMID: 34960885 PMCID: PMC8704608 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work was conducted to investigate the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) on the mechanical-physico properties of the electron beam irradiated polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) blends. The increasing of CNT amount up to 1.5 part per hundred resin (phr) has gradually improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus of PVOH/CNT nanocomposites due to effective interlocking effect of CNT particles in PVOH matrix, as evident in SEM observation. However, further increments of CNT, amounting up to 2 phr, has significantly decreased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of PVOH/CNT nanocomposits due to the CNT agglomeration at higher loading level. Irradiation was found to effectively improve the tensile strength of PVOH/CNT nanocomposites by inducing the interfacial adhesion effect between CNT particles and PVOH matrix. This was further verified by the decrement values of d-spacing of the deflection peak. The increasing of CNT amounts from 0.5 phr to 1 phr has marginally induced the wavenumber of O–H stretching, which indicates the weakening of hydrogen bonding in PVOH matrix. However, further increase in CNT amounts up to 2 phr was observed to reduce the wavenumber of O–H stretching due to poor interaction effect between CNT and PVOH matrix. Electron beam irradiation was found to induce the melting temperature of all PVOH/CNT nanocomposite by inducing the crosslinked networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Tueen Bee
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.-M.N.); (J.-V.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-T.B.); (L.T.S.); Tel.: +60-3-9086-0288 (S.-T.B.); Fax: +60-3-9019-1959 (S.-T.B.)
| | - Nicole Ooi Ker Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Lee Tin Sin
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.-M.N.); (J.-V.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-T.B.); (L.T.S.); Tel.: +60-3-9086-0288 (S.-T.B.); Fax: +60-3-9019-1959 (S.-T.B.)
| | - Hon-Meng Ng
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.-M.N.); (J.-V.L.)
| | - Jun-Ven Lim
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.-M.N.); (J.-V.L.)
| | - Chantara Thevy Ratnam
- Radiation Processing Technology Division Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Chi Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China;
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Hendren KD, Baughman TW, Deck PA, Foster EJ. In situ
dispersion and polymerization of polyethylene cellulose nanocrystal‐based nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith D. Hendren
- Virginia Tech Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 445 Old Turner Street Blacksburg Virginia 24060
| | - Travis W. Baughman
- Virginia Tech Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 445 Old Turner Street Blacksburg Virginia 24060
| | - Paul A. Deck
- Virginia Tech Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, 1040 Drillfield Drive Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - E. Johan Foster
- Virginia Tech Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 445 Old Turner Street Blacksburg Virginia 24060
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Käselau S, Scheel S, Petersson L, Ho CH, Luinstra GA. Synthesis of a linear low-density polyethylene/MgO@Mg(OH) 2nanocomposite using modified in situpolymerization. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Käselau
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
| | - Saskia Scheel
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
- ABB Schweiz, AG Corporate Research; Baden-Dättwil Switzerland
| | | | - Chau-Hon Ho
- ABB Schweiz, AG Corporate Research; Baden-Dättwil Switzerland
| | - Gerrit A Luinstra
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
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