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Fouquet TNJ, Cody RB, Charles L. Degradation strategies for structural characterization of insoluble synthetic polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 39093552 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to produce intact gas-phase ions from nonvolatile macromolecules, mass spectrometry has become an essential technique in the field of polymeric materials. However, (co)polymers of very high molecular weight or with reticulated architectures still escape ESI or MALDI, mainly due to solubility issues. Strategies developed to tackle such an analytical challenge all rely on sample degradation to produce low-mass species amenable to existing ionization methods. Yet, chain degradation needs to be partial and controlled to generate sufficiently large species that still contain topological or architectural information. The present article reviews the different analytical degradation strategies implemented to perform mass spectrometry of these challenging synthetic polymers, covering thermal degradation approaches in sources developed in the 2000s, off-line sample pre-treatments for controlled chemical degradation of polymeric substrates, and most recent achievements employing reactive ionization modes to perform chemolysis on-line with MS.
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Lin SY, Ahmad N, Jeffrey Kuo CF. Study of Synthesis of Dual-Curing Thermoplastic Polyurethane Hot-Melt Adhesive and Optimization by Using Gray Relational Analysis to Apply in Fabric Industry to Solve Seamless Bonding Issues. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:467. [PMID: 38399845 PMCID: PMC10892432 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
People wear clothes for warmth, survival and necessity in modern life, but in the modern era, eco-friendliness, shortened production times, design and intelligence also matter. To determine the relationship between data series and verify the proximity of each data series, a gray relational analysis, or GRA, is applied to textiles, where seamless bonding technology enhances the bond between components. In this study, a polyurethane prepolymer, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA) as an end-capping agent and n-octyl acrylate (ODA) as a photoinitiator were used to synthesize a dual-curing polyurethane hot-melt adhesive. Taguchi quality engineering and a gray relational analysis were used to discuss the influence of different mole ratios of NCO:OH and the effect of the molar ratio of the addition of octyl decyl acrylate on the mechanical strength. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed the termination of the prepolymer's polymerization reaction and the C=O peak intensity at 1730 cm-1, indicating efficient bonding to the main chain. Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) was used to investigate the high-molecular-weight (20,000-30,000) polyurethane polymer bonded with octyl decyl acrylate to achieve a photothermosetting effect. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the thermal decomposition temperature of the polyurethane hot-melt adhesive also increased, and they showed the highest pyrolysis temperature (349.89 °C) for the polyhydric alcohols. Furthermore, high peel strength (1.68 kg/cm) and shear strength (34.94 kg/cm2) values were detected with the dual-cure photothermosetting polyurethane hot-melt adhesive. The signal-to-noise ratio was also used to generate the gray relational degree. It was observed that the best parameter ratio of NCO:OH was 4:1 with five moles of monomer. The Taguchi quality engineering method was used to find the parameters of single-quality optimization, and then the gray relation calculation was used to obtain the parameter combination of multi-quality optimization for thermosetting the polyurethane hot-melt adhesive. The study aims to meet the requirements of seamless bonding in textile factories and optimize experimental parameter design by setting target values that can effectively increase production speed and reduce processing time and costs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (N.A.)
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Fernandes RA, Ferreira N, Lopes S, Santos J, Bento Pereira N, Ferreira NO, Nunes L, Martins JM, Carvalho LH. Development of an Innovative Lightweight Composite Material with Thermal Insulation Properties Based on Cardoon and Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:137. [PMID: 38201802 PMCID: PMC10780395 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for innovative and sustainable solutions to improve the energy efficiency of the construction industry has been a hot topic for researchers due to the tremendous impact of insulator materials in the thermal comfort of buildings. In the present work, an innovative lightweight composite material with thermal insulation properties was developed, for the first time, by using cardoon particles and polyurethane. The formulation of the composite material was optimized in terms of cardoon fraction and the polyol/isocyanate ratio, to achieve the best compromise between internal bond (IB) strength and thickness swelling (TS). The best performing composite was PU75-CP45, with 45 wt% of cardoon particles and 75% of isocyanate, achieving an IB of 0.41 MPa and a TS of 5.3%. Regarding insulation properties, the PU75-CP45 composite material exhibits a promising performance when compared to conventional construction industry materials by tuning its thickness. Additionally, the composite material presented very low emissions of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde (bellow to legislation levels) and high resistance to biological degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Fernandes
- ARCP Colab—Rede de Competências em Polímeros, Rua Júlio de Matos, 828/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.F.); (N.F.); (S.L.); (J.S.)
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ferreira
- ARCP Colab—Rede de Competências em Polímeros, Rua Júlio de Matos, 828/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.F.); (N.F.); (S.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Sandro Lopes
- ARCP Colab—Rede de Competências em Polímeros, Rua Júlio de Matos, 828/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.F.); (N.F.); (S.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jorge Santos
- ARCP Colab—Rede de Competências em Polímeros, Rua Júlio de Matos, 828/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.F.); (N.F.); (S.L.); (J.S.)
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nelson Bento Pereira
- CICon—Center for Innovation in Construction, Zona Industrial de Sabroso de Aguiar-Lote 2B, 5450-371 Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Portugal;
- CEPAT—Center for Heritage Studies, Avenida do Conde 5643, 4465-097 São Mamede de Infesta, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Oliveira Ferreira
- CEPAT—Center for Heritage Studies, Avenida do Conde 5643, 4465-097 São Mamede de Infesta, Portugal;
- Secundino Queirós Construction, Avenida Lopes de Oliveira 29, 5450-140 Pedras Salgadas, Portugal
| | - Lina Nunes
- LNEC—Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Structures Department, Av. do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Jorge M. Martins
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- DEMad—Department of Wood Engineering, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Luisa H. Carvalho
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- DEMad—Department of Wood Engineering, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Losio S, Cifarelli A, Vignali A, Tomaselli S, Bertini F. Flexible Polyurethane Foams from Bio-Based Polyols: Prepolymer Synthesis and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4423. [PMID: 38006146 PMCID: PMC10675359 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-polyols (BPOs), characterized by a hydroxyl number up to around 90 mg KOH/g, narrow polydispersity index and relatively low molecular mass up to 2000 g/mol, were synthetized from partially and completely epoxidized soybean and linseed oils and caprylic acid or 3-phenyl butyric acid. These BPOs were used in the presence of toluene diisocyanate to produce polyurethane (PU) foams by using a quasi-prepolymer method involving a two-step reaction. A detailed structural investigation of the prepolymers from toluene diisocyanate and both BPOs and polypropylene glycol was conducted by SEC and solution NMR. The apparent density of the foams was in the range of 40-90 kg/m3, with higher values for foams from the aromatic acid. All the foams showed an open-cell structure with uniform and regular shape and uniform size. The specific Young's moduli and compression deflection values suggest superior mechanical properties than the reference foams. The novel synthesized polyurethanes are excellent candidates to partially replace petroleum-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Losio
- Institute for Chemical Sciences and Technologies “G. Natta” National Research Council, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.); (S.T.); (F.B.)
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Costantini R, Nodari L, La Nasa J, Modugno F, Bonasera L, Rago S, Zoleo A, Legnaioli S, Tomasin P. Preserving the Ephemeral: A Micro-Invasive Study on a Set of Polyurethane Scenic Objects from the 1960s and 1970s. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092111. [PMID: 37177259 PMCID: PMC10181275 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the innovative materials used by 20th-century artists, polyurethane (PUR) has been shown to be highly unstable, and therefore artworks made of it are now in need of careful conservation strategies. This study presents a multi-analytical investigation of PUR foam scenic objects originally made between the 1960s and 1970s during the Italian Arte Viva movement. The main components in the foam and additives were characterized through micro attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (μ-ATR-FTIR) and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Painted samples were further investigated through μ-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to define binders and pigments. The use of μ-ATR-FTIR in combination with evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) allowed the variable conditions of the artworks to be assessed and attained some insights into the chemical processes responsible for aging. At the same time, morphological changes due to the degradation phenomena were recorded through optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The detailed characterization of the PUR foam and painting materials was helpful in attaining some insights into harmful environmental parameters for the artworks, thus informing preventive conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Costantini
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, (ICMATE-CNR), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Nodari
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, (ICMATE-CNR), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Bonasera
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Rago
- Department of Cultural Heritage: Archaeology and History of Art, Cinema and Music, University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato 7, 35139 Padova, Italy
| | - Alfonso Zoleo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Legnaioli
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council, (ICCOM-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Tomasin
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, (ICMATE-CNR), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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Becker R, Scholz P, Jung C, Weidner S. Thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for investigating the thermal degradation of polyurethanes. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1979-1984. [PMID: 37067030 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00173c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) was used to investigate the thermal degradation of two different polyurethanes (PUs). PU samples were heated at different heating rates and the desorbed products were collected in a cold injection system and thereafter submitted to GC-MS. The prospects and limitations of the detection and quantification of semi-volatile degradation products were investigated. Temperature dependent PU depolymerization was observed at temperatures above 200 °C, proved by an increased release of 1,4-butanediol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) representing the main building blocks of both polymers. Their release was monitored quantitatively based on external calibration with authentic compounds. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of the residues obtained after thermal desorption confirmed the initial competitive degradation mechanism indicating an equilibrium of crosslinking and depolymerization as previously suggested. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of SEC fractions of thermally degraded PUs provided additional hints on the degradation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Becker
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter- Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Philipp Scholz
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter- Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Jung
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter- Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Steffen Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter- Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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May JC, Tomlinson ID, Soni S, McLean JA, Hercules DM. A method for the preparation and characterization of single molecular weight urethane oligomers: A preliminary ion mobility and mass spectrometry study. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Gao Z, Wang Z, Liu Z, Fu L, Li X, Eling B, Pöselt E, Schander E, Wang Z. Hard block length distribution of thermoplastic polyurethane determined by polymerization-induced phase separation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Tomlinson ID, May JC, Harris RA, Buck KM, Rosenthal SJ, McLean JA, Hercules DM. Preparation and characterization of discrete mass polyether-based polyurethane oligomers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fathi-Karkan S, Banimohamad-Shotorbani B, Saghati S, Rahbarghazi R, Davaran S. A critical review of fibrous polyurethane-based vascular tissue engineering scaffolds. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:6. [PMID: 35331305 PMCID: PMC8951709 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain polymeric materials such as polyurethanes (PUs) are the most prevalent class of used biomaterials in regenerative medicine and have been widely explored as vascular substitutes in several animal models. It is thought that PU-based biomaterials possess suitable hemo-compatibility with comparable performance related to the normal blood vessels. Despite these advantages, the possibility of thrombus formation and restenosis limits their application as artificial functional vessels. In this regard, various surface modification approaches have been developed to enhance both hemo-compatibility and prolong patency. While critically reviewing the recent advances in vascular tissue engineering, mainly PU grafts, this paper summarizes the application of preferred cell sources to vascular regeneration, physicochemical properties, and some possible degradation mechanisms of PU to provide a more extensive perspective for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Banimohamad-Shotorbani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Saghati
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Omae M, Ozeki Y, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H. End group analysis of poly(methylmethacrylate)s using the most abundant peak in electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry and Fourier transform-based noise filtering. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9176. [PMID: 34355832 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We recently developed the characterization method for synthetic polymers weighing more than a few tens of kilodalton using electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry, in which the m/z value of the most abundant peak was used for characterization. However, the identification of the most abundant peak from the isotopic peaks was often difficult due to the background noise. METHODS Here, we employed a noise reduction method using Fourier transform (FT) filtering. In the power spectrum obtained using FT of the mass spectrum of the multiple charged analytes, the significant signals in the low-frequency region and at frequency z are observed for the analytes of z charges. When the signals in both regions were used for inversed FT (i.e., the signals in other regions were zero padded), a noise-filtered mass spectrum was obtained. RESULTS In the analysis of poly(methylmethacrylate)s weighing 13-17 kDa, mass spectra without noise filtering with relatively high-intensity noise (than signal) were complicated to identify the most abundant peak. On the contrary, the most abundant peak was clearly identified from the mass spectra after FT-based noise filtering, and end group composition was estimated successfully. CONCLUSIONS The proposed FT-based noise filtering for the mass spectrum is effective to characterize multiply charged synthetic polymers weighing more than a few tens of kilodalton using electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Omae
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Ozeki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Kitagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohtani
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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De Bruycker K, Welle A, Hirth S, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry as a tool to advance polymer science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:257-268. [PMID: 37127980 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural polymers, which have existed for billions of years, the first well-understood synthetic polymers date back to just over one century ago. Nevertheless, this relatively short period has seen vast progress in synthetic polymer chemistry, which can now afford diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities. To keep pace with this synthetic progress, there have been commensurate developments in analytical chemistry, where mass spectrometry has emerged as the pre-eminent technique for polymer analysis. This Perspective describes present challenges associated with the mass-spectrometric analysis of synthetic polymers, in particular the desorption, ionization and structural interrogation of high-molar-mass macromolecules, as well as strategies to lower spectral complexity. We critically evaluate recent advances in technology in the context of these challenges and suggest how to push the field beyond its current limitations. In this context, the increasingly important role of high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized because of its unrivalled ability to describe unique species within polymer ensembles, rather than to report the average properties of the ensemble.
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Li JW, Cheng YH, Lee HT, Tsen WC, Chiu CW, Suen MC. Properties and degradation of castor oil-based fluoridated biopolyurethanes with different lengths of fluorinated segments. RSC Adv 2019; 9:31133-31149. [PMID: 35529409 PMCID: PMC9072421 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a durable, biodegradable polymer, this study successfully synthesized a castor-oil-based prepolymer by using methylene diphenyl diisocyanate as a hard segment, polycaprolactone as a soft segment, and castor oil as a functional monomer. We added perfluorinated alkyl segments with varying chain lengths into the castor-oil-based polymer to synthesize castor-oil-based fluoridated biopolyurethanes (FCOPUs) with different fluorinated segment lengths. The castor-oil-based polyurethanes with different fluorinated segment lengths had similar molecular weights, which enabled accurate analysis of the effect of the lengths of fluorinated segments on FCOPUs. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to perform 1H NMR, 19F NMR, 19F–19F COSY, 1H–19F COSY, and HMBC analyses on the FCOPU structures. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy curve fitting verified the interaction between C–F⋯H–N and C–F⋯C
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O. This interaction increased as the fluorinated segments became longer. Regarding the thermal properties of the FCOPUs, the thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis results revealed that long fluorinated segments were associated with increased thermal stability in the FCOPUs. The atomic force microscopy and tensile strength test suggested that long fluorinated segments contained in the FCOPUs increased the degree of phase separation and tensile strength in FCOPUs. Finally, we dipped the FCOPUs in a 3 wt% NaOH solution, calculated the weight loss of the FCOPUs, and observed their surface structure by using scanning electron microscopy. To develop a durable, biodegradable polymer, this study successfully synthesized a castor-oil-based prepolymer by using methylene diphenyl diisocyanate as a hard segment, polycaprolactone as a soft segment, and castor oil as a functional monomer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- ROC
| | - Yung-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- ROC
| | - Hsun-Tsing Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Vanung University
- Taoyuan
- ROC
| | - Wen-Chin Tsen
- Department of Fashion and Design
- Lee-Ming Institute of Technology
- New Taipei City
- ROC
| | - Chih-Wei Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- ROC
| | - Maw-Cherng Suen
- Department of Fashion Business Administration
- Lee-Ming Institute of Technology
- New Taipei City
- ROC
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