1
|
Naeem A, Yu C, Wang X. Highly swellable, cytocompatible and biodegradeable guar gum-based hydrogel system for controlled release of bioactive components of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.): Synthesis and evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132825. [PMID: 38852724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (liquorice) has been widely used for therapeutic purposes to treat digestive disorders, immunomodulatory disorders, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, viral infections, and cancer. Liquorice contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Several factors compromise their therapeutic efficacy, such as poor pharmacokinetic profiles and physicochemical properties. Therefore, to improve its overall effectiveness, liquorice solid dispersion (LSD) was incorporated into biopolymer-based guar gum-grafted-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (Guar gum-g-AMPS) hydrogels designed for controlled delivery via the oral route and characterized. The qualitative analysis of LSD revealed 51 compounds. Hydrogel structural properties were assessed for their effect on swelling and release. The highest swelling ratio (6413 %) and drug release (84.12 %) occurred at pH 1.2 compared to pH 7.4 (swelling ratio of 2721 % and drug release of 79.36 %) in 48 h. The hydrogels exhibited high porosity (84.23 %) and biodegradation (9.30 % in 7 days). In vitro hemolysis tests have demonstrated the compatibility of the hydrogel with blood. CCK-8 assay confirmed the biocompatibility of the synthesized hydrogel using osteoblasts and RIN-m5f cells. LSD exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity when loaded into hydrogels after being subjected to protein denaturation experiments. Moreover, LSD-loaded hydrogels have good antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Naeem
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, College of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Chengqun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao C, Zhang C, Wang P, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhu J, Gao C, Gao Q. Wet-spun PEDOT: PSS/ionic liquid composite fibers for wearable e-textiles. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
3
|
Zheng D, Zhang C, Chen Z, Zhu P, Gao C. Tough and anti‐swelling γ‐polyglutamic acid/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels for wearable sensors. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Peizhi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Chunxia Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gritsch L, Bossard C, Jallot E, Jones JR, Lao J. Bioactive glass-based organic/inorganic hybrids: an analysis of the current trends in polymer design and selection. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:519-545. [PMID: 36541433 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02089k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive glass-based organic/inorganic hybrids are a family of materials holding great promise in the biomedical field. Developed from bioactive glasses following recent advances in sol-gel and polymer chemistry, they can overcome many limitations of traditional composites typically used in bone repair and orthopedics. Thanks to their unique molecular structure, hybrids are often characterized by synergistic properties that go beyond a mere combination of their two components; it is possible to synthesize materials with a wide variety of mechanical and biological properties. The polymeric component, in particular, can be tailored to prepare tough, load-bearing materials, or rubber-like elastomers. It can also be a key factor in the determination of a wide range of interesting biological properties. In addition, polymers can also be used within hybrids as carriers for therapeutic ions (although this is normally the role of silica). This review offers a brief look into the history of hybrids, from the discovery of bioactive glasses to the latest developments, with a particular emphasis on polymer design and chemistry. First the benefits and limitations of hybrids will be discussed and compared with those of alternative approaches (for instance, nanocomposites). Then, key advances in the field will be presented focusing on the polymeric component: its chemistry, its physicochemical and biological advantages, its drawbacks, and selected applications. Comprehensive tables summarizing all the polymers used to date to fabricate sol-gel hybrids for biomedical applications are also provided, to offer a handbook of all the available candidates for hybrid synthesis. In addition to the current trends, open challenges and possible avenues of future development are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gritsch
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière (Clermont-Ferrand), France. .,Technogym S.p.A., via Calcinaro 2861, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - Cédric Bossard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière (Clermont-Ferrand), France.
| | - Edouard Jallot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière (Clermont-Ferrand), France.
| | - Julian R Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan Lao
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière (Clermont-Ferrand), France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song X, Li M, Feng X, Liu J, Ji H, Gu J. Thermosensitive hydrogel-mediated sphere/fiber multi-dimensional composite nanotube with controlled release of NGF for improved spinal cord injury repair. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
Zhu Y, Liu Y, Mohamed HF, Zheng X, He J, Lin L. Rigid, eco-friendly and superhydrophobic SiO 2-Polyvinyl alcohol composite sponge for durable oil remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135990. [PMID: 35977562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of durable and eco-friendly adsorbents for oil remediation is in great demands. However, most of adsorbents were designed to pursue large capabilities while ignored their strength after adsorbing oil, which might cause secondary oil spilling during complex salvage process. Herein, an eco-friendly and superhydrophobic SiO2-modified polyvinyl alcohol composite (H-SiO2-G-PVA) sponge with extraordinary rigid structure after oil adsorption is designed for durable oil remediation. Through a two-step hydrolysis-condensation process including deposition of silica microparticles and introduction of hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS), a superhydrophobic H-SiO2-G-PVA sponge has been successfully constructed. The sponge presents stable superhydrophobicity in various complex environments,therefore it efficiently adsorbs oil from water (up to 6 g g-1) and separate surfactant-stabilized water/oil emulsion with high efficiency (>99%). Noticeably, the H-SiO2-G-PVA sponge maintains tough strength (3.5 MPa) after oil adsorption, which ideally overcomes secondary oil spilling problem and endows the sponge with excellent recycling performances (>20 cycles). Meanwhile, the excellent biocompatibility of the sponge (high cell viability of 91.85%) ensures the potential for practical applications. This rigid, eco-friendly oil-adsorbing sponge that achieves stable superhydrophobicity and recyclability, fulfills the application needs for durable oil remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yuansen Liu
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Island Conservation and Development, Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan, 350400, PR China
| | - Hala F Mohamed
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, PR China; Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Xinqing Zheng
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Jianlin He
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Island Conservation and Development, Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan, 350400, PR China
| | - Ling Lin
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Island Conservation and Development, Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan, 350400, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suhail M, Shih CM, Liu JY, Hsieh WC, Lin YW, Wu PC. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of biocompatible polymeric microgels for pH- driven delivery of Ketorolac tromethamine. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122194. [PMID: 36113744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to prepare glutamic acid crosslinked poly(itaconic acid/methacrylic acid) microgels for pH-responsive delivery of ketorolac tromethamine, using aqueous free radical polymerization technique. The polymerization of polymer with monomers was carried out by a crosslinking agent N', N'-methylene bisacrylamide in the presence of initiator ammonium persulfate. The prepared microgels were characterized for structure, surface morphology, thermal stability, and crystallinity. Similarly, studies such as sol-gel analysis, drug loading, and polymer volume fraction were performed for the fabricated microgels. The pH-sensitivity of the developed microgels was investigated at three different pH values i.e., pH 1.2, 4.6, and 7.4 by swelling and in-vitro drug release studies. Maximum swelling and drug release were found at pH 7.4 as compared to pH 1.2 and 4.6, which indicated the pH-sensitive nature of the prepared microgels. The toxicity of the prepared microgels was evaluated by cell line and HET-CAM test, which demonstrated no toxic effect of the prepared microgels. In-vivo study was carried out on rabbits and high plasma concentration was reported for the drug loaded microgels as compared to drug solution and commercial product Keten. Hence, the prepared microgel system could be employed as an excellent carrier for the controlled drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhail
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Ming Shih
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Chu Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suhail M, Shih CM, Liu JY, Hsieh WC, Lin YW, Lin IL, Wu PC. Synthesis of glutamic acid/polyvinyl alcohol based hydrogels for controlled drug release: In-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
9
|
Mo C, Luo R, Chen Y. Advances in the stimuli-responsive injectable hydrogel for controlled release of drugs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200007. [PMID: 35344233 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The stimuli-responsiveness of injectable hydrogel has been drastically developed for the controlled release of drugs and achieved encouraging curative effects in a variety of diseases including wounds, cardiovascular diseases and tumors. The gelation, swelling and degradation of such hydrogels respond to endogenous biochemical factors (such as pH, reactive oxygen species, glutathione, enzymes, glucose) and/or to exogenous physical stimulations (like light, magnetism, electricity and ultrasound), thereby accurately releasing loaded drugs in response to specifically pathological status and as desired for treatment plan and thus improving therapeutic efficacy effectively. In this paper, we give a detailed introduction of recent progresses in responsive injectable hydrogels and focus on the design strategy of various stimuli-sensitivities and their resultant alteration of gel dissociation and drug liberation behaviour. Their application in disease treatment is also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Mo
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, 410001, China
| | - Rui Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, 410001, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, 410001, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dou C, Li Z, Luo Y, Gong J, Li Q, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Qiao C. Bio-based poly (γ-glutamic acid)-gelatin double-network hydrogel with high strength for wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:438-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
11
|
Wu H, Chen J, Kim J, Zhu P, Zhu J, Gao Q, Gao C. Facile preparation of transparent poly (γ‐glutamic acid) modified poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels with high tensile strength and toughness. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Jiangsu, Yangzhou China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Jiangsu, Yangzhou China
| | | | - Peizhi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Jiangsu, Yangzhou China
| | - Jiadeng Zhu
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Qiang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Jiangsu, Yangzhou China
| | - Chunxia Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Jiangsu, Yangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Robert B, Chenthamara D, Subramaniam S. Fabrication and biomedical applications of Arabinoxylan, Pectin, Chitosan, Soy protein, and Silk fibroin hydrogels via laccase - ferulic acid redox chemistry. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 201:539-556. [PMID: 34973987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique physiochemical properties and the porous network architecture of hydrogel seek the attention to be explored in broad range of fields. In the last decade, numerous studies on the development of enzymatically cross-linked hydrogels have been elucidated. Implementing enzyme based cross-linking for fabrication of biomaterials over other crosslinking methods harbor various advantages, especially hydrogels designed using laccase exhibits mild reaction environment, high cross-linking efficiency and less toxicity. To our knowledge this is the first report reviewing the formulation of laccase mediated cross-linking for hydrogel preparation. Here, laccase catalyzed synthesis of hydrogel using polysaccharide viz. arabinoxylan, sugar beet pectin, galactomannan, chitosan etc. and proteins namely soy protein, gelatin, silk fibroin were discussed on highlighting their mechanical properties and its possible field of application. We have summarized the role of phenolic acids in laccase mediated crosslinking particularly ferulic acid which is a component of lignocellulose, serving cell rigidity via crosslinkage. The review also discusses on various biomedical applications such as controlled protein release, tissue engineering, and wound healing. It is anticipated that this review will give a detailed information on different laccase mediated reaction strategies that can be applied for the synthesis of various new biomaterials with tailor made properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becky Robert
- Biomaterials and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Dhrisya Chenthamara
- Biomaterials and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Sadhasivam Subramaniam
- Biomaterials and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; Department of Extension and Career Guidance, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nasrollahpour H, Naseri A, Rashidi MR, Khalilzadeh B. Application of green synthesized WO 3-poly glutamic acid nanobiocomposite for early stage biosensing of breast cancer using electrochemical approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23994. [PMID: 34907220 PMCID: PMC8671486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer films have drawn growing demand for their application in the point of care domain owing to their biocompatibility, eco-friendly, and eligibility for in vivo analyses. However, their poor conductivity restricts their sensitivity in diagnostics. For high-quality electrochemical biosensor monitoring, two vital factors to be greatly paid attention are the effective merge of amplification modifiers with transducing surface and the superior linking across the recognition interface. Here, we introduce an enzyme-free electrochemical biosensor based on electrosynthesized biocompatible WO3/poly glutamic acid nano-biocomposites to address the hardships specific to the analysis of circulating proteins clinical samples. In addition to its green synthesis route, the poor tendency of both components of the prepared nano-biocomposite to amine groups makes it excellent working in untreated biological samples with high contents of proteins. Several electrochemical and morphological investigations (SEM, EDX, and dot mapping) were fulfilled to gain a reliable and trustful standpoint of the framework. By using this nanobiosensor, the concentration of HER-2 was detectable as low as 1 fg mL-1 with a wide linear response between 1 ng mL-1 and 1 fg mL-1. Meanwhile, the protocol depicted ideal specificity, stability, and reproducibility for the detection of HER-2 protein in untreated serum samples of breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasrollahpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, PO Box 51644-14766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Naseri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, PO Box 51644-14766, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ding X, Shi J, Wei J, Li Y, Wu X, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Zhang X, Lai H. A biopolymer hydrogel electrostatically reinforced by amino-functionalized bioactive glass for accelerated bone regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj7857. [PMID: 34890238 PMCID: PMC8664252 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Composite hydrogels incorporating natural polymers and bioactive glass (BG) are promising materials for bone regeneration. However, their applications are compromised by the poor interfacial compatibility between organic and inorganic phases. In this study, we developed an electrostatically reinforced hydrogel (CAG) with improved interfacial compatibility by introducing amino-functionalized 45S5 BG to the alginate/gellan gum (AG) matrix. BAG composed of AG and unmodified BG (10 to 100 μm in size) was prepared as a control. Compared with BAG, CAG had a more uniform porous structure with a pore size of 200 μm and optimal compressive strength of 66 kPa. Furthermore, CAG promoted the M2 phenotype transition of macrophages and up-regulated the osteogenic gene expression of stem cells. The new bone formation in vivo was also accelerated due to the enhanced biomineralization of CAG. Overall, this work suggests CAG with improved interfacial compatibility is an ideal material for bone regeneration application.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghandforoushan P, Golafshan N, Babu Kadumudi F, Castilho M, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Orive G. Injectable and adhesive hydrogels for dealing with wounds. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 22:519-533. [PMID: 34793282 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2008353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of wound dressing materials that combine healing properties, ability to self-repair the material damages, skin-friendly adhesive nature, and competent mechanical properties have surpassing functional importance in healthcare. Due to their specificity, hydrogels have been recognized as a new gateway in biological materials to treat dysfunctional tissues. The design and creation of injectable hydrogel-based scaffolds have extensively progressed in recent years to improve their therapeutic efficacy and to pave the way for their easy minimally invasive administration. Hence, injectable hydrogel biomaterials have been prepared to eventually translate into minimally invasive therapy and pose a lasting effect on regenerative medicine. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the recent development of adhesive and injectable hydrogels that have applications in wound healing and wound dressing. Such hydrogel materials are not only expected to improve therapeutic outcomes but also to facilitate the easy surgical process in both wound healing and dressing. EXPERT OPINION Wound healing seems to be an appealing approach for treating countless life-threatening disorders. With the average increase of life expectancy in human societies, an increase in demand for injectable skin replacements and drug delivery carriers for chronic wound healing is expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghandforoushan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Golafshan
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Firoz Babu Kadumudi
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country Upv/ehu Paseo de La Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (Ciber-bbn), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,University of the Basque Country, University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - Uirmi (Upv/ehu-fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Synthesis, Characterization, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation of Ketorolac Tromethamine-Loaded Hydrogels of Glutamic Acid as Controlled Release Carrier. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203541. [PMID: 34685304 PMCID: PMC8541255 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid-co-poly(acrylic acid) (GAcPAAc) hydrogels were prepared by the free radical polymerization technique using glutamic acid (GA) as a polymer, acrylic acid (AAc) as a monomer, ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker, and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. Increase in gel fraction was observed with the increasing concentration of glutamic acid, acrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate. High percent porosity was indicated by developed hydrogels with the increase in the concentration of glutamic acid and acrylic acid, while a decrease was seen with the increasing concentration of EGDMA, respectively. Maximum swelling and drug release was exhibited at high pH 7.4 compared to low pH 1.2 by the newly synthesized hydrogels. Similarly, both swelling and drug release increased with the increasing concentration of glutamic acid and acrylic acid and decreased with the increase in ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate concentration. The drug release was considered as non-Fickian transport and partially controlled by viscoelastic relaxation of hydrogel. In-vivo study revealed that the AUC0–∞ of fabricated hydrogels significantly increased compared to the drug solution and commercial product Keten. Hence, the results indicated that the developed hydrogels could be used as a suitable carrier for controlled drug delivery.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang C, Wu H, Chen J, Zhu P, Gao C. La
3+
modified poly(γ‐glutamic acid) hydrogels with high strength and anti‐swelling property for cartilage regeneration. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Hailin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Peizhi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Chunxia Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A novel network construction method based on degenerative chain transfer effect to toughen hydrogels. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
19
|
Phan THM, Huang CC, Tsai YJ, Hu JJ, Jan JS. Polypeptide Composition and Topology Affect Hydrogelation of Star-Shaped Poly( L-lysine)-Based Amphiphilic Copolypeptides. Gels 2021; 7:131. [PMID: 34563017 PMCID: PMC8482192 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we studied the effect of polypeptide composition and topology on the hydrogelation of star-shaped block copolypeptides based on hydrophilic, coil poly(L-lysine)20 (s-PLL20) tethered with a hydrophobic, sheet-like polypeptide segment, which is poly(L-phenylalanine) (PPhe), poly(L-leucine) (PLeu), poly(L-valine) (PVal) or poly(L-alanine) (PAla) with a degree of polymerization (DP) about 5. We found that the PPhe, PLeu, and PVal segments are good hydrogelators to promote hydrogelation. The hydrogelation and hydrogel mechanical properties depend on the arm number and hydrophobic polypeptide segment, which are dictated by the amphiphilic balance between polypeptide blocks and the hydrophobic interactions/hydrogen bonding exerted by the hydrophobic polypeptide segment. The star-shaped topology could facilitate their hydrogelation due to the branching chains serving as multiple interacting depots between hydrophobic polypeptide segments. The 6-armed diblock copolypeptides have better hydrogelation ability than 3-armed ones and s-PLL-b-PPhe exhibits better hydrogelation ability than s-PLL-b-PVal and s-PLL-b-PLeu due to the additional cation-π and π-π interactions. This study highlights that polypeptide composition and topology could be additional parameters to manipulate polypeptide hydrogelation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ha My Phan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (T.H.M.P.); (C.-C.H.); (Y.-J.T.)
| | - Ching-Chia Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (T.H.M.P.); (C.-C.H.); (Y.-J.T.)
| | - Yi-Jen Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (T.H.M.P.); (C.-C.H.); (Y.-J.T.)
| | - Jin-Jia Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shiung Jan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (T.H.M.P.); (C.-C.H.); (Y.-J.T.)
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wei M, Hsu YI, Asoh TA, Sung MH, Uyama H. Injectable poly(γ-glutamic acid)-based biodegradable hydrogels with tunable gelation rate and mechanical strength. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3584-3594. [PMID: 33909743 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptide-based hydrogels have potential applications in polymer therapeutics and regenerative medicine. However, designing reliable polypeptide-based hydrogels with a rapid injection time and controllable stiffness for clinical applications remains a challenge. Herein, a class of injectable poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA)-based hydrogels were constructed using furfurylamine and tyramine-modified PGA (PGA-Fa-Tyr) and the crosslinker dimaleimide poly(ethylene glycol) (MAL-PEG-MAL), through a facile strategy combining enzymatic crosslinking and Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. The injectable hydrogels could be quickly gelatinized and the gelation time, ranging from 10 to 95 s, could be controlled by varying the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration. Compared with hydrogels formed by single enzymatic crosslinking, the compressive stress and strain of the injectable hydrogels were remarkably enhanced because of the occurrence of the subsequent DA reaction in the hydrogels, suggesting the DA network imparted an outstanding toughening effect on the hydrogels. Furthermore, the mechanical strength, swelling ratio, pore size, and degradation behavior of the injectable hydrogels could be easily controlled by changing the molar ratios of H2O2/Tyr or furan/maleimide. More importantly, injectable hydrogels encapsulating bovine serum albumin exhibited sustained release behavior. Thus, the developed hydrogels hold great potential for applications in biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering and cell/drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yu-I Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Taka-Aki Asoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Moon-Hee Sung
- Department of Advanced Fermentation Fusion Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu C, Tang N, Gan J, Zhang X, Li Y, Jia X, Cheng Y. A pH-sensitive semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels constructed by konjac glucomannan and poly (γ-glutamic acid): Synthesis, characterization and swelling behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:229-239. [PMID: 34119552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel pH-sensitive semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogel was prepared by using konjac glucomannan (KGM) and poly (γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as the crosslinking agent. The structure of the semi-IPN hydrogels was characterized by FTIR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), rheological measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pH-sensitive effects were investigated by calculating the equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) in buffer solutions (pH 2, 4, 6, and 8, respectively) at 37 °C. These results showed that the content of cross-linker and γ-PGA has a significant influence on the hydrogels' structure and swelling behavior. In vitro drug release behavior of semi-IPN hydrogels was investigated under simulated gastric and intestinal fluids using model drug Nicotinamide (NTM), and various models were applied to describe the drug release behaviors. The obtained results indicated that our synthesized semi-IPN hydrogel had the potential to be used as a suitable biomaterial carrier for functional components or drug delivery in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ning Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jing Gan
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xin Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim MH, Lin CC. Assessing monocyte phenotype in poly(γ-glutamic acid) hydrogels formed by orthogonal thiol–norbornene chemistry. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac01b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
23
|
Sahraro M, Barikani M, Daemi H, Baei P. Anti-fatigue, highly resilient photocrosslinkable gellan gum hydrogels reinforced by flexible nanoparticulate polyurethane multi-crosslinkers. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:831-838. [PMID: 33930451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, multifunctional polyurethane nanoparticles (MPUNs) were embedded into the methacrylated gellan gum (MGG) to prepare stimuli-responsive hydrogels with improved mechanical properties including remarkable fatigue resistance and excellent self-recoverability. The photocurable MPUNs/MGG nanocomposite hydrogels with different formulations were synthesized through a facile and green solution mixing method. The result obtained from mechanical analysis displayed an excellent improvement in compression strength (120 6 ± 83.7 kPa) and ultimate strain (94.2 ± 2.7%) in the optimized formulation. Furthermore, the optimized formulation could restore approximately its original shape after continuous loading-unloading compression tests over 100 cycles which might result from its favorable crosslinked structure. These reinforced hydrogels exhibited a dual physical and chemical crosslinking mechanism based on the hydrogen bonding formation and photocrosslinking of methacrylate functional groups, respectively. Interestingly, the nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited no significant cytotoxicity to human dermal fibroblast cells which made them suitable as the appropriate biomaterials for the engineering of soft tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sahraro
- Department of Polyurethane and Advanced Materials, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965-115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barikani
- Department of Polyurethane and Advanced Materials, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965-115, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Daemi
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Payam Baei
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mastalska-Popławska J, Stempkowska A, Habina-Skrzyniarz I, Krzyżak AT, Rutkowski P, Izak P, Rudny J, Gawenda T. Water Interactions in Hybrid Polyacrylate-Silicate Hydrogel Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4092. [PMID: 32942635 PMCID: PMC7560421 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid polyacrylate-silicate hydrogels were obtained in the presence of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (NNMBA) as the cross-linking monomer and sodium thiosulphate/potassium persulphate (NTS/KPS) as the redox initiators. The results of the tests allowed us to conclude that a hybrid structure with a polyacrylate scaffolding and a silicate matrix had been obtained. The results of the rheological analysis revealed that the hydrogel sample with a 1:7 mass ratio of sodium water glass to the sodium polyacrylate is characterized by the highest complex viscosity. Thermal analysis (Thermogravimetry/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG/DSC)) showed that water begins to evaporate at higher temperatures, from 120 °C to even 180 °C. These results were confirmed by mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis. Differences in the intensity of the peaks derived from water in the MIR spectra indicate that most of the water is bounded. In turn, NMR results showed that the mobility of water molecules decreases as the amount of sodium water glass in the mixture increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mastalska-Popławska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.R.); (P.I.); (J.R.)
| | - Agata Stempkowska
- Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Iwona Habina-Skrzyniarz
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (I.H.-S.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Artur T. Krzyżak
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (I.H.-S.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Paweł Rutkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.R.); (P.I.); (J.R.)
| | - Piotr Izak
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.R.); (P.I.); (J.R.)
| | - Jakub Rudny
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.R.); (P.I.); (J.R.)
| | - Tomasz Gawenda
- Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.); (T.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Preparation and Characterization of pH Sensitive Chitosan/3-Glycidyloxypropyl Trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) Hydrogels by Sol-Gel Method. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061326. [PMID: 32532065 PMCID: PMC7362259 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
pH responsive chitosan and 3-Glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) hydrogels were synthesized by the sol-gel crosslinking reaction. GPTMS was introduced to influence several behaviors of the chitosan hydrogels, such as the swelling ratio, mechanical properties, swelling thermodynamics, kinetics, and expansion mechanism. The functional groups of Chitosan/GPTMS hybrid hydrogels were verified by FT-IR spectrometer. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to analyzed the thermal behavior of water molecules, the expansion of thermodynamics, and the content of water molecules in the hydrogel. The results show that hydrogel consists of 50 wt.% GPTMS (CG50) and has good mechanical properties and sensitivity to pH response characteristics in the acidic/alkaline buffer solution. The increase of GPTMS content leads to the increase of hydrophobic groups in the hydrogel and causes the decrease of the overall water content and the freezing bond water content. When the hydrogels were immersed in acid solution, the interaction force parameter was smaller than that of DI-water and alkaline. It means that the interaction forces between hydrogel and water molecules are relatively strong. The swelling kinetics of hybrid hydrogels were investigated to inspect the swelling mechanism. The result is consistent with the Fisk’s diffusion mechanism, meaning that the rate of water penetration is adjustable. The biodegradable hydrogel (CG50) in this study has good environmental sensitivity and mechanical properties. It is suitable to be applied in the fields of drug release or biomedical technology.
Collapse
|