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Larrañaga X, Sarasua JR, Zuza E. Role of Inorganic Fillers on the Physical Aging and Toughness Loss of PLLA/BaSO 4 Composites. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:9620-9631. [PMID: 38021210 PMCID: PMC10653123 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The addition of inorganic fillers has been reported to increase the toughness of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA), but the effect of physical aging in such composites has been neglected. The present work discusses the effect of the still ongoing segmental relaxation in PLLA-based composites filled with BaSO4 inorganic particles in regard of the filler quantity. By means of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and tensile testing of progressively aged PLLA filled with particles ranging from 0.5-10 wt %, we observed an increase in the mechanical energy required to activate the plastic flow of the primary structure in the PLLA matrix, which resulted in the embrittlement of the majority of composites upon enough aging. Results further clarify the role of debonding in the activation process of PLLA, and the behavior of the composite is described at the segmental level. Only an addition of 10% of particles has effectively preserved a ductile behavior of the samples beyond 150 aging days; therefore, we strongly remark the significance of studying the effect of physical aging in such composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Larrañaga
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy
Engineering and Materials Science & POLYMAT, Faculty of Engineering, University
of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Alameda de Urquijo s/n, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Jose R. Sarasua
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy
Engineering and Materials Science & POLYMAT, Faculty of Engineering, University
of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Alameda de Urquijo s/n, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Ester Zuza
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy
Engineering and Materials Science & POLYMAT, Faculty of Engineering, University
of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Alameda de Urquijo s/n, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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2
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Karpova SG, Olkhov AA, Varyan IA, Shilkina NG, Berlin AA, Popov AA, Iordanskii AL. Biocomposites Based on Electrospun Fibers of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Nanoplatelets of Graphene Oxide: Thermal Characteristics and Segmental Dynamics at Hydrothermal and Ozonation Impact. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4171. [PMID: 37896415 PMCID: PMC10610569 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to create new biodegradable nanocomposites for biomedicine, packaging, and environmentally effective adsorbents, ultra-thin composite fibers consisting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and graphene oxide (GO) were obtained by electrospinning. Comprehensive studies of ultrathin fibers combining thermal characteristics, dynamic electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) probe measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out. It is shown that at the addition of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 1% OG, the morphology and geometry of the fibers and their thermal and dynamic characteristics depend on the composite content. The features of the crystalline and amorphous structure of the PHB fibers were investigated by the ESR and DSC methods. For all compositions of PHB/GO, a nonlinear dependence of the correlation time of molecular mobility TEMPO probe (τ) and enthalpy of biopolyether melting (ΔH) is observed. The influence of external factors on the structural-dynamic properties of the composite fiber, such as hydrothermal exposure of samples in aqueous medium at 70 °C and ozonolysis, leads to extreme dependencies of τ and ΔH, which reflect two processes affecting the structure in opposite ways. The plasticizing effect of water leads to thermal destruction of the orientation of the pass-through chains in the amorphous regions of PHB and a subsequent decrease in the crystalline phase, and the aggregation of GO nanoplates into associates, reducing the number of GO-macromolecule contacts, thus increasing segmental mobility, as confirmed by decreasing τ values. The obtained PHB/GO fibrillar composites should find application in the future for the creation of new therapeutic and packaging systems with improved biocompatibility and high-barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G. Karpova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
| | - Anatoly A. Olkhov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivetta A. Varyan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia G. Shilkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Alexander A. Berlin
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Anatoly A. Popov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey L. Iordanskii
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.); (A.A.B.)
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Klonos PA, Bikiaris ND, Zamboulis A, Valera MÁ, Mangas A, Kyritsis A, Terzopoulou Z. Segmental mobility in sustainable copolymers based on poly(lactic acid) blocks built onto poly(butylene succinate) in situ. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7846-7858. [PMID: 37811662 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00980g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Two series of newly synthesized sustainable block copolymers based on poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu) and polylactide (PLA) were studied. The copolymers were synthesized by a ring-opening polymerization of PLA in the presence of two initial PBSu of low molar mass. We focused on the effects of the PBSu/PLA ratio (1/99 up to 15/85), chain length and initial PBSu length on the final thermal transitions in the copolymers with an emphasis on molecular mobility/dynamics and subsequently on crystallization. Both aspects are considered relevant to the final materials performance, as well as facilitation of polymer renewability. Calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy were the main investigation tools. In the amorphous state (i.e., in which the direct effects of copolymer structure are assessable), the segmental mobility of neat PLA was significantly faster in the copolymers. Segmental mobility was monitored via the decrease in the calorimetric and dielectric (α relaxation) glass-transition temperatures, Tg and Tg,diel, respectively. The effect was systematic with an increase in the PBSu/PLA ratio, and was rationalized through the plasticizing role of PBSu (low-Tg component) and facilitated also by the simultaneous lowering of the chain length in the copolymers. Dielectric spectroscopy allowed evaluation of the dynamical fragility (cooperativity) of chains, which was strongly suppressed in the copolymers. This finding suggested an increase in free volume or a gradual increase of interchain distances. This phenomenon could favor the natural enzymatic degradation of the systems (compostability), which is limited in neat PLA. We recorded enhancement of nucleation and the crystalline fraction in the copolymers that was likely connected with faster chain diffusion. Further lowering of the Tg with the implementation of crystallization was noted (which seemed a controversial effect) but which indicated crystallization-induced phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Klonos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos D Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Miguel Ángel Valera
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Mangas
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Cangialosi D, Alegría A, Colmenero J. Comment on “Anomalous structural recovery in the near glass transition range in a polymer glass: Data revisited in light of temperature variability in vacuum oven‐based experiments”. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC‐UPV/EHU) Sebastián Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU) San Sebastián Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU) San Sebastián Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center San Sebastián Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC‐UPV/EHU) Sebastián Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU) San Sebastián Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center San Sebastián Spain
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Time and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy for in-situ and ex-situ determination of amorphous fractions of isothermally cold-crystallized Polylactic acid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Nazir F, Abbas L, Iqbal M. A comparative insight into the mechanical properties, antibacterial potential, and cytotoxicity profile of nano-hydroxyapatite and nano-whitlockite-incorporated poly-L-lactic acid for bone tissue engineering. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Dedroog S, Boel E, Kindts C, Appeltans B, Van den Mooter G. The underestimated contribution of the solvent to the phase behavior of highly drug loaded amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121201. [PMID: 34673165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the fact that spray drying is widely applied for the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), the influence of the solvent on the physical properties of the ASDs is still not completely understood. Therefore, the impact of organic solvents on the kinetic stabilization of drug components in a polymer matrix prepared by either film casting or spray drying was investigated. One polymer, PVPVA 64, together with one of four poorly water soluble drugs, naproxen, indomethacin, fenofibrate or diazepam, were film casted and spray dried using either methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, acetone, dichloromethane or ethyl acetate. For every combination, the highest drug loading that could be formulated as a single amorphous phase was established. The solvent determined the maximum amount of drug that could be kinetically trapped in the polymer matrix and thereby the extent of kinetic stabilization. These maximum drug loadings were compared to the thermodynamic solubilities of the drugs in the seven solvents. Generally, there was no relation between the thermodynamic solubility of a drug and its highest drug loading attained using the same solvent. Hence, the contribution of the solvent to the generation of a supersaturated state should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien Dedroog
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg ON2, Herestraat 49 b921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eline Boel
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg ON2, Herestraat 49 b921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Célestine Kindts
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg ON2, Herestraat 49 b921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Appeltans
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg ON2, Herestraat 49 b921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg ON2, Herestraat 49 b921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Nazir F, Iqbal M. Comparative Study of Crystallization, Mechanical Properties, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Nanocomposites at Low Filler Loadings of Hydroxyapatite for Bone-Tissue Engineering Based on Poly(l-lactic acid)/Cyclo Olefin Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3865. [PMID: 34833163 PMCID: PMC8619963 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A poly(l-lactic acid)/nanohydroxyapatite (PLLA/nHA) scaffold works as a bioactive, osteoconductive scaffold for bone-tissue engineering, but its low degradation rate limits embedded HA in PLLA to efficiently interact with body fluids. In this work, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) was added in lower filler loadings (1, 5, 10, and 20 wt%) in a poly(l-lactic acid)/cyclo olefin copolymer10 wt% (PLLA/COC10) blend to obtain novel poly(l-lactic acid)/cyclo olefin copolymer/nanohydroxyapatite (PLLA/COC10-nHA) scaffolds for bone-tissue regeneration and repair. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of PLLA/COC10-nHA (ternary system) nanocomposites in comparison with PLLA/nHA (binary system) nanocomposites was systematically studied. Nanocomposites were evaluated for structural (morphology, crystallization), thermomechanical properties, antibacterial potential, and cytocompatibility for bone-tissue engineering applications. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that PLLA/COC10-nHA had uniform morphology and dispersion of nanoparticles up to 10% of HA, and the overall nHA dispersion in matrix was better in PLLA/COC10-nHA as compared to PLLA/nHA. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies confirmed miscibility and transformation of the α-crystal form of PLLA to the ά-crystal form by the addition of nHA in all nanocomposites. The degree of crystallinity (%) in the case of PLLA/COC10-nHA 10 wt% was 114% higher than pure PLLA/COC10 and 128% higher than pristine PLLA, indicating COC and nHA are acting as nucleating agents in the PLLA/COC10-nHA nanocomposites, causing an increase in the degree of crystallinity (%). Moreover, PLLA/COC10-nHA exhibited 140 to 240% (1-20 wt% HA) enhanced mechanical properties in terms of ductility as compared to PLLA/nHA. Antibacterial activity results showed that 10 wt% HA in PLLA/COC10-nHA showed substantial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes. In vitro cytocompatibility of PLLA/COC10 and PLLA nanocomposites with nHA osteoprogenitor cells (MC3T3-E1) and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) was evaluated. Both cell lines showed two- to three-fold enhancement in cell viability and 10- to 30-fold in proliferation upon culture on PLLA/COC10-nHA as compared to PLLA/nHA composites. It was observed that the ternary system PLLA/COC10-nHA had good dispersion and interfacial interaction resulting in improved thermomechanical and enhanced osteoconductive properties as compared to PLLA/nHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
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9
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Rigid amorphous fraction and crystallinity in cold-crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene: Characterization by differential scanning calorimetry. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Androsch R, Toda A, Furushima Y, Schick C. Insertion‐Crystallization‐Induced Low‐Temperature Annealing Peaks in Melt‐Crystallized Poly(
l
‐Lactic Acid). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Saale Halle 06099 Germany
| | - Akihiko Toda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University Higashi Hiroshima 739‐8521 Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Furushima
- Materials Characterization Laboratories Toray Research Center Inc. 3–7, Sonoyama 3‐chome Otsu Shiga 520‐8567 Japan
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR University of Rostock Rostock 18051 Germany
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlyovskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russia
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11
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Beltrán FR, Arrieta MP, Elena Antón D, Lozano-Pérez AA, Cenis JL, Gaspar G, de la Orden MU, Martínez Urreaga J. Effect of Yerba Mate and Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles on the Migration Properties in Ethanolic Food Simulants and Composting Disintegrability of Recycled PLA Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121925. [PMID: 34200571 PMCID: PMC8230047 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present research is to study the effect of the incorporation of low amounts of silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFNs) and yerba mate nanoparticles (YMNs) on the migration phenomenon into ethanolic food simulants as well as on the disintegrability under composting conditions of mechanically recycled polylactic acid (PLA). Recycled PLA was obtained under simulated recycling conditions by melt processing virgin PLA into films and further subjecting them to an accelerated aging process, which involved photochemical, thermal, and hydrothermal aging steps followed by an intense washing step. SFNs were extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons and YMNs from yerba mate waste. Then, recycled PLA was melted, reprocessed, and reinforced with either 1%wt. of SFNs or YMNs, by melt extrusion, and further processed into films by compression molding. The obtained nanocomposites were exposed to ethanolic food simulants (ethanol 10% v/v, simulant A and ethanol 50% v/v, simulant D1) and the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties were studied before and after the exposure to the food simulants. The migration levels in both food simulants were below the overall migration limits required for food contact materials. The materials were disintegrated under simulated composting conditions at the laboratory scale level and it was observed that the nanoparticles delayed the disintegration rate of the recycled PLA matrix, but nanocomposites were fully disintegrated in less than one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddys R. Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910-677-301
| | - Diego Elena Antón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
| | - Antonio A. Lozano-Pérez
- Depertamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.L.-P.); (J.L.C.)
| | - José L. Cenis
- Depertamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.L.-P.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Gerald Gaspar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
| | - María U. de la Orden
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
- Deparamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez Urreaga
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
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Wang W, Fenni SE, Ma Z, Righetti MC, Cangialosi D, Di Lorenzo ML, Cavallo D. Glass transition and aging of the rigid amorphous fraction in polymorphic poly(butene-1). POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Monnier X, Marina S, Lopez de Pariza X, Sardón H, Martin J, Cangialosi D. Physical Aging Behavior of a Glassy Polyether. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:954. [PMID: 33804594 PMCID: PMC8003685 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to provide insights on recent findings indicating the presence of multiple equilibration mechanisms in physical aging of glasses. To this aim, we have investigated a glass forming polyether, poly(1-4 cyclohexane di-methanol) (PCDM), by following the evolution of the enthalpic state during physical aging by fast scanning calorimetry (FSC). The main results of our study indicate that physical aging persists at temperatures way below the glass transition temperature and, in a narrow temperature range, is characterized by a two steps evolution of the enthalpic state. Altogether, our results indicate that the simple old-standing view of physical aging as triggered by the α relaxation does not hold true when aging is carried out deep in the glassy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Sara Marina
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (X.L.d.P.); (H.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xabier Lopez de Pariza
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (X.L.d.P.); (H.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Haritz Sardón
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (X.L.d.P.); (H.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (X.L.d.P.); (H.S.); (J.M.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Esteiro s/n, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain;
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Sebastián, Spain
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14
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Papadopoulos L, Klonos PA, Terzopoulou Z, Psochia E, Sanusi OM, Hocine NA, Benelfellah A, Giliopoulos D, Triantafyllidis K, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Comparative study of crystallization, semicrystalline morphology, and molecular mobility in nanocomposites based on polylactide and various inclusions at low filler loadings. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Soudmand BH, Shelesh‐Nezhad K, Salimi Y. A combined differential scanning calorimetry‐dynamic mechanical thermal analysis approach for the estimation of constrained phases in thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad H. Soudmand
- Division of Plastics and Composites Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Karim Shelesh‐Nezhad
- Division of Plastics and Composites Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Yaghob Salimi
- Division of Plastics and Composites Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
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16
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Monnier X, Cavallo D, Righetti MC, Di Lorenzo ML, Marina S, Martin J, Cangialosi D. Physical Aging and Glass Transition of the Rigid Amorphous Fraction in Poly( l-lactic acid). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council - Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council - Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA Italy
| | - Sara Marina
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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17
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Klonos PA, Papadopoulos L, Terzopoulou Z, Papageorgiou GZ, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Molecular Dynamics in Nanocomposites Based on Renewable Poly(butylene 2,5-furan-dicarboxylate) In Situ Reinforced by Montmorillonite Nanoclays: Effects of Clay Modification, Crystallization, and Hydration. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7306-7317. [PMID: 32786716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with poly(butylene 2,5-furan-dicarboxylate), PBF, a renewable bio-based polyester expected to replace non-eco-friendly fossil-based homologues. PBF exhibits excellent gas barrier properties, which makes it promising for packaging applications; however, its rather low and slow crystallinity affects good mechanical performance. The crystallization of this relatively new polymer is enhanced here via reinforcement by introduction in situ of 1 wt % montmorillonite, MMT, nanoclays of three types (functionalizations). We study PBF and its nanocomposites (PNCs) also from the basic research point of view, molecular dynamics. For this work, we employ the widely used combination of techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with broad-band dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (BDS), supplemented by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In the PNCs, the crystalline rate and fraction, CF, were found to be strongly enhanced as these fillers act as additional crystallization nuclei. The improvements in crystallization here correlate quite well with those on the mechanical performance recorded recently; moreover, they occur in the same filler order, in particular, with increasing MMT interlayer distance (from ∼1 to ∼3 nm). In the amorphous fraction of the polymer, the chain diffusion (calorimetric Tg and dynamic α process) is easier in the PNCs due to their slightly smaller length, while in the semicrystalline state, it decelerates by crystal-induced constraints. The local polymer dynamics (β process, below Tg) was found to be independent of the PNC composition, however, sensitive to structural changes of the matrix. Finally, a filler-induced dynamics was additionally recorded in the PNCs (α* process), arising possibly from the polymer located at the MMT surfaces. α* follows the changes in polymer chain length and decelerates with crystallization, whereas its activation energy decreases with mild hydration. The combined results on α* with the DSC and TGA findings, provide proof for weak MMT-PBF interactions. Overall, our results, along with data from the literature, suggest that such furan-based polyesters reinforced with properly chosen nanofillers could potentially serve well as tailor-made PNCs for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Klonos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Lazaros Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Z Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Industrial and Food Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Sanusi OM, Papadopoulos L, Klonos PA, Terzopoulou Z, Hocine NA, Benelfellah A, Papageorgiou GZ, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Calorimetric and Dielectric Study of Renewable Poly(hexylene 2,5-furan-dicarboxylate)-Based Nanocomposites In Situ Filled with Small Amounts of Graphene Platelets and Silica Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1239. [PMID: 32485937 PMCID: PMC7362010 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(hexylene 2,5 furan-dicarboxylate) (PHF) is a relatively new biobased polyester prepared from renewable resources, which is targeted for use in food packaging applications, owing to its great mechanical and gas barrier performance. Since both properties are strongly connected to crystallinity, the latter is enhanced here by the in situ introduction in PHF of graphene nanoplatelets and fumed silica nanoparticles, as well as mixtures of both, at low amounts. For this investigation, we employed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). The fillers were found to improve crystallization in both the rate (increasing Tc) and fraction (CF), which was rationalized via the concept of fillers acting as crystallization agents. This action was found stronger in the case of graphene as compared to silica. BDS allowed the detection of local and segmental dynamics, in particular in PHF for the first time. The glass transition dynamics in both BDS (α relaxation) and DSC (Tg) are mainly dominated by the relatively high CF, whereas in the PHF filled uniquely with silica strong spatial confinement effects due to crystals were revealed. Finally, all samples demonstrated the segmental-like dynamics above Tg, which screens the global chain dynamics (normal mode).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Monsur Sanusi
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans, LaMé, 3 Rue de la Chocolaterie, CS 23410, CEDEX 41034 Blois, France; (O.M.S.); (N.A.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Lazaros Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (L.P.); (Z.T.)
| | - Panagiotis A. Klonos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (L.P.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece;
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (L.P.); (Z.T.)
| | - Nourredine Aït Hocine
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans, LaMé, 3 Rue de la Chocolaterie, CS 23410, CEDEX 41034 Blois, France; (O.M.S.); (N.A.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Abdelkibir Benelfellah
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans, LaMé, 3 Rue de la Chocolaterie, CS 23410, CEDEX 41034 Blois, France; (O.M.S.); (N.A.H.); (A.B.)
- DRII, IPSA, 63 Boulevard de Brandebourg, 94200 Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - George Z. Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Industrial and Food chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (L.P.); (Z.T.)
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19
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Sun ZB, Wei QY, Xie XL, Xu L, Ji X, Zhou L, Zhong GJ, Li ZM. Spatial dependence of ordering process in bulk materials of polylactide and its multiple system during hygrothermal aging. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Monnier X, Delpouve N, Saiter-Fourcin A. Distinct dynamics of structural relaxation in the amorphous phase of poly(l-lactic acid) revealed by quiescent crystallization. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3224-3233. [PMID: 32162627 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02541c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) experiments were performed to investigate physical aging in amorphous and semi-crystalline poly(l-lactic acid)s (PLLAs) that were thermally crystallized under conditions leading to the α'- or α-crystalline form, and either favouring or inhibiting the development of a rigid amorphous fraction (RAF). The enthalpy of recovery was calculated after two procedures of rescaling to the content of the whole amorphous phase and also to the only content of the mobile amorphous fraction (MAF), which helped in clarifying the contribution of the RAF. From the dependence of the structural relaxation rate on the aging temperature, two regimes were evidenced for all samples. In the aging temperature domain situated close to the glass transition, the structural relaxation occurs significantly faster in the MAF. Its rate is independent of the aging temperature and is not influenced by the microstructure. However, the distance to equilibrium is higher in samples for which the coupling is strong between crystal and amorphous, implying that the time to reach equilibrium is also higher. In contrast, at low aging temperatures, for which the whole amorphous phase can be considered as solid, MAF and RAF exhibit the same structrural relaxation rate. This convergence in the relaxation kinetics by decreasing the temperature of physical aging was interpreted as the evolution of relaxation dynamics in the MAF from segmental to local. This change is highlighted by the comparison between MAF and RAF relaxation kinetics, but it occurs similarly in a pure amorphous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Nicolas Delpouve
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Allisson Saiter-Fourcin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France.
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21
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Fernandes Nassar S, Delpouve N, Sollogoub C, Guinault A, Stoclet G, Régnier G, Domenek S. Impact of Nanoconfinement on Polylactide Crystallization and Gas Barrier Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9953-9965. [PMID: 32011861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The barrier properties of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) were investigated in multinanolayer systems, probing the effect of confinement, the compatibility between the confining and the confined polymer, crystal orientation, and amorphous phase properties. The multilayer coextrusion process was used to confine PLLA between two amorphous polymers (polystyrene, PS; and polycarbonate, PC), which have different chemical affinities with PLLA. Confined PLLA layers of approximately 20 nm thickness were obtained. The multinanolayer materials were annealed at different temperatures to obtain PLLA crystallites with distinct polymorphs. PLLA annealed in PC/PLLA films at 120 °C afforded a crystallinity degree up to 65%, and PLLA annealed in PC/PLLA or PS/PLLA films at 85 °C had a crystallinity degree of 45%. WAXS measurements evidenced that the PLLA lamellas between PS layers had a mixed in-plane and on-edge orientation. PLLA lamellas between PC layers were uniquely oriented in-plane. DMA results evidenced a shift of the PC glass transition toward lower temperature, suggesting the possible presence of an interphase. The development of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) in the amorphous phase during annealing was impacted by the confiner polymer. The RAF content of semicrystalline PLLA was about 15% in PC/PLLA, whereas it was neglectable in PS/PLLA. The oxygen barrier properties appeared to be governed by RAF content, and no impact of the PLLA polymorph or the crystalline orientation was observed. This study shows that the confinement of PLLA on itself does not impact barrier properties but that the proper choice of the confiner polymer can lead to decrease the phase coupling which creates the RAF. It is the prevention of RAF that decreases permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Delpouve
- Normandie Univ , UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Cyrille Sollogoub
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers, CNRS , CNAM, Hesam Université , 151, Boulevard de l'Hôpital , F-75013 Paris Cedex , France
| | - Alain Guinault
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers, CNRS , CNAM, Hesam Université , 151, Boulevard de l'Hôpital , F-75013 Paris Cedex , France
| | - Gregory Stoclet
- Univ Lille , CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Gilles Régnier
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers, CNRS , CNAM, Hesam Université , 151, Boulevard de l'Hôpital , F-75013 Paris Cedex , France
| | - Sandra Domenek
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech , INRAE, UMR 0782 SayFood , 91300 Massy , France
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22
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23
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Di Lorenzo ML, Androsch R. Influence of α′-/α-crystal polymorphism on properties of poly(l-lactic acid). POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN); Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
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24
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Di Lorenzo ML, Righetti MC. Crystallization-induced formation of rigid amorphous fraction. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council; Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, c/o Comprensorio Olivetti; Pozzuoli Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council; Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes; Pisa Italy
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25
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Monnier X, Fernandes Nassar S, Domenek S, Guinault A, Sollogoub C, Dargent E, Delpouve N. Reduced physical aging rates of polylactide in polystyrene/polylactide multilayer films from fast scanning calorimetry. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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27
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Perez-De-Eulate NG, Cangialosi D. Double Mechanism for Structural Recovery of Polystyrene Nanospheres. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G. Perez-De-Eulate
- Centro de Física
de Materiales CFM (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física
de Materiales CFM (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International
Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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28
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Martín J, Stingelin N, Cangialosi D. Direct Calorimetric Observation of the Rigid Amorphous Fraction in a Semiconducting Polymer. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:990-995. [PMID: 29420893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of polymeric semiconductors is profoundly affected by the thermodynamic state of its crystalline and amorphous fractions and how they affect the optoelectronic properties. While intense research has been conducted on the crystalline features, fundamental understanding of the amorphous fraction(s) is still lacking. Here, we employ fast scanning calorimetry to provide insights on the glass transition of the archetypal conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). According to the conceptual definition of the glass transition temperature (Tg), that is, the temperature marking the crossover from the melt in metastable equilibrium to the nonequilibrium glass, an enthalpy relaxation should be observed by calorimetry when the glass is aged below Tg. Thus, we are able to identify the enthalpy relaxations of mobile and rigid amorphous fractions (MAF and RAF, respectively) of P3HT and to determine their respective Tg. Our work moreover highlights that the RAF should be included in structural models when establishing structure/property interrelationships of polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Materials, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
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