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Xian W, Zhan YS, Maiti A, Saab AP, Li Y. Filled Elastomers: Mechanistic and Physics-Driven Modeling and Applications as Smart Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1387. [PMID: 38794580 PMCID: PMC11125212 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are made of chain-like molecules to form networks that can sustain large deformation. Rubbers are thermosetting elastomers that are obtained from irreversible curing reactions. Curing reactions create permanent bonds between the molecular chains. On the other hand, thermoplastic elastomers do not need curing reactions. Incorporation of appropriated filler particles, as has been practiced for decades, can significantly enhance mechanical properties of elastomers. However, there are fundamental questions about polymer matrix composites (PMCs) that still elude complete understanding. This is because the macroscopic properties of PMCs depend not only on the overall volume fraction (ϕ) of the filler particles, but also on their spatial distribution (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary structure). This work aims at reviewing how the mechanical properties of PMCs are related to the microstructure of filler particles and to the interaction between filler particles and polymer matrices. Overall, soft rubbery matrices dictate the elasticity/hyperelasticity of the PMCs while the reinforcement involves polymer-particle interactions that can significantly influence the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix interface. For ϕ values higher than a threshold, percolation of the filler particles can lead to significant reinforcement. While viscoelastic behavior may be attributed to the soft rubbery component, inelastic behaviors like the Mullins and Payne effects are highly correlated to the microstructures of the polymer matrix and the filler particles, as well as that of the polymer-particle interface. Additionally, the incorporation of specific filler particles within intelligently designed polymer systems has been shown to yield a variety of functional and responsive materials, commonly termed smart materials. We review three types of smart PMCs, i.e., magnetoelastic (M-), shape-memory (SM-), and self-healing (SH-) PMCs, and discuss the constitutive models for these smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Xian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
| | - You-Shu Zhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
| | - Amitesh Maiti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (A.M.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Andrew P. Saab
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (A.M.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
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2
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Prasad D, Mitra N. Noncovalent Interactions in Mechanical Response of Thermoset Epoxy Resin. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38422510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Free volume in polymers is known to influence the mechanical response of the polymers. Noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds, Coulombic electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals interactions are present within these free volume regions. The manuscript presents a comprehensive identification, characterization, and evolution of noncovalent interactions as a thermoset epoxy resin (typically used as an interfacial adhesive material) is subjected to uniaxial tension, shear, and shock loading. Even though noncovalent interactions dominate uniaxial tension and shear response (up to strain levels of 50% wherein covalent bond dissociation is not observed), both covalent and noncovalent interactions define response for shock loading. Van der Waals interactions dominate the response as the samples are subjected to strain levels of 50% in tension and shear. In contrast, hydrogen bonds influence shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Prasad
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Nilanjan Mitra
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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3
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Shoji N, Yamashita T. Tensile Stress Reduction and Strain Concentration of Epoxy Resin Caused by Heterogeneity: A Multiscale Approach Combining Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Finite Element Method. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9066-9073. [PMID: 37844116 PMCID: PMC10615074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of heterogeneity on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin by combining coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) and finite element method (FEM) simulations. To evaluate the heterogeneity effect in the uniaxial elongation, heterogeneous and homogeneous FEM models of micrometer-scale cubic epoxy resin were constructed. For the heterogeneous FEM model, parameters of nanometer-scale elements were determined by CG-MD simulations, where nanometer-scale blocks have different cross-linked structures. For the homogeneous FEM model, the averaged parameters were used for all elements. The calculated stress-strain (S-S) curves of the heterogeneous model exhibit similar tensile stress values when compared to the experimental data, whereas the homogeneous model yields notably higher values. Moreover, a clear strain concentration associated with the formation of the shear band-like structure was observed in the heterogeneous model and not in the homogeneous model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Shoji
- Laboratory
for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science
and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- NIPPON
STEEL Chemical & Material Co., Ltd., 1-13-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Takefumi Yamashita
- Laboratory
for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science
and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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4
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Ding Q, Ding N, Chen X, Guo W, Zaïri F. Understanding the Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Graphene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3218. [PMID: 37571111 PMCID: PMC10421364 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study on the effect of grain boundaries (GBs) on the mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene composites. Ten types of GB models were constructed and comparisons were made for epoxy/graphene composites containing graphene with GBs. The results showed that the tensile and compressive behaviors, the glass transition temperature (Tg), and the configurations of epoxy/graphene composites were significantly affected by GBs. The tensile yield strength of epoxy/graphene composites could be either enhanced or weakened by GBs under a tensile load parallel to the graphene sheet. The underlying mechanisms may be attributed to multi-factor coupling, including the tensile strength of the reinforcements, the interfacial interaction energy, and the inflection degree of reinforcements. A balance exists among these effect factors, resulting in the diversity in the tensile yield strength of epoxy/graphene composites. The compressive yield strength for epoxy/graphene composites is higher than their counterpart in tension. The tensile/compressive yield strength for the same configuration presents diversity in different directions. Both an excellent interfacial interaction and the appropriate inflection degree of wrinkles for GB configurations restrict the translational and rotational movements of epoxy chains during volume expansion, which eventually improves the overall Tg. Understanding the reinforcing mechanism for graphene with GBs from the atomistic level provides new physical insights to material design for epoxy-based composites containing defective reinforcements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Failure Analysis and Safety Assessment, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Failure Analysis and Safety Assessment, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Failure Analysis and Safety Assessment, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenyue Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Fahmi Zaïri
- Civil Engineering and Geo-Environmental Laboratory (ULR 4515 LGCgE), Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
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5
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Orselly M, Richard C, Devémy J, Bouvet-Marchand A, Dequidt A, Loubat C, Malfreyt P. Impact of the Force Field on the Calculation of Density and Surface Tension of Epoxy-Resins. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2617-2628. [PMID: 36917513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c09087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular simulation of interfacial systems is a matter of debate because of the choice of many input parameters that can affect significantly the performance of the force field of reproducing the surface tension and the coexisting densities. After developing a robust methodology for the calculation of the surface tension on a Lennard-Jones fluid, we apply it with different force fields to calculate the density and surface tension of pure constituents of epoxy resins. By using the model that best reproduces the experimental density and surface tension, we investigate the impact of composition in mass fraction on uncured epoxy resins and the effects of degree of cross-linking on cured resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Orselly
- Specific Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Cécile Richard
- Specific Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Julien Devémy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alain Dequidt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Loubat
- Specific Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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6
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Lu C, Wang X, Hua W, Wang S, Wang S, Wang J, Yong Q, Chu F. Fabrication of cellulose/plant oil based flexible epoxy thermoset with excellent
UV
‐blocking performance. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwei Lu
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) Nanjing China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Wenhui Hua
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Shan Wang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Shaojun Wang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Jifu Wang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) Nanjing China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) Nanjing China
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7
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Chen F, Liu F, Du X. Molecular dynamics simulation of crosslinking process and mechanical properties of epoxy under the accelerator. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Grinding Hunan University Changsha China
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Hunan University Changsha China
| | - Fan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Grinding Hunan University Changsha China
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Hunan University Changsha China
| | - Xiaogang Du
- National Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Grinding Hunan University Changsha China
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Hunan University Changsha China
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8
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Yuan L, Zhang C, Wang C, Wei N, Wan J, Zhu C, Fang H, Shi M. Effect of the crosslinking degree on the microstructure and thermomechanical properties of a polymer grouting material. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Ogawa H, Aoki M, Ono S, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Takenaka M. Spatial Distribution of the Network Structure in Epoxy Resin via the MAXS-CT Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11432-11439. [PMID: 36082480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have succeeded in visualizing the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction ratio in epoxy resins by combining medium-angle X-ray scattering (MAXS) and computed tomography (CT). The reaction ratio is proportional to the degree of cross-linking between epoxy and amine in epoxy resins. The reaction ratio and its spatial inhomogeneity affect the toughness of epoxy resins. However, there has been no non-destructive method to measure the spatial inhomogeneity of the reaction ratio, although we can measure only the spatially averaged reaction ratio by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). We found that the scattering peak reflected the cross-linking structures in the q region of MAXS and that the peak intensity is proportional to the reaction ratio. By reconstructing CT images from this peak intensity, we visualized the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction ratio. The application of this method may not be limited to epoxy resins but may extend to studying the heterogeneity of cross-linked structures in other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mika Aoki
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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10
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Orselly M, Devemy J, Bouvet-Marchand A, Dequidt A, Loubat C, Malfreyt P. Molecular Simulations of Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy-Amine Resins. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30040-30050. [PMID: 36061676 PMCID: PMC9434774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed with the CHARMM force field to characterize various epoxy resins, such as aliphatic and bisphenol-based resins. A multistep cross-linking algorithm was established, and key properties such as density, glass temperature, and elastic modulus were calculated. A quantitative comparison was made and was proven to be in good agreement with experimental data, with average absolute deviations between experiments and molecular simulation comprised between 2% and 12%. Additional findings on structure-property relationships were highlighted such as the effect of the cross-linking rate and oligomerization of the resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Orselly
- Specific
Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
- Université
Clermont Auvergne,Clermont Auvergne
INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Devemy
- Université
Clermont Auvergne,Clermont Auvergne
INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alain Dequidt
- Université
Clermont Auvergne,Clermont Auvergne
INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Loubat
- Specific
Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université
Clermont Auvergne,Clermont Auvergne
INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Shoji N, Sasaki K, Uedono A, Taniguchi Y, Hayashi K, Matsubara N, Kobayashi T, Yamashita T. Effect of conversion on epoxy resin properties: Combined molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Sakai T, Takase N, Oya Y, Koyanagi J. A Possibility for Quantitative Detection of Mechanically-Induced Invisible Damage by Thermal Property Measurement via Entropy Generation for a Polymer Material. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030737. [PMID: 35160685 PMCID: PMC8837015 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Entropy generation from a mechanical and thermal perspective are quantitatively compared via molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and mechanical and thermal experiments. The entropy generation values regarding mechanical tensile loading—which causes invisible damage—of the Polyamide 6 (PA6) material are discussed in this study. The entropy values measured mechanically and thermally in the MD simulation were similar. To verify this consistency, mechanical and thermal experiments for measuring entropy generation were conducted. The experimentally obtained mechanical entropy was slightly less than that calculated by MD simulation. The thermal capacity is estimated based on the specific heat capacity measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), applying the assumed extrapolation methods. The estimated entropy generation was higher than the aforementioned values. There is a possibility that the entropy-estimating method used in this study was inappropriate, resulting in overestimations. In any case, it is verified that entropy increases with mechanical loading and material invisible damage can be qualitatively detected via thermal property measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan;
| | - Naohiro Takase
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Oya
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan;
| | - Jun Koyanagi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5876-1411
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13
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Sheng C, Wu G, Sun X, Liu S. Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of the Moisture Invaded and Cross-Linked Epoxy System. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010103. [PMID: 35012124 PMCID: PMC8747217 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of a high market share of plastic IC packaging, there are still reliability issues, especially for the effects of moisture. The mechanism between moisture and epoxy polymer is still obscure. A multi-step cross-linking approach was used to mimic the cross-linking process between the DGEBA resin and JEFFAMINE®-D230 agent. Based on the molecular dynamics method, the thermo-mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy polymer were analyzed. In this paper, the degree of cross-linking ranged from 0% to 85.4% and the moisture concentration ranged from 0 wt.% to 12 wt.%. The hydrogen bonds were investigated in the moisture invaded epoxy polymer. Although most of the hydrogen bonds were related to water molecules, the hydrogen bonds between the inside of epoxy polymer were reduced only a little as the concentration of moisture increased. The diffusion coefficient of the water molecules was found to increase with the increase of moisture concentration. When the moisture concentration was larger than 12 wt.% or smaller than 1.6 wt.%, the diffusion coefficient was less affected by the epoxy polymer. In addition, the free volume and the thermal conductivity of the epoxy polymer were considered. It was found that the moisture could increase the thermal conductivity from 0.24 to 0.31 W/m/K, identifying a coupling relationship between moisture and thermal properties. Finally, the mechanical properties of epoxy polymer were analyzed by uniaxial tensile simulation. The COMPASS and DREIDING force fields were used during the uniaxial tensile simulation. A better result was achieved from the DREIDING force field compared with the experiment. The degree of cross-linking was positively correlated with mechanical properties. For the system with the largest degree of cross-linking of 85.4%, the Young's modulus was 2.134 ± 0.522 GPa and the yield strength was 0.081 ± 0.01 GPa. There were both plasticizing and anti-plasticizing effects when the water molecules entered the epoxy polymer. Both the Young's moduli and yield strength varied in a large range from 1.38 to 2.344 GPa and from 0.062 to 0.128 GPa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Sheng
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Gai Wu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.W.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiang Sun
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.W.); (X.S.)
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.W.); (X.S.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Hsissou R. Review on epoxy polymers and its composites as a potential anticorrosive coatings for carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl solution: Computational approaches. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Zhang J, Wang D, Wang L, Zuo W, Zhou L, Hu X, Bao D. Effect of Terminal Groups on Thermomechanical and Dielectric Properties of Silica-Epoxy Composite Modified by Hyperbranched Polyester. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2451. [PMID: 34372053 PMCID: PMC8348354 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of hyperbranched polyester with different kinds of terminal groups on the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of silica-epoxy resin composite, a molecular dynamics simulation method was utilized. Pure epoxy resin and four groups of silica-epoxy resin composites were established, where the silica surface was hydrogenated, grafted with silane coupling agents, and grafted with hyperbranched polyester with terminal carboxyl and terminal hydroxyl, respectively. Then the thermal conductivity, glass transition temperature, elastic modulus, dielectric constant, free volume fraction, mean square displacement, hydrogen bonds, and binding energy of the five models were calculated. The results showed that the hyperbranched polyester significantly improved the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of the silica-epoxy composites compared with other surface treatments, and the terminal groups had an obvious effect on the enhancement effect. Among them, epoxy composite modified by the hyperbranched polyester with terminal carboxy exhibited the best thermomechanical properties and lowest dielectric constant. Our analysis of the microstructure found that the two systems grafted with hyperbranched polyester had a smaller free volume fraction (FFV) and mean square displacement (MSD), and the larger number of hydrogen bonds and greater binding energy, indicating that weaker strength of molecular segments motion and stronger interfacial bonding between silica and epoxy resin matrix were the reasons for the enhancement of the thermomechanical and dielectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Zhang
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 211116, China; (J.Z.); (D.W.); (W.Z.); (X.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dongwei Wang
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 211116, China; (J.Z.); (D.W.); (W.Z.); (X.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Lujia Wang
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 211116, China; (J.Z.); (D.W.); (W.Z.); (X.H.); (D.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wanwan Zuo
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 211116, China; (J.Z.); (D.W.); (W.Z.); (X.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Lijun Zhou
- School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China;
| | - Xue Hu
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 211116, China; (J.Z.); (D.W.); (W.Z.); (X.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dingyu Bao
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 211116, China; (J.Z.); (D.W.); (W.Z.); (X.H.); (D.B.)
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16
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Bejagam KK, Iverson CN, Marrone BL, Pilania G. Composition and Configuration Dependence of Glass-Transition Temperature in Binary Copolymers and Blends of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biopolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karteek K. Bejagam
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Carl N. Iverson
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Babetta L. Marrone
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ghanshyam Pilania
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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17
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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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