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Calabrese E, Raimondo M, Sorrentino A, Russo S, Longo P, Mariconda A, Longo R, Guadagno L. Verification of the Self-Healing Ability of PP-co-HUPy Copolymers in Epoxy Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1509. [PMID: 38891456 PMCID: PMC11174561 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This work concerns the verification of the self-healing ability of PP-co-HUPy copolymers dispersed in epoxy systems. PP is the acronym for the Poly-PEGMA polymer, and HUPy refers to the HEMA-UPy copolymers based on ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) moieties. In particular, this work aims to verify whether this elastomer characterized by an intrinsic self-healing ability can activate supramolecular interactions among polymer chains of an epoxy resin, as in the elastomer alone. The elastomer includes a class of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate-based copolymers, with different percentages of urea-N-2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methyl pyrimidine-N'-(hexamethylene-n-carboxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA-UPy) co-monomers. The self-healing capability of these copolymers based on possible quadruple hydrogen bond interactions between polymer chains has been verified. The formulated epoxy samples did not show self-healing efficiency. This can be attributed to the formation of phase segregation that originates during the curing process of the samples, although the PP-co-HUPy copolymers are completely soluble in the liquid epoxy matrix EP. The morphological investigation highlighted the presence of crystals of PP-co-HUPy copolymers, which are in greater quantity in the sample containing the highest weight percentage (7.8 wt%) of HUPy units. Furthermore, the crystals act as promotors for increasing the curing degree (DC) of the epoxy systems containing HUPy units. DC goes from 91.6% for EP to 96.1% and 95.4% for the samples containing weight percentages of 2.5 and 7.8 wt% of HUPy units, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) shows storage modulus values for epoxy systems containing PP-co-HUPy units lower than that of the unfilled resin EP. The values of maximum in Tan δ (Tg), representing the temperature at which the glass transition occurs, are 220 for the unfilled resin EP, 228 for the sample containing 2.5 wt% of HEMA-UPy units, and 211 for the sample containing 7.8 wt% of HEMA-UPy units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Calabrese
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), via Previati n. 1/E, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Simona Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Longo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.C.); (R.L.)
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Stepura A, Mičušik M, Olivieri F, Gentile G, Lavorgna M, Avella M, Matysová E, Vilčáková J, Omastová M. Preparation and properties of novel binary and ternary highly amorphous poly(vinyl alcohol)-based composites with hybrid nanofillers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19126. [PMID: 37926746 PMCID: PMC10625980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart protective coatings and devices are currently of great interest. In particular, they can absorb or reflect harmful waves of electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this work, novel binary and ternary composites with highly amorphous poly(vinyl alcohol) (HAVOH) as a matrix and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and MXenes as nanofillers were prepared. HAVOH is a recently patented kind of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) that was modified with diol monomers. MXenes are a new type of inorganic two-dimensional (2D) nanoparticle consisting of carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides. Three series of composites, HAVOH/SWCNTs, HAVOH/MXenes and HAVOH/SWCNTs/MXenes, were prepared using the solvent casting method. Samples were tested with various methods to study their structure, electrical properties, thermal behavior and EMI-shielding properties. HAVOH/3.0 wt.% SWCNTs/3.0 wt.% MXene specimens revealed a shielding effectiveness of 55 dB, which is 122 times better than that of the neat matrix. These results are promising for the fabrication of films with protective effects against EMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Stepura
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Matej Mičušik
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Federico Olivieri
- Institute of Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute of Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Marino Lavorgna
- Institute of Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
- Institute of Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055, Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Maurizio Avella
- Institute of Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Edita Matysová
- SYNPO akciová společnost, S. K. Neumanna 1316, 532 07, Pardubice V, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Vilčáková
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, 760 01, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Omastová
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Yan X, Sha X. Nanoparticle-Mediated Strategies for Enhanced Drug Penetration and Retention in the Airway Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2457. [PMID: 37896217 PMCID: PMC10610050 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel composed mainly of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, minerals, etc. Among them, glycoproteins are the main factors determining mucus's gel-like rheology. Airway mucus forms a protective barrier by secreting mucin, which represents a barrier for absorption, especially for more lipophilic drugs. It rapidly removes drugs from the airway through the physiological mucus clearance mechanism so drugs cannot remain in the lungs or reach the airway epithelial tissue for a long time. Significant progress has been made in enhancing drug lung deposition recently, but strategies are still needed to help drugs break through the lung mucosal barrier. Based on the physiopathological mechanisms of airway mucus, this paper reviews and summarizes strategies to enhance drug penetration and retention in the airway mucosa mediated by nano-delivery systems, including mucosal permeation systems, mucosal adhesion systems, and enzyme-modified delivery systems. On this basis, the potential and challenges of nano-delivery systems for improving airway mucus clearance are revealed. New ideas and approaches are provided for designing novel nano-delivery systems that effectively improve drug retention and penetration in the airway mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Xianyi Sha
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China;
- The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, 120 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai 200040, China
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Passaro J, Bifulco A, Calabrese E, Imparato C, Raimondo M, Pantani R, Aronne A, Guadagno L. Hybrid Hemp Particles as Functional Fillers for the Manufacturing of Hydrophobic and Anti-icing Epoxy Composite Coatings. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23596-23606. [PMID: 37426222 PMCID: PMC10324076 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of hydrophobic composite coatings is of great interest for several applications in the aerospace industry. Functionalized microparticles can be obtained from waste fabrics and employed as fillers to prepare sustainable hydrophobic epoxy-based coatings. Following a waste-to-wealth approach, a novel hydrophobic epoxy-based composite including hemp microparticles (HMPs) functionalized with waterglass solution, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride, and either hexadecyltrimethoxysilane or 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane is presented. The resulting epoxy coatings based on hydrophobic HMPs were cast on aeronautical carbon fiber-reinforced panels to improve their anti-icing performance. Wettability and anti-icing behavior of the prepared composites were investigated at 25 °C and -30 °C (complete icing time), respectively. Samples cast with the composite coating can achieve up to 30 °C higher water contact angle and doubled icing time than aeronautical panels treated with unfilled epoxy resin. A low content (2 wt %) of tailored HMPs causes an increase of ∼26% in the glass transition temperature of the coatings compared to pristine resin, confirming the good interaction between the hemp filler and epoxy matrix at the interphase. Finally, atomic force microscopy reveals that the HMPs can induce the formation of a hierarchical structure on the surface of casted panels. This rough morphology, combined with the silane activity, allows the preparation of aeronautical substrates with enhanced hydrophobicity, anti-icing capability, and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Passaro
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Aurelio Bifulco
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabrese
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Imparato
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio Aronne
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Guadagno L, Raimondo M, Naddeo C, Vertuccio L, Russo S, Iannuzzo G, Calabrese E. Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Toughened Self-Healing Supramolecular Resins, Based on Hydrogen Bonding. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4322. [PMID: 36500943 PMCID: PMC9735688 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes the design of toughened self-healing supramolecular resins able to fulfill functional and structural requirements for industrial applications. These new nanocomposites are based on compounds acting as promotors of reversible self-healing interactions. Electrically conductive carbon nanotubes, selected among those allowing to reach the electrical percolation threshold (EPT) with a very low amount of nanofiller, were dispersed in the self-healing polymeric matrix to contrast the electrical insulating properties of epoxy matrices, as required for many applications. The formulated supramolecular systems are thermally stable, up to 360 °C. Depending on the chemical formulation, the self-healing efficiency η, assessed by the fracture test, can reach almost the complete self-repairing efficiency (η = 99%). Studies on the complex viscosity of smart nanocomposites highlight that the effect of the nanofiller dominates over those due to the healing agents. The presence of healing compounds anchored to the hosting epoxy matrix determines a relevant increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg), which results in values higher than 200 °C. Compared to the unfilled matrix, a rise from 189 °C to 223 °C is found for two of the proposed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carlo Naddeo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Vertuccio
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Russo
- Leonardo Aircraft Division, Viale Dell’Aeronautica, 80038 Pomigliano d’Arco, Italy
| | - Generoso Iannuzzo
- Leonardo Aircraft Division, Viale Dell’Aeronautica, 80038 Pomigliano d’Arco, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabrese
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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