1
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Liu B, Westman Z, Richardson K, Lim D, Stottlemyer AL, Gillis P, Letko CS, Hooshyar N, Vlcek V, Christopher P, Abu-Omar MM. Vapor-Phase Dicarboxylic Acids and Anhydrides Drive Depolymerization of Polyurethanes. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:435-439. [PMID: 38546447 PMCID: PMC11025130 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is the sixth most used plastic in the world. Because many PU derived materials are thermosets and the monomers are valuable, chemical recycling to recover the polyol component is the most viable pathway to utilizing postconsumer PU waste in a closed-loop fashion. Acidolysis is an effective method to recover polyol from PU waste. Previous studies of PU acidolysis rely on the use of dicarboxylic acid (DCA) in high temperature reactions (>200 °C) in the liquid phase and result in unwanted byproducts, high energy consumption, complex separations of excess organic acid, and an overall process that is difficult to scale up. In this work, we demonstrate selective PU acidolysis with DCA vapor to release polyol at temperatures below the melting points of the DCAs (<150 °C). Notably, acidolysis with DCA vapor adheres to the principles of green chemistry and prevents in part esterification of the polyol product, eliminating the need for additional hydrolysis/processing to obtain the desired product. The methodology was successfully applied to a commercial PU foam (PUF) postconsumer waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyuan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Zach Westman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Kelsey Richardson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Dingyuan Lim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | | | - Paul Gillis
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48642, United States
| | | | - Nasim Hooshyar
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Herbert H Dowweg 5, Hoek 4542 NH, The Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Vlcek
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93117, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
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2
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Liu B, Westman Z, Richardson K, Lim D, Stottlemyer AL, Farmer T, Gillis P, Hooshyar N, Vlcek V, Christopher P, Abu-Omar MM. Polyurethane Foam Chemical Recycling: Fast Acidolysis with Maleic Acid and Full Recovery of Polyol. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:4435-4443. [PMID: 38516400 PMCID: PMC10952008 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polyurethane (PU) waste is essential to displace the need for virgin polyol production and enable sustainable PU production. Currently, less than 20% of PU waste is downcycled through rebinding to lower value products than the original PU. Chemical recycling of PU waste often requires significant input of materials like solvents and slow reaction rates. Here, we report the fast (<10 min) and solvent-free acidolysis of a model toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-based flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) at <200 °C using maleic acid (MA) with a recovery of recycled polyol (repolyol) in 95% isolated yield. After workup (hydrolysis of repolyl ester and separations), the repolyol exhibits favorable physical properties that are comparable to the virgin polyol; these include 54.1 mg KOH/g OH number and 624 cSt viscosity. Overall, 80% by weight of the input PUF is isolated into two clean-cut fractions containing the repolyol and toluene diamine (TDA). Finally, end-of-life (EOL) mattress PUF waste is recycled successfully with high recovery of repolyol using MA acidolysis. The solvent-free and fast acidolysis with MA demonstrated in this work with both model and EOL PUF provides a potential pathway for sustainable and closed-loop PU production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyuan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zach Westman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kelsey Richardson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dingyuan Lim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Thomas Farmer
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Paul Gillis
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Nasim Hooshyar
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Herbert H Dowweg 5, Hoek 4542 NH,The Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Vlcek
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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3
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Donadini R, Boaretti C, Scopel L, Lorenzetti A, Modesti M. Deamination of Polyols from the Glycolysis of Polyurethane. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202301919. [PMID: 37844012 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Methylenedianiline (MDA) is a secondary, undesired, product of the glycolysis process of polyurethane (PU) scraps due to hydrolysis and pyrolysis side reactions. As an aromatic and carcinogen amine, MDA poses different problems in handling, transporting, and labelling recycled polyols derived from glycolysis, hindering the closure of PU recycling loop. Aiming to provide a solution to this issue, in this work different deaminating agents (DAs) were investigated with the purpose of analyzing their reactivity with MDA. A first part of the study was devoted to the analysis of MDA formation as a function of reaction time and catalyst concentration (potassium acetate) during glycolysis. It was observed that the amount of MDA increases almost linearly with the extent of PU depolymerization and catalyst content. Among the DAs analyzed 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether (2-EHGE), and acetic anhydride (Ac2 O) showed interesting performance, which allowed MDA content to be diminished below the limit for labelling prescription in 30 minutes. PU rigid foams were, therefore, synthesized from the corresponding recycled products and characterized in terms of thermal and mechanical performance. Ac2 O-deaminated polyols led to structurally unstable foams with poor compressive strength, while 2-EHGE-deaminated products allowed the production of foams with improved mechanical performance and unaltered thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Donadini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Carlo Boaretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Luca Scopel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Michele Modesti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
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4
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Grdadolnik M, Zdovc B, Drinčić A, Onder OC, Utroša P, Ramos SG, Ramos ED, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Chemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Aminolysis to Recover High-Quality Polyols. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:10864-10873. [PMID: 37502771 PMCID: PMC10369675 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are widely used commodity materials, but most of them end up in landfills at the end of their life, which is not in line with the circular economy approach. Here, we introduce microwave-assisted aminolysis with amine reagents that contain primary and tertiary amino groups in the structure. These reagents enable complete degradation of the urethane groups in the structure of the flexible PUFs with a much lower amount of degradation reagent than is typically required for solvolysis reactions. The purified, recovered polyols are close equivalents to the corresponding virgin polyols in terms of their structural and molar mass characteristics. Therefore, they can be used for the production of high-quality PUFs without having to adapt the synthesis process. The flexible PUFs made from recovered polyols have comparable mechanical properties to those made from virgin polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grdadolnik
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Zdovc
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drinčić
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ozgun Can Onder
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Utroša
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Susana Garcia Ramos
- Intermediates
Technical Service & Development department, Repsol Quimica S.A., Mendez Álvaro 44, CP28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Dominguez Ramos
- Intermediates
Technical Service & Development department, Repsol Quimica S.A., Mendez Álvaro 44, CP28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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5
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Gu X, Zhu S, Liu S, Liu Y. Analysis of the Influencing Factors of the Efficient Degradation of Waste Polyurethane and Its Scheme Optimization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102337. [PMID: 37242911 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work proposes an efficient catalytic recovery and utilization method for waste polyurethane foam. This method uses ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PPG) as two-component alcohololytic agents for the alcoholysis of waste polyurethane foams. For the preparation of recycled polyethers, the conditions of different catalytic degradation systems were catalyzed by duplex metal catalysts (DMC) and alkali metal catalysts, and a synergy with both was also used. The experimental method was adopted with the blank control group and was set up for comparative analysis. The effect of the catalysts on the recycling of waste polyurethane foam was investigated. The catalytic degradation of DMC and the alkali metal catalysts alone, as well as the synergistic effect of the two catalysts, was explored. The findings revealed that the NaOH and DMC synergistic catalytic system was the best, and that the system activity was high under a two-component catalyst synergistic degradation. When the amount of NaOH added in the degradation system was 0.25%, the amount of DMC added was 0.04%, the reaction time was 2.5 h, and the reaction temperature was 160 °C, the waste polyurethane foam was completely alcoholized, and the prepared regenerated polyurethane foam had high compressive strength and good thermal stability. The efficient catalytic recycling method of waste polyurethane foam proposed in this paper has certain guiding and reference values for the practical production of solid-waste-recycled polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
- School of Energy and Building Environment, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shangwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- College of Innovative Material and Energy, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
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6
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Donadini R, Boaretti C, Lorenzetti A, Roso M, Penzo D, Dal Lago E, Modesti M. Chemical Recycling of Polyurethane Waste via a Microwave-Assisted Glycolysis Process. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4655-4666. [PMID: 36777588 PMCID: PMC9909786 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we explored a microwave-assisted glycolysis process to chemically recycle rigid polyurethane (PU) foam waste to obtain a single-phase product with suitable physio-chemical properties as a secondary raw material for the preparation of new rigid PU products. Such an approach was compared to a conventionally heated (ConvH) process, analyzing the performances of different catalysts. The use of microwaves allowed a 94% decrease in the reaction time scale of rigid PU depolymerization, with a concurrent 45% reduction in energy expense. By using a PU/diethylene glycol mass ratio of 1.5, best performances were obtained with a 30 mmol/100gPU potassium acetate concentration, both in terms of the product viscosity and aromatic amine byproduct content. The glycolysis products recovered were employed in substitution to virgin polyol for rigid PU foam preparation, showing improved compressive strength and comparable thermal insulation properties up to a 30% content with respect to the traditional non-recycled counterpart.
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7
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Piao J, Ren J, Wang Y, Feng T, Wang Y, Lu M, Jiao C, Chen X. Green biobased P‐N coating: Towards waste‐minimization flame retardant flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Piao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Ren
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofei Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
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8
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Grdadolnik M, Drinčić A, Oreški A, Onder OC, Utroša P, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Insight into Chemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Acidolysis. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:1323-1332. [PMID: 35096493 PMCID: PMC8790754 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acidolysis is emerging as a promising method for recycling polyurethane foam (PUF) waste. Here, we present highly efficient acidolysis of PUFs with adipic acid (AA) by heating the reaction mixtures with microwaves. The influence of experimental conditions, such as reaction temperature, time, and amount of the degradation reagent, on the polyol functionality, molecular weight characteristics, the presence of side products, and the degree of degradation of the remaining PUF hard segments was studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to a multidetection system, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The purified recycled polyols were used for the synthesis of flexible PUFs. The morphology and mechanical properties of the PUFs show that the degree of functionalization of the polyol by the carboxylic end groups, which is higher for larger amounts of AA used to degrade the PUFs, significantly affects the quality and performance of the flexible PUFs from the recycled polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grdadolnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drinčić
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Oreški
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ozgun Can Onder
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Utroša
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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9
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He P, Ruan H, Wang C, Lu H. Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Insulation Board Containing Recycled Thermosetting Polyurethane and Thermoplastic. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244411. [PMID: 34960962 PMCID: PMC8708046 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used a mechanochemical method to analyze the recycling mechanism of polyurethane foam and optimize the recycling process. The use of mechanochemical methods to regenerate the polyurethane foam powder breaks the C–O bond of the polyurethane foam and greatly enhances the activity of the powder. Based on orthogonal test design, the mesh, proportion, temperature, and time were selected to produce nine recycled boards by heat pressing. Then, the influence of four factors on the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of the recycled board was analyzed. The results show that 120 mesh polyurethane foam powder has strong activity, and the tensile strength can reach 9.913 Mpa when it is formed at 205 °C and 40 min with 50% PP powder. With the help of the low thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foam, the thermal conductivity of the recycled board can reach 0.037 W/m·K at the parameter of 40 mesh, 80%, 185 °C, 30 min. This research provides an effective method for the recycling of polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-177-0560-8398
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10
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Gama N, Ferreira A, Evtuguin DV. New poly(lactic acid) composites produced from coffee beverage wastes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Gama
- CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials and Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda Águeda Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
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11
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Advances in Low-Density Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Optimized Incorporation of High Amount of Recycled Polyol. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111736. [PMID: 34073296 PMCID: PMC8198888 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An industrially manufactured recycled polyol, obtained by acidolysis process, was for the first time proved to be a possible replacement of the reference fossil-based polyol in a low-density formulation suitable for industrial production of flexible polyurethane foams. The influence of increasing recycled polyol amounts on the properties of the polyurethane foam has been studied, also performing foam emission tests to evaluate the environmental impact. Using 10 pbw recycled polyol in the standard formulation, significant differences of the physical properties were not observed, but increase of the recycled polyol amount to 30 pbw led to a dramatic decrease of the foam air flow and a very tight foam. To overcome this drawback, N,N′-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea was selected as tertiary amine catalyst, enabling the preservation of foam properties even at high recycled polyol level (30 pbw). Foam emission data demonstrated that this optimized foam formulation also led to an important reduction of volatile organic compounds. The results open the way for further optimization studies in low-density flexible polyurethane foam formulations, to increase the reutilization of the polyurethane waste and reduce the amount of petroleum-based raw materials.
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12
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Godinho B, Gama N, Barros‐Timmons A, Ferreira A. Recycling of polyurethane wastes using different carboxylic acids via acidolysis to produce wood adhesives. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Godinho
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro – Campus Santiago Aveiro Portugal
| | - Nuno Gama
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro – Campus Santiago Aveiro Portugal
| | - Ana Barros‐Timmons
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro – Campus Santiago Aveiro Portugal
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials and Águeda School of Technology and Management, University of Aveiro ‐ Rua Comandante Pinho e Freitas Águeda Portugal
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