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Takayama T. Inorganic Particles Contribute to the Compatibility of Polycarbonate/Polystyrene Polymer Blends. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1536. [PMID: 36837166 PMCID: PMC9959465 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC), an engineering plastic, has excellent mechanical strength and toughness. Moreover, this transparent polymer material can be used in fields where materials require mechanical properties and transparency. Nevertheless, PC is known to have a high melt viscosity. Moreover, blending with polystyrene (PS), an inherently brittle material, has been used to adjust its melt viscosity. As a result, the PS makes PC/PS polymer blends more brittle than PC alone. As described herein, after attempting to achieve compatibility with inorganic particles, the results show that the dispersion of small amounts of inorganic clay and silica particles in PC/PS polymer blends maintained transparency while improving the impact strength to a level comparable to that of polycarbonate. Apparently, the inorganic particles promote the fine dispersion of PS. Moreover, the spherical morphology of the inorganic particles is more effective at compatibilizing the polymer blend because the inorganic particles can apply isotropic interaction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Takayama
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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Kuroda Y, Suzuki KI, Kikuchi G, Moonprasith N, Kida T, Yamaguchi M. Improvement in Processability for Injection Molding of Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate by Addition of Low-Density Polyethylene. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:866. [PMID: 36676603 PMCID: PMC9860763 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rheological properties and processability at injection molding were studied for bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) that was modified by low-density polyethylene (LDPE) having a low shear viscosity. The LDPE addition significantly decreased the steady-state shear viscosity, especially in the high shear rate region. The decrease did not originate from slippage on the die wall but due to interfacial slippage between the PC and dispersed LDPE droplets that deformed to the flow direction to a great extent. As a result of the viscosity decrease, injection pressure largely decreased from 150 to 110 MPa with the addition only 5 wt.% of LDPE. The enhanced flowability also reduced the warpage of the molded product significantly, demonstrating that the processability at injection molding was improved by the addition of LDPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kuroda
- Polymer Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540, Mie, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Suzuki
- Polymer Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540, Mie, Japan
| | - Genzo Kikuchi
- Polymer Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540, Mie, Japan
| | - Nantina Moonprasith
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18, Paholyothin, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
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Moonprasith N, Tatsumichi M, Nakamura K, Kida T, Tsubouchi K, Hiraoka T, Yamaguchi M. Preparation of graded materials for miscible polycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends by segregation under shear flow. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nantina Moonprasith
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Japan
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University Khlong Luang Thailand
| | - Mizuki Tatsumichi
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Japan
| | - Kodai Nakamura
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Japan
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsubouchi
- Hiroshima R&D Center Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Otake Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Japan
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Hasegawa H, Kida T, Yamaguchi M. Novel Transparent Films Composed of Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate and Copolyester. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194146. [PMID: 36236093 PMCID: PMC9570573 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the structure and properties of transparent films composed of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) and a commercially available copolyester, poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol-co-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol-co-terephthalate) (CPE), were studied. Both PC and CPE films are known to be transparent with good mechanical toughness. It was found that PC/CPE (50/50) showed miscibility in both the molten and solid states, indicating that there is a high possibility for the blend system to be miscible in the whole blend ratios. Because of the miscibility, the blend films showed no light scattering originating from phase separation. The mechanical properties of the films, such as Young’s modulus, yield stress, and strain at break, were determined by the blend ratio, and the glass transition temperature increased with the PC content, which corresponded well with the values predicted by the Fox equation. These results demonstrate that the thermal and mechanical properties of the films can only be controlled by the blend ratio. Since these transparent films showed excellent mechanical toughness irrespective of the blend ratios, they can be employed in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hasegawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
- Research & Business Development Center, Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd., Midorigahara, Tsukuba 300-2646, Japan
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-761-51-1621; Fax: +81-761-51-1149
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5
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Crystallinity enhancement of extruded polypropylene containing poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers prepared in situ. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Viscoelastic Properties of Fully Biomass-Based Transparent Plastic Comprising Cellulose Acetate and Citrate Ester. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093038. [PMID: 35591372 PMCID: PMC9103588 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Viscoelastic properties including melt processability were evaluated for a fully biomass-based glassy plastic comprising cellulose acetate (CA) and triethyl citrate (TEC). The TEC exerted an excellent plasticizing effect without dissolving the CA crystals. Pure CA has poor melt processability. In contrast, the TEC-plasticized CA had good melt-processability at 205 °C, which is lower than the degradation temperature of CA. Extrusion was possible even at 1000 s−1 without any flow instabilities, similar to conventional plastics showing good processability at extrusion. Furthermore, there was marked strain-hardening behavior in the transient elongational viscosity, suggesting that various processing operations are possible, such as a long-chain branched polymer. This biomass-based plastic can be used as a substitute for conventional glassy plastics because it is highly transparent and its softening temperature is above 100 °C.
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Moonprasith N, Date J, Sako T, Kida T, Hiraoka T, Yamaguchi M. Segregation Behavior of Miscible PC/PMMA Blends during Injection Molding. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15092994. [PMID: 35591328 PMCID: PMC9105524 DOI: 10.3390/ma15092994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Miscible blends composed of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), in which one of them has low molecular weight, were employed to study the surface segregation behavior during flow. The blend samples showed typical rheological behaviors, such as simple polymer melts without a long-time relaxation mechanism ascribed to phase separation, demonstrating that they were miscible. After injection molding, the amounts of a low molecular weight component on the blend surface were found to be larger than the actual blend ratio. Because the injection-molded products were transparent despite a huge difference in refractive indices between PC and PMMA, they showed no phase separation. This result demonstrated that surface segregation of a low molecular weight component occurred under flow field, which expands the material design such as tough plastics with good scratch resistance and optical fibers with tapered refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantina Moonprasith
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan; (N.M.); (J.D.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18, Paholyothin, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Jitsuhiro Date
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan; (N.M.); (J.D.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takumi Sako
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan; (N.M.); (J.D.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan; (N.M.); (J.D.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tatsuhiro Hiraoka
- Hiroshima R&D Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 20-1, Miyukicho, Otake, Hiroshima 739-0693, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan; (N.M.); (J.D.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-761-51-1621
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Moonprasith N, Nasri MS, Saari RA, Phulkerd P, Yamaguchi M. Viscosity decrease by interfacial slippage between immiscible polymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nantina Moonprasith
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University Pathum Thani Thailand
| | | | - Riza Asmaa Saari
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Panitha Phulkerd
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
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Miyashita M, Yamaguchi M. Effect of water absorption on the structure and properties of isosorbide-based polycarbonate. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tanaka Y, Sako T, Hiraoka T, Yamaguchi M, Yamaguchi M. Effect of morphology on shear viscosity for binary blends of polycarbonate and polystyrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanaka
- School of Materials ScienceJapan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1‐1 Asahidai, Nomi Ishikawa 923‐1292 Japan
| | - Takumi Sako
- School of Materials ScienceJapan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1‐1 Asahidai, Nomi Ishikawa 923‐1292 Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Hiraoka
- Hiroshima R&D CenterMitsubishi Chemical Corporation 20‐1 Miyuki‐cho, Otake, Hiroshima 739‐0693 Japan
| | - Misaki Yamaguchi
- Hiroshima R&D CenterMitsubishi Chemical Corporation 20‐1 Miyuki‐cho, Otake, Hiroshima 739‐0693 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials ScienceJapan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1‐1 Asahidai, Nomi Ishikawa 923‐1292 Japan
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Development of Thermal Resistant FDM Printed Blends. The Preparation of GPET/PC Blends and Evaluation of Material Performance. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092057. [PMID: 32365536 PMCID: PMC7254323 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The paper discusses the preparation of polymer blends based on the polyethylene terephthalate copolymer/polycarbonate (GPET/PC). Materials have been prepared in order to assess their applicability in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing process. The tested key feature was the thermomechanical resistance, measured by head deflection temperature (HDT) and Vicat softening temperature (VST), the mechanical tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were also performed. A clear relationship between the increasing content of PC in the blend properties was observed. DMTA analysis revealed significant changes in the glass transition temperature, which indicates the miscibility of this type of polymer system. The mechanical tests indicate a clear trend of stiffness and strength improvement along with the increasing share of PC phase in the structure. The increase in impact strength is also clear, however, compared to the results for a pure PC, the results obtained for GPET/PC blends are significantly lower. As part of the research, reference samples based on polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer (PET) and composite samples with addition of 10% talc were also prepared. The structure analysis for PET/PC(50/50) samples did not show miscibility. However, due to the formation of the PET crystalline phase, the thermomechanical resistance of these materials was visibly higher. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed a high degree of compatibility of the GPET/PC blend structure as indicated by the lack of visible signs of phase separation. This phenomenon is not observed for PET/PC blends, which confirms the different thermomechanical interactions of both tested polymer systems.
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