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Wang Z, Qin S, Chen F, Chen S, Liu D, Jiang D, Zhang P, Mota-Santiago P, Hegh D, Lynch P, Alotabi AS, Andersson GG, Howlett PC, Forsyth M, Lei W, Razal JM. Interfacial Modification of Lithium Metal Anode by Boron Nitride Nanosheets. ACS Nano 2024; 18:3531-3541. [PMID: 38236027 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Metallic lithium (Li) is the most attractive anode for Li batteries because it holds the highest theoretical specific capacity (3860 mA h g-1) and the lowest redox potential (-3.040 V vs SHE). However, the poor interface stability of the Li anode, which is caused by the high reactivity and dendrite formation of metallic Li upon cycling, leads to undesired electrochemical performance and safety issues. While two-dimensional boron nitride (BN) nanosheets have been utilized as an interfacial layer, the mechanism on how they stabilize the Li-electrolyte interface remains elusive. Here, we show how BN nanosheet interlayers suppress Li dendrite formation, enhance Li ion transport kinetics, facilitate Li deposition, and reduce electrolyte decomposition. We show through both simulation and experimental data that the desolvation process of a solvated Li ion within the interlayer nanochannels kinetically favors Li deposition. This process enables long cycling stability, reduced voltage polarization, improved interface stability, and negligible volume expansion. Their application as an interfacial layer in symmetric cells and full cells that display significantly improved electrochemical properties is also demonstrated. The knowledge gained in this study provides both critical insights and practical guidelines for designing a Li metal anode with significantly improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Si Qin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Shasha Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Degang Jiang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Pablo Mota-Santiago
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dylan Hegh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Peter Lynch
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Abdulrahman S Alotabi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts in Baljurashi, Albaha University, Baljurashi 65655, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Patrick C Howlett
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Weiwei Lei
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Joselito M Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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2
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Jaromin A, Zarnowski R, Markowski A, Zagórska A, Johnson CJ, Etezadi H, Kihara S, Mota-Santiago P, Nett JE, Boyd BJ, Andes DR. Liposomal formulation of a new antifungal hybrid compound provides protection against Candida auris in the ex vivo skin colonization model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0095523. [PMID: 38092678 PMCID: PMC10777852 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00955-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged pathogen, Candida auris, presents a serious threat to public health worldwide. This multidrug-resistant yeast often colonizes and persists on the skin of patients, can easily spread from person to person, and can cause life-threatening systemic infections. New antifungal therapies are therefore urgently needed to limit and control both superficial and systemic C. auris infections. In this study, we designed a novel antifungal agent, PQA-Az-13, that contains a combination of indazole, pyrrolidine, and arylpiperazine scaffolds substituted with a trifluoromethyl moiety. PQA-Az-13 demonstrated antifungal activity against biofilms of a set of 10 different C. auris clinical isolates, representing all four geographical clades distinguished within this species. This compound showed strong activity, with MIC values between 0.67 and 1.25 µg/mL. Cellular proteomics indicated that PQA-Az-13 partially or completely inhibited numerous enzymatic proteins in C. auris biofilms, particularly those involved in both amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism processes, as well as in general energy-producing processes. Due to its hydrophobic nature and limited aqueous solubility, PQA-Az-13 was encapsulated in cationic liposomes composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-trimethylammonium-propane chloride (DOTAP), and N-(carbonyl-methoxypolyethylene glycol-2000)-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, sodium salt (DSPE-PEG 2000), and characterized by biophysical and spectral techniques. These PQA-Az-13-loaded liposomes displayed a mean size of 76.4 nm, a positive charge of +45.0 mV, a high encapsulation efficiency of 97.2%, excellent stability, and no toxicity to normal human dermal fibroblasts. PQA-Az-13 liposomes demonstrated enhanced antifungal activity levels against both C. auris in in vitro biofilms and ex vivo skin colonization models. These initial results suggest that molecules like PQA-Az-13 warrant further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Zarnowski
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adam Markowski
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Chad J. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Haniyeh Etezadi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jeniel E. Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Andes
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Mota-Santiago P, Engqvist J, Hall S, Appio R, Maghe M, Sathikumar G, Ristinmaa M, Plivelic TS. In situ biaxial loading and multi-scale deformation measurements of nanostructured materials at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:967-975. [PMID: 37555219 PMCID: PMC10405599 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723005034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the mechanical response of polymers and composite materials relies heavily on the macroscopic stress-strain response in uniaxial tensile configurations. To provide representative information, the deformation process must be homogeneous within the gauge length, which is a condition that is rarely achieved due to stress concentration or inhomogeneities within the specimen. In this work, the development of a biaxial mechanical testing device at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory is presented. The design facilitates simultaneous measurement of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), allowing assessment of the microstructural configuration before, after and during the continuous deformation process at multiple length scales. The construction also supports multiple deformation conditions, while guaranteeing stability even at high loads. Furthermore, the mechanical experiments can be complemented with spatially resolved mesoscopic surface deformation measurements using 3D-surface digital image correlation (DIC). Polycarbonate (PC) was used to demonstrate the varied material response to multi-axial deformation, as PC is isotropic with a high glass transition temperature (∼150°) and high strength. As a result, a clear correlation between full-field methods and the microstructural information determined from WAXS measurements is demonstrated. When a uniaxial load is applied, homogeneous strain regions could be observed extending perpendicular to the applied load. When a secondary axial load was added (biaxial mode), it was observed that high strain domains were created near the centre of the sample and at the boundaries after yield. With increased strain, the deformation in the main deformation direction also increases. Mechanical reliability was demonstrated by carrying out static loading of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibre (CF) bundles. As a result, the nonlinear stiffening behaviour typically observed in CFs was seen, while no evidence of the creation of new voids during loading was observed. The results support the reliability and broad applicability of the developed technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mota-Santiago
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jonas Engqvist
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Stephen Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Roberto Appio
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Maxime Maghe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Gautham Sathikumar
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Matti Ristinmaa
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
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4
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Leino AA, Jantunen VE, Mota-Santiago P, Kluth P, Djurabekova F. Insights into nanoparticle shape transformation by energetic ions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6354. [PMID: 37072476 PMCID: PMC10113260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape modification of embedded nanoparticles can be achieved by means of swift heavy ion irradiation. During irradiation, the particles elongate and align with the direction of the ion beam, presumably due to nanometer-scale phase transitions induced by individual ion impacts. However, the details of this transformation are not fully understood. The shape of metal nanoparticles embedded in dielectric matrices defines the non-linear optical properties of the composite material. Therefore, understanding the transformation process better is beneficial for producing materials with the desired optical properties. We study the elongation mechanism of gold nanoparticles using atomistic simulations. Here we focus on long-timescale processes and adhesion between the nanoparticle and the matrix. Without the necessity of ad-hoc assumptions used earlier, our simulations show that, due to adhesion with the oxide, the nanoparticles can grow in aspect ratio while in the molten state even after silicon dioxide solidifies. Moreover, they demonstrate the active role of the matrix: Only explicit simulations of ion impacts around the embedded nanoparticle provide the mechanism for continuous elongation up to experimental values of aspect ratio. Experimental transmission electron microscopy micrographs of nanoparticles after high-fluence irradiation support the simulations. The elongated nanoparticles in experiments and their interface structures with silica, as characterized by the micrographs, are consistent with the simulations. These findings bring ion beam technology forward as a precise tool for shaping embedded nanostructures for various optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi A Leino
- Helsinki Institute of Physics and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ville E Jantunen
- Helsinki Institute of Physics and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pablo Mota-Santiago
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Patrick Kluth
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Flyura Djurabekova
- Helsinki Institute of Physics and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Wang X, Dutt S, Notthoff C, Kiy A, Mota-Santiago P, Mudie ST, Toimil-Molares ME, Liu F, Wang Y, Kluth P. SAXS data modelling for the characterisation of ion tracks in polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9345-9359. [PMID: 35383785 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present new models to fit small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data for the characterization of ion tracks in polymers. Ion tracks in polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polyimide (PI) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were created by swift heavy ion irradiation using 197Au and 238U with energies between 185 MeV and 2.0 GeV. Transmission SAXS measurements were performed at the Australian Synchrotron. SAXS data were analysed using two new models that describe the tracks by a cylindrical structure composed of a highly damaged core with a gradual transition to the undamaged material. First, we investigate the 'Soft Cylinder Model', which assumes a smooth function to describe the transition region by a gradual change in density from a core to a matrix. As a simplified and computational less expensive version of the 'Soft Cylinder Model', the 'Core Transition Model' was developed to enable fast fitting. This model assumes a linear increase in density from the core to the matrix. Both models yield superior fits to the experimental SAXS data compared with the often-used simple 'Hard Cylinder Model' assuming a constant density with an abrupt transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Shankar Dutt
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Christian Notthoff
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Alexander Kiy
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Pablo Mota-Santiago
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stephen T Mudie
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Maria E Toimil-Molares
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Planckstr. 1, D-64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick Kluth
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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6
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Kaur J, Hillbrick L, Abbott A, Lynch P, Mota-Santiago P, Pierlot AP. High molecular weight improves microstructure and mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile based carbon fibre precursor. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Usman KAS, Bacal CJO, Zhang J, Qin S, Lynch PA, Mota-Santiago P, Naebe M, Henderson LC, Hegh DY, Razal JM. Tough and Fatigue Resistant Cellulose Nanocrystal Stitched Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Films. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200114. [PMID: 35344626 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ti3 C2 Tx MXene (or "MXene" for simplicity) has gained noteworthy attention for its metal-like electrical conductivity and high electrochemical capacitance - a unique blend of properties attractive towards a wide range of applications such as energy storage, healthcare monitoring and electromagnetic interference shielding. However, processing MXene architectures using conventional methods often deals with the presence of defects, voids and isotropic flake arrangements, resulting in a trade-off in properties. Here, we report a sequential bridging (SB) strategy to fabricate dense, free-standing MXene films of interconnected flakes with minimal defects, significantly enhancing its mechanical properties, specifically tensile strength (∼285 MPa) and breaking energy (∼16.1 MJ m-3 ), while retaining substantial values of electrical conductivity (∼3,050 S cm-1 ) and electrochemical capacitance (∼920 F cm-3 ). This SB method first involves forming a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-stitched MXene framework, followed by infiltration with structure-densifying calcium cations (Ca2+ ), resulting in tough and fatigue resistant films with anisotropic, evenly spaced, and strongly interconnected flakes - properties essential for developing high-performance energy-storage devices. We anticipate that the knowledge gained in this work will be extended towards improving the robustness and retaining the electronic properties of 2D nanomaterial-based macroarchitectures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Aldren S Usman
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | - Jizhen Zhang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Si Qin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Peter A Lynch
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Pablo Mota-Santiago
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Dylan Y Hegh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Joselito M Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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Yao Y, Allardyce BJ, Rajkhowa R, Hegh D, Qin S, Usman KA, Mota-Santiago P, Zhang J, Lynch P, Wang X, Kaplan DL, Razal JM. Toughening Wet-Spun Silk Fibers by Silk Nanofiber Templating. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100891. [PMID: 34939252 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Regenerated silk fibers typically fall short of silkworm cocoon fibers in mechanical properties due to reduced fiber crystal structure and alignment. One approach to address this has been to employ inorganic materials as reinforcing agents. The present study avoids the need for synthetic additives, demonstrating the first use of exfoliated silk nanofibers to control silk solution crystallization, resulting in all-silk pseudocomposite fibers with remarkable mechanical properties. Incorporating only 0.06 wt. % silk nanofibers led to a ∼44% increase in tensile strength (over 600 MPa) and ∼33% increase in toughness (over 200 kJ/kg) compared with fibers without silk nanofibers. These remarkable properties can be attributed to nanofiber crystal seeding in conjunction with fiber draw. The crystallinity nearly doubled from ∼17% for fiber spun from pure silk solution to ∼30% for the silk nanofiber reinforced sample. The latter fiber also shows a high degree of crystal orientation with a Herman's orientation factor of 0.93, a value which approaches that of natural degummed B. mori silk cocoon fiber (0.96). This study provides a strong foundation to guide the development of simple, eco-friendly methods to spin regenerated silk with excellent properties and a hierarchical structure that mimics natural silk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yao
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Allardyce
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Rangam Rajkhowa
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Dylan Hegh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Si Qin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ken Aldren Usman
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | | | - Jizhen Zhang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Peter Lynch
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Xungai Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Joselito M Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
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Dutt S, Apel P, Lizunov N, Notthoff C, Wen Q, Trautmann C, Mota-Santiago P, Kirby N, Kluth P. Shape of nanopores in track-etched polycarbonate membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Kiy A, Notthoff C, Dutt S, Grigg M, Hadley A, Mota-Santiago P, Kirby N, Trautmann C, Toimil-Molares ME, Kluth P. Ion track etching of polycarbonate membranes monitored by in situ small angle X-ray scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14231-14241. [PMID: 34159988 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of ion track etching in polycarbonate foils are used to directly monitor the selective dissolution of ion tracks with high precision, including the early stages of etching. Detailed information about the track etching kinetics and size, shape, and size distribution of an ensemble of nanopores is obtained. Time resolved measurements as a function of temperature and etchant concentration show that the pore radius increases almost linearly with time for all conditions and the etching process can be described by an Arrhenius law. The radial etching shows a power law dependency on the etchant concentration. An increase in the etch rate with increasing temperature or concentration of the etchant reduces the penetration of the etchant into the polymer but does not affect the pore size distribution. The in situ measurements provide an estimate for the track etch rate, which is found to be approximately three orders of magnitude higher than the radial etch rate. The measurement methodology enables new experiments studying membrane fabrication and performance in liquid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kiy
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Christian Notthoff
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Shankar Dutt
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Mark Grigg
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Andrea Hadley
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Pablo Mota-Santiago
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Christina Trautmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Kluth
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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11
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Schauries D, Afra B, Mota-Santiago P, Trautmann C, Lang M, Ewing RC, Kirby N, Kluth P. Annealing of ion tracks in apatite under pressure characterized in situ by small angle x-ray scattering. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1367. [PMID: 31992739 PMCID: PMC6987112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fission track thermochronology is routinely used to investigate the thermal history of sedimentary basins, as well as tectonic uplift and denudation rates. While the effect of temperature on fission track annealing has been studied extensively to calibrate the application of the technique, the effect of pressure during annealing is generally considered to be negligible. However, a previous study suggested elevated pressure results in a significantly different annealing behaviour that was previously unknown. Here, we present a method to study track annealing in situ under high pressure by using synchrotron-based small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). To simulate fission tracks in a controlled environment, ion tracks were created in apatite from Durango, Mexico using 2 GeV Au or Bi ions provided by an ion accelerator facility. Samples were annealed at 250 °C at approximately 1 GPa pressure using diamond anvil cells (DACs) with heating capabilities. Additional in situ annealing experiments at ambient pressure and temperatures between 320 and 390 °C were performed for comparison. At elevated pressure a significantly accelerated annealing rate of the tracks was observed compared with annealing at ambient pressure. However, when extrapolated to geologically relevant temperatures and pressures, the effects become very small. The measurement methodology presented provides a new avenue to study materials behaviour in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schauries
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Boshra Afra
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Pablo Mota-Santiago
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christina Trautmann
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstrasse 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany.,Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maik Lang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2115, USA
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Patrick Kluth
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Hadley A, Notthoff C, Mota-Santiago P, Hossain UH, Kirby N, Toimil-Molares ME, Trautmann C, Kluth P. Etched ion tracks in amorphous SiO 2 characterized by small angle x-ray scattering: influence of ion energy and etching conditions. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:274001. [PMID: 30884471 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab10c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering was used to study the morphology of conical structures formed in thin films of amorphous SiO2. Samples were irradiated with 1.1 GeV Au ions at the GSI UNILAC in Darmstadt, Germany, and with 185, 89 and 54 MeV Au ions at the Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility at ANU in Canberra, Australia. The irradiated material was subsequently etched in HF using two different etchant concentrations over a series of etch times to reveal conically shaped etched channels of various sizes. Synchrotron based SAXS measurements were used to characterize both the radial and axial ion track etch rates with unprecedented precision. The results show that the ion energy has a significant effect on the morphology of the etched channels, and that at short etch times resulting in very small cones, the increased etching rate of the damaged region in the radial direction with respect to the ion trajectory is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hadley
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Schauries D, Mota-Santiago P, Gilbert E, Kirby N, Trautmann C, Kluth P. Structure, morphology and annealing behavior of ion tracks in polycarbonate. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mota-Santiago P, Vazquez H, Bierschenk T, Kremer F, Nadzri A, Schauries D, Djurabekova F, Nordlund K, Trautmann C, Mudie S, Ridgway MC, Kluth P. Nanoscale density variations induced by high energy heavy ions in amorphous silicon nitride and silicon dioxide. Nanotechnology 2018; 29:144004. [PMID: 29384134 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaabdb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cylindrical nanoscale density variations resulting from the interaction of 185 MeV and 2.2 GeV Au ions with 1.0 μm thick amorphous SiN x :H and SiO x :H layers are determined using small angle x-ray scattering measurements. The resulting density profiles resembles an under-dense core surrounded by an over-dense shell with a smooth transition between the two regions, consistent with molecular-dynamics simulations. For amorphous SiN x :H, the density variations show a radius of 4.2 nm with a relative density change three times larger than the value determined for amorphous SiO x :H, with a radius of 5.5 nm. Complementary infrared spectroscopy measurements exhibit a damage cross-section comparable to the core dimensions. The morphology of the density variations results from freezing in the local viscous flow arising from the non-uniform temperature profile in the radial direction of the ion path. The concomitant drop in viscosity mediated by the thermal conductivity appears to be the main driving force rather than the presence of a density anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mota-Santiago
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Nadzri A, Schauries D, Afra B, Rodriguez MD, Mota-Santiago P, Muradoglu S, Hawley A, Kluth P. SAXS study on the morphology of etched and un-etched ion tracks in apatite. EPJ Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20159100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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