1
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Caputo MR, Fernández M, Aguirresarobe R, Kovalcik A, Sardon H, Candal MV, Müller AJ. Influence of FFF Process Conditions on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Rheological Properties of Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy Hexanoate). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081817. [PMID: 37111965 PMCID: PMC10143864 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are natural polyesters synthesized by microorganisms and bacteria. Due to their properties, they have been proposed as substitutes for petroleum derivatives. This work studies how the printing conditions employed in fuse filament fabrication (FFF) affect the properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy hexanoate) or PHBH. Firstly, rheological results predicted the printability of PHBH, which was successfully realized. Unlike what usually happens in FFF manufacturing or several semi-crystalline polymers, it was observed that the crystallization of PHBH occurs isothermally after deposition on the bed and not during the non-isothermal cooling stage, according to calorimetric measurements. A computational simulation of the temperature profile during the printing process was conducted to confirm this behavior, and the results support this hypothesis. Through the analysis of mechanical properties, it was shown that the nozzle and bed temperature increase improved the mechanical properties, reducing the void formation and improving interlayer adhesion, as shown by SEM. Intermediate printing velocities produced the best mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Caputo
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Robert Aguirresarobe
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adriana Kovalcik
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Virginia Candal
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Mohsin MAA, Iannucci L, Greenhalgh ES. Delamination of Novel Carbon Fibre-Based Non-Crimp Fabric-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites in Mode I: Experimental and Fractographic Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071611. [PMID: 37050225 PMCID: PMC10097298 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Delamination, a form of composite failure, is a significant concern in laminated composites. The increasing use of out-of-autoclave manufacturing techniques for automotive applications, such as compression moulding and thermoforming, has led to increased interest in understanding the delamination resistance of carbon-fibre-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) composites compared to traditional carbon-fibre-reinforced thermosetting (CFRTS) composites. This study evaluated the mode I (opening) interlaminar fracture toughness of two non-crimp fabric (NCF) biaxial (0/90°) carbon/thermoplastic composite systems: T700/polyamide 6.6 and T700/polyphenylene sulphide. The mode I delamination resistance was determined using the double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen. The results were analysed and the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness was compared. Additionally, the fractographic analysis (microstructure characterisation) was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the failure surface of the specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ameerul Atrash Mohsin
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überland Str. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Iannucci
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emile S Greenhalgh
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Toughening of linear low-density polyethylene/brominated polystyrene blend by styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene elastomer. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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4
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Li T, Lin G, He L, Xia Y, Xu X, Liu Y, Tong L, Liu X. Structural design and properties of crystalline polyarylene ether nitrile copolymer. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Jiang L, Zhou Y, Jin F, Hou Z. Influence of Polymer Matrices on the Tensile and Impact Properties of Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020408. [PMID: 36679287 PMCID: PMC9865378 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of polymer matrices on the tensile and impact properties of long fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) composites, composites of long basalt fiber-reinforced thermoplastic were developed in this work. Two types of polyethylene, namely 8008 and 100S, and two types of polyethylene, namely C4220 and K8303, were chosen as the matrices. The fiber volume fractions were set as 2.8%, 5.9%, 8.1%, and 10.6%. The melt flow index (MFI), crystallinity, tensile properties, impact strength, and fracture morphology of the neat polymers and the corresponding composites were tested. The composites of 8008 showed the highest tensile strength since neat 8008 showed a much higher MFI value and crystallinity. The composites of 8008 and K8303 showed a much higher tensile modulus since the neat thermoplastic showed a higher tensile modulus than the other two composites. The polymer toughness was the factor that determined whether the polymer could be toughened by fibers. Moreover, the interfacial shear strength was calculated and compared with the matrix shear strength, based on which fracture modes of the LFT were predicted. Effective methods were proposed for further improvement of the mechanical properties. The results of this paper were essential for attaining the anticipated properties when designing LFT composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jiang
- International Institute for Urban Systems Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- College of National Defense Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Yinzhi Zhou
- College of National Defense Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13951887401
| | - Fengnian Jin
- College of National Defense Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Zhenhua Hou
- Jiangxi Xinda Hangke New Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
- International Institute of Materials Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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6
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Wang Z, Yin X, Wang L. An experimental investigation on the tensile properties of PEEK-PEI sandwich structures prepared via fused filament fabrication. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221126623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature-resistant thermoplastics, e.g., Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and Polyetherimide (PEI), exhibit much more superior material properties than conventional plastics. They are recently becoming favorable feedstock materials in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing applications, which yields a low-cost and high-efficient approach providing complex parts and tooling. This paper fabricates the PEEK-PEI combined sandwich structures by properly alternating the fed material during FFF processes, aiming to combine the benefits of both materials. This is considered one of the first few attempts to prepare high-performance thermoplastics-based sandwich samples via the FFF method. The specimens are designed as three-layer and five-layer sandwiches (i.e., each “layer” contain a unique material). In addition, the printed samples are post-processed via a thermal annealing treatment. Experimental results show that the sandwich specimens exhibit higher surface quality than independently printed PEEK materials. The PEI material can be printed in 100% infill density in sandwich structures, while it can be rarely printed independently with infill densities exceeding 40%. Annealing may not enhance the mechanical properties of sandwich specimens while stabilizing their mechanical performances. Under the same PEEK/PEI volumetric ratio (i.e., 1:1), increasing the number of alternating stack layers improves the tensile strength of the sandwich specimens by up to 17%. The sandwich printing method is also cost-effective, such that the five-layer sandwich specimen provides competitive tensile performance as compared to the virgin PEEK material. At the same time, its cost is only ∼60% of all-PEEK specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogui Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuzeng Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Lihan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
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7
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Javaid S, Dey M, Matzke C, Gupta S. Synthesis and characterization of engineered
PEEK
‐based composites for enhanced tribological and mechanical performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Javaid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Maharshi Dey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Caleb Matzke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Surojit Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
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8
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Jiang Z, Zhu Z, Zhao M, Chen H, Sue H. Well‐dispersed poly(ether‐ether‐ketone)/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for harsh environment applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jiang
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Zewen Zhu
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhao
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Hengxi Chen
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Hung‐Jue Sue
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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9
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Tanaka S, Takada S, Suzuki T, Nakajima Y, Sato K. End-Groups of Poly( p-phenylene sulfide) Characterized by DNP NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 305-8565 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Research Association of High-Throughput Design and Development for Advanced Functional Materials, 305-8565 Tsukuba, Japan
- Central Research Laboratories, DIC Corporation, 285-0078 Sakura, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Processing Technical Division, DIC Corporation, 290-8585 Ichihara, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 305-8565 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 305-8565 Tsukuba, Japan
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10
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Heat Treatment Effect on Biological Behavior of Polyetheretherketone Composites. JOURNAL OF BIOMIMETICS BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.54.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer, that so with heat treatments, it is possible to get different properties which are very important for the material performance. Heat treatment is a broadly utilized to develop the semi-crystalline polymers properties. In the present investigation, annealing of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was carried out at temperatures above its glass transition temperature (Tg) to study its effects upon the biological conduct of the control and PEEK ternary composites. The bioactivity of the specimens was evaluated by investigating the apatite formation after immersion for different periods in a simulated body fluid (SBF). The biocompatibility of specimens was assessed by MTT assay. Additionally, the antibacterial property of the specimens versus S. aureus was observed with the optical density methods. The results manifested that the formation of hydroxyapatite was obviously observed on specimens after immersion for (7 and 14 days) in the simulated body fluid (SBF). Otherwise, the results of MTT assay recorded the PEEK specimens that excited the activity of fibroblasts, and therefore a high cytocompatibility was noticed and the specimens revealed antibacterial properties against S. aureus. So, the results of the bioactivity, biocompatibility and antibacterial tests in vitro demonstrated that the heat treatment enhanced biological behavior.
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11
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Rusakov D, Menner A, Spieckermann F, Wilhelm H, Bismarck A. Morphology and properties of foamed high crystallinity
PEEK
prepared by high temperature thermally induced phase separation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022; 139:51423. [PMID: 35865188 PMCID: PMC9286599 DOI: 10.1002/app.51423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high‐performance semi‐crystalline thermoplastic polymer with outstanding mechanical properties, high thermal stability, resistance to most common solvents, and good biocompatibility. A high temperature thermally induced phase separation technique was used to produce PEEK foams with controlled foam density from PEEK in 4‐phenylphenol (4PPH) solutions. Physical and mechanical properties, foam and bulk density, surface area, and pore morphology of foamed PEEK were characterized and the role of PEEK concentration and cooling rate was investigated. Porous PEEK with densities ranging from 110 to 360 kg/m3 with elastic moduli and crush strength ranging from 13 to 125 MPa and 0.8 to 7 MPa, respectively, was produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Rusakov
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Angelika Menner
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Florian Spieckermann
- Materials Physics, Department Materials Science University of Leoben Leoben Austria
| | - Harald Wilhelm
- Laboratory of Polymer Engineering (LKT‐TGM) Vienna Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London London UK
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12
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Bonmatin M, Chabert F, Bernhart G, Djilali T. Rheological and crystallization behaviors of low processing temperature poly(aryl ether ketone). J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Bonmatin
- ENIT‐INPT University of Toulouse Tarbes France
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA) University of Toulouse, CNRS, IMT Mines Albi, INSA, ISAE‐SUPAERO, UPS Albi France
| | | | - Gerard Bernhart
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA) University of Toulouse, CNRS, IMT Mines Albi, INSA, ISAE‐SUPAERO, UPS Albi France
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13
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Tension behavior of partially crystalline Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone: Experimental investigation and modeling. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Poly(ether ether ketone): Experiments and Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111779. [PMID: 34071593 PMCID: PMC8199459 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations are reported on poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) in uniaxial tensile tests, relaxation tests and creep tests with various stresses in a wide interval of temperatures ranging from room temperature to 180 °C. Constitutive equations are developed for the thermo-mechanical behavior of PEEK under uniaxial deformation. Adjustable parameters in the governing equations are found by matching the experimental data. Good agreement is demonstrated between the observations and results of numerical simulation. It is shown that the activation energies for the elastoplastic, viscoelastic and viscoelastoplastic responses adopt similar values at temperatures above the glass transition point.
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15
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Jiang Z, Chen Q, Zhu Z, Tsai C, Zhao M, Sue H, Chang A, Bremner T, DiSano LP. Well‐dispersed poly(ether‐ether‐ketone)/
multi‐walled
carbon nanotube nanocomposites prepared via a simple solution mixing approach. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jiang
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Qihui Chen
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Zewen Zhu
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Chia‐Ying Tsai
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhao
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Hung‐Jue Sue
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Andy Chang
- Department of Technical Services Victrex USA Inc. Houston TX USA
| | - Tim Bremner
- Department of Materials Technology CDI Energy Products Inc. Humble TX USA
| | - Lorenzo P DiSano
- Department of Thermoplastic Composites Americas Market Development, Ensinger Special Polymers Inc. Humble TX USA
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16
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Liu Q, Zhang S, Wang Z, Li N, Chen Y, Xu P, Jian X. Poly(aryl ether ketone ketone)s containing diphenyl-biphthalazin-dione moieties with excellent thermo-mechanical performance and solubility. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Arevalo SE, Pruitt LA. Nanomechanical analysis of medical grade PEEK and carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 111:104008. [PMID: 32805544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and PEEK composites are viable candidates for orthopedic implants owing to their ability for modulus match of surrounding bone tissue. The structural properties of these systems for load-bearing application in the body can be tailored by incorporating carbon fibers; to this end, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pitch fibers are commonly incorporated in the PEEK matrix. Mechanical property optimization for a given medical application requires consideration of carbon fiber type and volume fraction, as well as processing conditions for the composite systems. While much is known about the bulk mechanical properties of PEEK and PEEK composites, little is known about the nanomechanical properties of these systems. Insight into nanoscale behavior can offer valuable information about fiber-matrix interactions that may influence long-term integrity of these biomaterials when used in load bearing medical device applications. In this study, we utilize nanoindentation as a method to characterize mechanical behavior of clinical grade PEEK and PEEK composites. We examine PEEK formulations with pitch and PAN fibers and evaluate a range of thermal treatments known to influence polymer microstructure. We use a conospherical tip of 1.5 μm in radius and a conospherical tip of 20 μm radius to determine indentation modulus over different length scales. We correlate these findings with previous characterization on these same PEEK systems using microindentation. A novelty of this work is that we combine nanoindentation with k-means clustering to quantitatively discern the influence of heat treatment and carbon fiber type on the mechanical behavior of PEEK composites and their constituents. We demonstrate that nanoindentation is an effective characterization tool for discerning fiber-matrix interactions and measuring the mechanical behavior in response to thermal treatment and carbon fiber type in PEEK composites. Nanoindentation is shown to be a viable tool for characterizing complex biomaterials and can serve as an effective technique to guide optimization of microstructures for long-term structural applications in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia E Arevalo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Lisa A Pruitt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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18
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Liu Q, Zhang S, Wang Z, Chen Y, Jian X. Effect of pendent phenyl and bis-phthalazinone moieties on the properties of N-heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone ketone)s. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Baştan FE. Fabrication and characterization of an electrostatically bonded PEEK- hydroxyapatite composites for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2513-2527. [PMID: 32052943 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to produce electrostatically induced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and strontium substituted hydroxyapatite (SrHA) composites. SrHA nanoparticles (5 and 10 vol%) were introduced in the PEEK matrix to increase its mechanical properties and osseointegration. In order to disperse and homogeneously distribute the nanoparticles within the matrix, an electrostatic bond was developed between the PEEK and nanoparticles by wet processing through the attraction of the oppositely charged particles. Particles were pressed and sintered according to the Taguchi Design of experiments (DoE) array. The effects of SrHA reinforcement, sintering temperature and time on the density, crystallinity and crystallite sizes were determined with density test, DSC and XRD, respectively. The disks were also analyzed via SEM, FTIR, compression, microhardness, and nanoindentation tests and were immersed into the simulated body fluid (SBF). The composites produced from electrostatically induced powders presented a homogenous microstructure as SEM analysis illustrated the homogenous dispersion and distribution of the SrHA nanoparticles. The SrHA nanoparticles decreased the relative density and crystallinity of the composite, whereas, the rise in the sintering temperature and time enhanced the relative density, according to the DoE results. SrHA reinforcement improved the reduced modulus and nanoindentation hardness of the PEEK (348.47 MPa, 5.97 GPa) to 392.02 MPa and 6.65 GPa, respectively. SrHA promoted the bioactivity of the composite: an apatite layer covered the surface of PEEK/10SrHA composite after 14 days incubation. These promising results suggest that the electrostatically bonded composite powders would be used to produce homogenous PEEK based bioactive composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Erdem Baştan
- Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Thermal Spray Research and Development Laboratory, Esentepe-Sakarya, Turkey
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20
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Does annealing improve the interlayer adhesion and structural integrity of FFF 3D printed PEEK lumbar spinal cages? J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 102:103455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Jiang Z, Liu P, Chen Q, Sue H, Bremner T, DiSano LP. The influence of processing conditions on the mechanical properties of poly(aryl‐ether‐ketone)/polybenzimidazole blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jiang
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTexas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843
| | - Peng Liu
- Materials Science & Technology DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
| | - Qihui Chen
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTexas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843
| | - Hung‐Jue Sue
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTexas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843
| | - Tim Bremner
- Hoerbiger Corporation of America, Inc. Houston Texas 77023
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