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Hagita K, Yamamoto T, Saito H, Abe E. Chain-Level Analysis of Reinforced Polyethylene through Stretch-Induced Crystallization. ACS Macro Lett 2024:247-251. [PMID: 38329290 PMCID: PMC10883302 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we propose a large-scale simulation approach to perform the stretch-induced crystallization of entangled polyethylene (PE) melts. Sufficiently long (1000 ns) united-atom molecular dynamics (UAMD) simulations for 16000 chains of 1000 consecutive CH2 united-atom particles under periodic boundary conditions were performed to achieve the crystallinity observed in experiments. Before the isothermal crystallization process, we applied uniaxial stretching as pre-elongation to the embedded strain memory on the entangled PE melts. We confirmed significant differences in the morphologies of crystal domains and scattering patterns for pre-elongation ratios of 400% and 800%. The obtained scattering patterns were consistent with the experimental results. Uniaxial stretching MD simulations revealed that the elastic modulus at 800% pre-elongation was stronger than that at 400% pre-elongation. From this observation, we can derive the structure-property relationship, wherein the magnitude of the pre-elongation governs the crystal domain structures and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hagita
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka 239-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Hiromu Saito
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Eiji Abe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Mota-Santiago P, Engqvist J, Hall S, Appio R, Maghe M, Sathikumar G, Ristinmaa M, Plivelic TS. In situ biaxial loading and multi-scale deformation measurements of nanostructured materials at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:967-975. [PMID: 37555219 PMCID: PMC10405599 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723005034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the mechanical response of polymers and composite materials relies heavily on the macroscopic stress-strain response in uniaxial tensile configurations. To provide representative information, the deformation process must be homogeneous within the gauge length, which is a condition that is rarely achieved due to stress concentration or inhomogeneities within the specimen. In this work, the development of a biaxial mechanical testing device at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory is presented. The design facilitates simultaneous measurement of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), allowing assessment of the microstructural configuration before, after and during the continuous deformation process at multiple length scales. The construction also supports multiple deformation conditions, while guaranteeing stability even at high loads. Furthermore, the mechanical experiments can be complemented with spatially resolved mesoscopic surface deformation measurements using 3D-surface digital image correlation (DIC). Polycarbonate (PC) was used to demonstrate the varied material response to multi-axial deformation, as PC is isotropic with a high glass transition temperature (∼150°) and high strength. As a result, a clear correlation between full-field methods and the microstructural information determined from WAXS measurements is demonstrated. When a uniaxial load is applied, homogeneous strain regions could be observed extending perpendicular to the applied load. When a secondary axial load was added (biaxial mode), it was observed that high strain domains were created near the centre of the sample and at the boundaries after yield. With increased strain, the deformation in the main deformation direction also increases. Mechanical reliability was demonstrated by carrying out static loading of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibre (CF) bundles. As a result, the nonlinear stiffening behaviour typically observed in CFs was seen, while no evidence of the creation of new voids during loading was observed. The results support the reliability and broad applicability of the developed technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mota-Santiago
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jonas Engqvist
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Stephen Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Roberto Appio
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Maxime Maghe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Gautham Sathikumar
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Matti Ristinmaa
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
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Zhao M, Wu HM, Chen H, Lai GH, Zhu Z, Wu JL, Kang WH, Sue HJ. Preparation of Polyethylene/α-Zirconium Phosphate Nanocomposites via a Well-Controlled Polyethylene-Grafted Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5803-5813. [PMID: 37053455 PMCID: PMC10853957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
It is a daunting task to prepare polyolefin nanocomposites that contain well-exfoliated nanoplatelets due to the nonpolar and high crystallinity nature of polyolefins. In this research, a robust approach was developed to prepare polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites by grafting maleated polyethylene (MPE) onto pre-exfoliated α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplatelets via a simple amine-anhydride reaction to form ZrP-g-MPE. Several variables, including maleic anhydride (MA) content, MPE graft density, MPE molecular weight, and PE matrix crystallinity, were investigated to determine how they influence ZrP-g-MPE dispersion in PE. It was found that grafted PE has a different morphology and that the long PE brushes with medium graft density on ZrP can achieve sufficient chain entanglement and cocrystallization with PE matrix to stabilize and maintain ZrP-g-MPE dispersion after solution or melt mixing. This leads to enhanced Young's modulus, yield stress, and ductility. The structure-property relationship of PE/ZrP-g-MPE nanocomposites and usefulness of this study for the preparation of high-performance polyolefin nanocomposites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhao
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hong-Mao Wu
- Polyolefin
Department of Formosa Plastics Corporation, Yunlin County 63801, Taiwan
| | - Hengxi Chen
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Guan-Hui Lai
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zewen Zhu
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jen-Long Wu
- Polyolefin
Department of Formosa Plastics Corporation, Yunlin County 63801, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Kang
- Polyolefin
Department of Formosa Plastics Corporation, Yunlin County 63801, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jue Sue
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Qin S, Jin T, Zhang H, Zhou H, Liu J, Xu X. Optimization of hot drawing process of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene monofilament prepared by melt spinning. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengxue Qin
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Tongcheng Jin
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Haiping Zhou
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Xingming Xu
- College of Intelligent Equipment Shandong University of Science and Technology Taian China
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Stretching-induced Nucleation and Crystallization of Cyclic Polyethylene: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Feng S, Zhu J, Yu W, Guo H, Chen W, Lu A, Li L. Strain-Rate-Dependent Phase Transition Mechanism in Polybutene-1 during Uniaxial Stretching: From Quasi-Static to Dynamic Loading Conditions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyao Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jianhe Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wancheng Yu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hang Guo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ai Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Jiang H, Gao J, Zhang X, Guo N. Composite Micro-Nanoarchitectonics of MMT-SiO 2: Space Charge Characteristics under Tensile State. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244354. [PMID: 34960908 PMCID: PMC8707286 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is a good insulating material which is widely used in cable materials due to its excellent insulation and processability. However, in the DC high voltage environment, pure polyethylene materials still face many problems, the most serious of which is space charge accumulation. The cable will inevitably be subjected to tensile stress during production, installation and operation. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the effect of stretching on the microstructure and space charge characteristics for polymers and their composites. In this paper, MMT/LDPE micro-composites, SiO2/LDPE nano-composites and MMT-SiO2/LDPE micro-nano-composites were prepared by melt blending. Mechanical stretching was carried out on pure LDPE materials and the above three kinds of composite materials. Each material was stretched according to four stretching ratios, which are 0%, 5%, 10% and 20%. The crystal morphology was observed by polarizing microscope (PLM), the crystallization perfection was tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the space charge distribution inside each sample was measured by pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method. At the same time, the average charge density and apparent charge mobility for samples during depolarization were calculated and analyzed. The experimental results show that when the pure low density polyethylene sample is not stretched, its crystal structure is loose. Tensile stress can make the loose molecular chains align in LDPE and improve its crystalline structure, which is helpful to restrain the accumulation of space charge inside the sample. For MMT/LDPE, SiO2/LDPE and MMT-SiO2/LDPE composites, their internal crystal structure is compact. Stretching will destroy their original crystal structure at first, and then disorder molecular chains inside the three composite materials. With the increase of stretching ratio, the molecular chains begin to orient along the direction of force, the crystallization tends to be perfect gradually, and the space charge accumulation in samples also decreases. From the calculation results of apparent charge mobility for each sample, with the increase of stretching ratio, the trap depth and trap density inside samples firstly increased and then decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ning Guo
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (X.Z.); (N.G.)
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Iqbal O, Guo H, Chen W. Structural Origin of Double Yielding: The Critical Role of Crystallite Aggregate Heterogeneity. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Iqbal
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hang Guo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Zhao J, Feng S, Zhang W, Chen W, Sheng J, Yu W, Li L. Strain Rate Dependence of Stretch-Induced Crystallization and Crystal Transition of Poly(dimethylsiloxane). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shengyao Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junfang Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wancheng Yu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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