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Synthesis by Melt-Polymerization of a Novel Series of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Thiophene-Containing Copolyesters with Promising Gas Barrier and High Thermomechanical Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041825. [PMID: 36838821 PMCID: PMC9965281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile global oil prices, owing to the scarcity of fossil resources, have impacted the cost of producing petrochemicals. Therefore, there is a need to seek novel, renewable chemicals from biomass feedstocks that have comparable properties to petrochemicals. In this study, synthesis, thermal and mechanical properties, and degradability studies of a novel series of sustainable thiophene-based copolyesters like poly(hexylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate-co-bis(2-hydroxyethoxybenzene) (PTBxHy) were conducted via a controlled melt polymerization method. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy techniques elucidated the degree of randomness and structural properties of copolyesters. Meanwhile, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis showed a high average molecular weight in the range of 67.4-78.7 × 103 g/mol. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was between 69.4 and 105.5 °C, and the melting point between 173.7 and 194.2 °C. The synthesized polymers outperformed poly(ethylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate) (PETF) and behaved similarly to polyethylene terephthalate. The copolyesters exhibited a high tensile strength of 46.4-70.5 MPa and a toughness of more than 600%, superior to their corresponding homopolyesters. The copolyesters, which ranged from 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)benzene thiophenedicarboxylate (TBB)-enriched to hexylene thiophenedicarboxylate (THH)-enriched, offered significant control over crystallinity, thermal and mechanical properties. Enzymatic hydrolysis of synthetized polymers using porcine pancreatic lipase (PP-L) over a short period resulted in significant weight losses of 9.6, 11.4, 30.2, and 35 wt%, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with perforations visible on all surfaces of the films. Thus, thiophene-based polyesters with cyclic aromatic structures similar to terephthalic acid (TPA) show great promise as PET mimics. At the same time, PP-L appears to be a promising biocatalyst for the degradation of bioplastic waste and its recycling via re-synthesis processes.
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Zhao XT, Men YF. Thermal Fractionation of Polyolefins: Brief History, New Developments and Future Perspective. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For semi-crystalline polymer materials, the difference in chain structure often leads to different physical properties; therefore, in-depth analysis of the chain structure is of great significance. With the continuous development of advanced instruments, many research means have emerged to characterize the structure of molecular chains. Among them, fractionation techniques provide effectively structural information on inter- and intra-molecular comonomer distribution, branching degree, and sequence length, etc. This work briefly presents the history of developments of various classical fractionation means such as temperature-rising elution fractionation, stepwise crystallization and successive self-nucleation and annealing, while focusing on the present and future of their applications.
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Wei XW, Chen C, Wu TY, Cai LH, Ye HM. Promoting Co-Crystallization in Poly(butylene succinate) and Poly(butylene fumarate) Blends via End-Group Functionalization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207086. [PMID: 36296685 PMCID: PMC9608175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-crystallization plays a crucial role in the integration and regulation of thermal and mechanical properties in polymer blends, but the poor compatibility of the components in the crystal phase has always been a major obstacle to co-crystallization, which puts forward stricter requests for linkage and interaction between different entities. On the basis of the hydrogen-bonding interaction that can promote chain stacking and thus improve miscibility, we propose that crystalline/crystalline blends of 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy)-functionalized poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene fumarate) (PBS-UPy/PBF-UPy) where UPy groups with quadruple hydrogen-bonding interaction are employed to connect different chain ends, could inhibit phase separation and improve co-crystallization. PBS-UPy/PBF-UPy blends exhibit complex component-dependent and cooling-rate-dependent co-crystallization behavior. A high level of co-crystallization occurs in the range of PBS-UPy-rich fractions, and the proportion could approach over 98% under optimized conditions with the aid of UPy quadruple hydrogen bonds interaction. This work enriches the understanding of co-crystallization in crystalline/crystalline polymer blends and provides more possibility for the design of structures and properties of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Tian-Yu Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.W.); (H.-M.Y.)
| | - Li-Hai Cai
- Institute of Systems Engineering, AMS, Beijing 102300, China
| | - Hai-Mu Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.W.); (H.-M.Y.)
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Rapid synthesis of sustainable poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)-block-poly(tetramethylene oxide) multiblock copolymers with tailor-made properties via a cascade polymerization route. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Safari M, Otaegi I, Aramburu N, Guerrica-Echevarria G, de Ilarduya AM, Sardon H, Müller AJ. Synthesis, Structure, Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Isodimorphic PBS- ran-PCL Copolyesters. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142263. [PMID: 34301021 PMCID: PMC8309441 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Isodimorphic behavior is determined by partial inclusion of comonomer segments within the crystalline structure and arises from the comparatively similar repeating chain units of the parental homopolymers. Isodimorphic random copolymers are able to crystallize irrespective of their composition and exhibit a pseudo-eutectic behavior when their melting point values are plotted as a function of comonomer content. At the pseudo-eutectic point or region, two crystalline phases can coexist. On the right-hand and the left-hand side of the pseudo-eutectic point or region, only one single crystalline phase can form which is very similar to the crystalline structures of the parent homopolymers. This article aims to study the synthesis method, structure, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of isodimorphic random PBS-ran-PCL copolyesters. Moreover, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of our main recent results on PBS-ran-PCL random copolyesters with three different molecular weights. The results show that the comonomer composition and crystallization conditions are the major factors responsible for the crystalline morphology, crystallization kinetics and mechanical performance of isodimorphic random copolyesters. Our studies demonstrate that in the pseudo-eutectic region, where both crystalline phases can coexist, the crystallization conditions determine the crystalline phase or phases of the copolymer. The relationships between the comonomer composition and mechanical properties are also addressed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Safari
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Itziar Otaegi
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Nora Aramburu
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Gonzalo Guerrica-Echevarria
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, L’Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943-018-191
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