1
|
Liu Y, Davies R, Yi N, McCutchion P, Chen B, Ghita O. Multiscale Porous Poly (Ether-Ether-Ketone) Structures Manufactured by Powder Bed Fusion Process. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:219-230. [PMID: 38389676 PMCID: PMC10880674 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to create a multiscale highly porous poly (ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) structure while maintaining mechanical performance; the distribution of pores being generated by the manufacturing process combined with a porogen leaching operation. Salt at 70 wt% concentration was used as a porogen in a dry blend with PEEK powder sintered in the powder bed fusion process. The printed porous PEEK structures were examined and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, microcomputed tomography, and mechanical testing. The PEEK structures incorporating 70 wt% salt achieved 79-86% porosity, a compressive yield strength of 4.1 MPa, and a yield strain of ∼60%. Due to the salt leaching process, the PEEK porous frameworks were fabricated without the need to drastically reduce the process parameters (defined by the energy density [ED]), hence maintaining the structural integrity and good mechanical performance. The compression results highlighted that the performance is influenced by the printing orientation, level of the PEEK particle coalescence (controlled here by the ED), pore/cell wall thickness, and subsequently, the overall porosity framework. The porous printed PEEK structures could find potential uses in a wide range of applications from tissue engineering, filtration and separation to catalysts, drug release, and gas storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaan Liu
- Engineering, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Davies
- Engineering, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Nan Yi
- Engineering, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McCutchion
- Engineering, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Binling Chen
- Engineering, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Oana Ghita
- Engineering, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olawumi MA, Oladapo BI, Ikumapayi OM, Akinyoola JO. Waste to wonder to explore possibilities with recycled materials in 3D printing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167109. [PMID: 37717760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In a world grappling with environmental challenges and the need for sustainable manufacturing practices, the convergence of 3D printing and recycling emerges as a promising solution. This research paper explores the potential of combining these two technologies and comprehensively analyses their synergistic effects. The study delves into the printability of recycled materials, evaluating their suitability for 3D printing and comparing their performance with conventional materials. The environmental impact of 3D printing with recycled materials is examined through a sustainability analysis and a life cycle assessment of recycled 3D printed objects. The findings reveal significant benefits, including enhanced resource efficiency, waste reduction, and customisation possibilities. The research also identifies challenges and opportunities for scaling up the use of recycled materials in 3D printing, highlighting the importance of collaboration, innovation, and regulations. With potential applications spanning various industries, from prototyping to construction and healthcare, the implications of this research are far-reaching. By embracing sustainable practices, industry collaboration, and innovation, the integration of 3D printing and recycling can pave the way for a more sustainable future, where resource conservation, circularity, and customised production are at the forefront of manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattew A Olawumi
- School of Engineering and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Bankole I Oladapo
- School of Engineering and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom; School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, United Kingdom.
| | - Omolayo M Ikumapayi
- Mechanical Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - John O Akinyoola
- Mechanical Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sathishkumar S, Paulraj J, Chakraborti P, Muthuraj M. Comprehensive Review on Biomaterials and Their Inherent Behaviors for Hip Repair Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4439-4464. [PMID: 37871169 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing biomaterials for hip prostheses is challenging and requires dedicated attention from researchers. Hip replacement is an inevitable and remarkable orthopedic therapy for enhancing the quality of patient life for those who have arthritis as well as trauma. Generally, five types of hip replacement procedures are successfully performed in the current medical market: total hip replacements, hip resurfacing, hemiarthroplasty, bipolar, and dual mobility systems. The average life span of artificial hip joints is about 15 years, and several studies have been conducted over the last 60 years to improve the performance and thereby increase the lifespan of artificial hip joints. Present-day prosthetic hip joints are linked to the wide availability of biomaterials. Metals, ceramics, and polymers are some of the most promising types of biomaterials; nevertheless, each biomaterial has advantages and disadvantages. Metals and ceramics fail in most applications owing to stress shielding and the emission of wear debris; ongoing research is being carried out to find a remedy to these unfavorable responses. Recent research found that polymers and composites based on polymers are significant alternative materials for artificial joints. With growing research and several biomaterials, recent reviews lag in effectively addressing hip implant materials' individual mechanical, tribological, and physiological behaviors. This Review comprehensively investigates the historical evolution of artificial hip replacement procedures and related biomaterials' mechanical, tribological, and biological characteristics. In addition, the most recent advances are also discussed to stimulate and guide future researchers as they seek more effective methods and synthesis of innovative biomaterials for hip arthroplasty application.
Collapse
|
4
|
Moncayo-Matute FP, Vázquez-Silva E, Peña-Tapia PG, Torres-Jara PB, Moya-Loaiza DP, Viloria-Ávila TJ. Finite Element Analysis of Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Cranial Implant Manufactured with PMMA and PEEK: A Mechanical Comparative Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3620. [PMID: 37688247 PMCID: PMC10490355 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports on a patient who required a cranial protection system. Using additive manufacturing techniques and surgical planning with the help of bio-models, a patient-specific bone implant solution was proposed that allows aesthetic restoration of the affected area and provides an adequate level of protection. In addition, through a comparative analysis with finite elements, the mechanical response to external actions of the medical device, printed with two materials: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), is simulated. The tested materials have recognized biocompatibility properties, but their costs on the market differ significantly. The results obtained demonstrate the similarities in the responses of both materials. It offers the possibility that low-income people can access these devices, guaranteeing adequate biomechanical safety, considering that PMMA is a much cheaper material than PEEK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freddy P. Moncayo-Matute
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevos Materiales y Procesos de Transformación (GIMAT), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Sede Cuenca EC010102, Ecuador; (F.P.M.-M.); (P.B.T.-J.); (D.P.M.-L.)
| | - Efrén Vázquez-Silva
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevos Materiales y Procesos de Transformación (GIMAT), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Sede Cuenca EC010102, Ecuador; (F.P.M.-M.); (P.B.T.-J.); (D.P.M.-L.)
| | - Pablo G. Peña-Tapia
- Instituto oncológico SOLCA, Sociedad de Lucha Contra el Cáncer, Cuenca EC010109, Ecuador;
| | - Paúl B. Torres-Jara
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevos Materiales y Procesos de Transformación (GIMAT), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Sede Cuenca EC010102, Ecuador; (F.P.M.-M.); (P.B.T.-J.); (D.P.M.-L.)
| | - Diana P. Moya-Loaiza
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevos Materiales y Procesos de Transformación (GIMAT), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Sede Cuenca EC010102, Ecuador; (F.P.M.-M.); (P.B.T.-J.); (D.P.M.-L.)
| | - Tony J. Viloria-Ávila
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Ambiente (INBIAM), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Sede Cuenca EC010102, Ecuador;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen Z, Li M. Numerical Study of Low-Velocity Impact Response of a Fiber Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Structure. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5482. [PMID: 37570186 PMCID: PMC10419832 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineering applications for honeycomb sandwich structures (HSS) are well recognized. Heterogeneous structures have been created using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material, glass fiber-reinforced PEEK (GF-PEEK), and carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (CF-PEEK) to further enhance the load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and impact resistance of HSS. In this study, we investigated the low-velocity impact response of HSS using numerical simulation. Our findings demonstrate that the choice of construction material significantly affects the impact resistance and structural stability of the HSS. We found that using fiber-reinforced PEEK significantly enhances the impact resistance of the overall structure, with GF-PEEK identified as the more appropriate face sheet material for the composite HSS based on a comparative study of load-displacement curves. Analysis of the plastic deformation of the honeycomb core, in combination with the stress and strain distribution of the composite HSS after low-velocity impact, indicates that CF-PEEK face sheets cause more noticeable damage to the core, resulting in evident plastic deformation. Additionally, we discovered that the use of fiber-reinforced materials effectively reduces deflection during low-velocity dynamic impact, particularly when both the face sheet and honeycomb core of the HSS are composed of the same fiber-reinforced PEEK material. These results provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of composite HSS for impact resistance applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Wen
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- College of Media Communication, Dongguan Polytechnic, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Le C, Kolasangiani K, Nayyeri P, Bougherara H. Experimental and numerical investigation of 3D-Printed bone plates under four-point bending load utilizing machine learning techniques. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105885. [PMID: 37192565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique is widely used to produce components for various applications and has the potential to revolutionize orthopedic research through the production of custom-fit and readily available biomedical implants. The properties of FDM-produced implants are significantly influenced by processing parameters, with layer thickness being a crucial parameter. This study investigated the effect of layer thickness on the flexural properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA) bone plate implants produced by the FDM technique. Experimental results showed that the flexural strength is inversely proportional to the layer thickness due to the variation of voids in the specimens. A 3D finite element (FE) model was developed using Abaqus/Explicit software by incorporating the Gurson-Tvergaard (GT) porous plasticity model to predict the elastoplastic and damage behavior of specimens with different layer thicknesses. The characterization of the elastoplastic and GT parameters was done using a tensile test and by the calibration of a machine learning algorithm. It was shown that the FE model was able to predict the flexural behavior of 3D-printed solid plates with a maximum error of 6.13% in the maximum load. The optimal layer height was found to be 0.1 mm, providing both high flexural strength and adequate bending stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Le
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Kamal Kolasangiani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Pooyan Nayyeri
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Habiba Bougherara
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B2K3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu C, Zeng B, Shen D, Deng J, Zhong L, Hu H, Wang X, Li H, Xu L, Deng Y. Biomechanical and osteointegration study of 3D-printed porous PEEK hydroxyapatite-coated scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:435-448. [PMID: 36106718 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2124352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study as to evaluate the biomechanical and osteointegration properties of 3D printed porous polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with hydroxyapatite (HA) coating by simulated body fluid (SBF) method. Cylindrical scaffolds were designed and fabricated by using PEEK material through fused deposition molding (FDM). The scaffolds were divided into solid group, porous group and porous-HA group (decorated by hydroxyapatite). The mechanical properties of each group of scaffolds were tested. Then, a total of 12 New Zealand rabbits were implemented for implantation of scaffolds at femoral condyle. Finally, the osteointegration ability of scaffolds were evaluated by Micro computed tomography (Micro-CT), histology and fluorescence staining. The HA was successfully decorated on the surface of the PEEK scaffold. The modulus of solid, porous and porous-HA group was 1289.43 ± 71.44 MPa, 196.36 ± 9.89 MPa and 183.29 ± 7.71 MPa, and the compressive strength was 107.24 ± 5.15 MPa, 33.12 ± 3.86 MPa and 29.99 ± 4.16 MPa, respectively. The micro-CT results showed that the bone volume/total volume ratio (BV/TV) in the porous-HA group was significantly greater than that in solid and porous group. Compared with porous group, the trabecular number (Tb. N) and trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) of porous-HA group was higher, and the trabecular spacing (Tb. Sp) was lower. The histology and fluorescence staining showed that more new bone tissue was formed in the porous-HA at different periods compared with the porous and solid groups. In addition, according to the results of the biomechanical test and osteointegration assessment, the biomechanical properties of 3D-printed porous PEEK scaffolds are close to human trabecular bone tissue, and the hydroxyapatite coating does not degrade its biomechanical performance. The porous structure can facilitate the integration of bone tissue, and the HA coating can markedly improve this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Orthopedics Center of Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China.,Institute of Digital Medicine, Zigong Academy of Big Data for Medical Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zigong, China
| | - Baifang Zeng
- Orthopedics Center of Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Danwei Shen
- Institute of Digital Medicine, Zigong Academy of Big Data for Medical Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zigong, China
| | - Jiayan Deng
- Institute of Digital Medicine, Zigong Academy of Big Data for Medical Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zigong, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, China
| | - Haigang Hu
- Orthopedics Center of Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Orthopedics Center of Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Hong Li
- Orthopedics Center of Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Lian Xu
- Orthopedics Center of Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Yi Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vodilka A, Koroľ M, Kočiško M, Zajac J. Adjusting Surface Models of Cellular Structures for Making Physical Models Using FDM Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051198. [PMID: 36904439 PMCID: PMC10007355 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the planning stage of the fabrication process of physical models of cellular structures, a surface model of the structure needs to be adjusted to acquire the requisite properties, but errors emerge frequently at this stage. The main objective of this research was to repair or reduce the impact of deficiencies and errors before the fabrication of physical models. For this purpose, it was necessary to design models of cellular structures with different accuracy settings in PTC Creo and then compare them after the tessellation process using GOM Inspect. Subsequently, it was necessary to locate the errors occurring in the process of preparing models of cellular structures and propose an appropriate method of their repair. It was found that the Medium Accuracy setting is adequate for the fabrication of physical models of cellular structures. Subsequently, it was found that within regions where mesh models merged, duplicate surfaces emerged, and the entire model could be considered as manifesting non-manifold geometry. The manufacturability check showed that in the regions with duplicate surfaces inside the model, the toolpath creation strategy changed, causing local anisotropy within 40% of the fabricated model. A non-manifold mesh was repaired in the proposed manner of correction. A method of smoothing the model's surface was proposed, reducing the polygon mesh density and the file size. The findings and proposed methods of designing cellular models, error repair and smoothing methods of the models can be used to fabricate higher-quality physical models of cellular structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Vodilka
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (M.K.); Tel.: +421-55-602-6354 (M.K.)
| | | | - Marek Kočiško
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (M.K.); Tel.: +421-55-602-6354 (M.K.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Limaye N, Veschini L, Coward T. Assessing biocompatibility & mechanical testing of 3D-printed PEEK versus milled PEEK. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12314. [PMID: 36590483 PMCID: PMC9800332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare mechanical properties of 3D-printed and milled poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) materials. To define post-production treatments to enhance biocompatibility of 3D-printed PEEK. Methods Standardised PEEK samples were produced via milling and fused-deposition-modelling 3D-printing. To evaluate mechanical properties, tensile strength, maximum flexural strength, fracture toughness, and micro-hardness were measured.3D printed samples were sandblasted with 50 or 125 μm aluminium oxide beads to increase biocompatibility.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated microstructure of 3D-printed and sandblasted samples, estimating surface roughness at scales from 1mm-1μm.Cell adhesion on 3D printed and sandblasted materials was evaluated by culturing primary human endothelial cells and osteoblasts (HUVEC, HOBS) and evaluating cell growth over 48 h. Results 3D printed materials had lower tensile strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness, but higher micro-hardness.SEM analysis of 3D-printed surfaces showed sandblasting with 125 and 50 μm silica particles removed printing defects and created roughened surfaces for increased HUVEC and HOBs uniform cell adhesion and distribution. No cytotoxicity was observed over a 48h period, and all cells demonstrated >95% viability. Clinical significance 3D-printing of PEEK is an emerging technology with clear advantages over milling in maxillofacial implant production. Nonetheless, this manufacturing modality may produce 3D printed PEEK devices with lower mechanical resistance parameters compared to milled PEEK but with values compatible with natural bone. PEEK has poor osteoconductivity and ability to osseointegrate. Sandblasting is an inexpensive modality to remove irregular surface defects and create uniform micro-rough surfaces supporting cell attachment and potentially enhancing integration of PEEK implants with host tissue.
Collapse
|
10
|
Naghavi SA, Lin C, Sun C, Tamaddon M, Basiouny M, Garcia-Souto P, Taylor S, Hua J, Li D, Wang L, Liu C. Stress Shielding and Bone Resorption of Press-Fit Polyether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) Hip Prosthesis: A Sawbone Model Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4600. [PMID: 36365594 PMCID: PMC9657056 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress shielding secondary to bone resorption is one of the main causes of aseptic loosening, which limits the lifespan of the hip prostheses and increases the rates of revision surgery. This study proposes a low stiffness polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) hip prostheses, produced by fused deposition modelling to minimize the stress difference after the hip replacement. The stress shielding effect and the potential bone resorption of the PEEK implant was investigated through both experimental tests and FE simulation. A generic Ti6Al4V implant was incorporated in this study to allow fair comparison as control group. Attributed to the low stiffness, the proposed PEEK implant showed a more natural stress distribution, less stress shielding (by 104%), and loss in bone mass (by 72%) compared with the Ti6Al4V implant. The stiffness of the Ti6Al4V and the PEEK implant were measured through compression tests to be 2.76 kN/mm and 0.276 kN/mm. The factor of safety for the PEEK implant in both static and dynamic loading scenarios were obtained through simulation. Most of the regions in the PEEK implant were tested to be safe (FoS larger than 1) in terms of representing daily activities (2300 N), while the medial neck and distal restriction point of the implant attracts large von Mises stress 82 MPa and 76 MPa, respectively, and, thus, may possibly fail during intensive activities by yield and fatigue. Overall, considering the reduction in stress shielding and bone resorption in cortical bone, PEEK could be a promising material for the patient-specific femoral implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ataollah Naghavi
- Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Churun Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Changning Sun
- Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Maryam Tamaddon
- Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Mariam Basiouny
- Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Pilar Garcia-Souto
- Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Jia Hua
- School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oladapo BI, Ismail SO, Ikumapayi OM, Karagiannidis PG. Impact of rGO-coated PEEK and lattice on bone implant. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112583. [PMID: 35662072 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The composite coating can effectively inhibit bacterial proliferation and promote the expression of bone-building genes in-vitro. Therefore, a novel production was used to produce poly-ether-ether-ketone, and reduced graphene oxide (PEEK-rGO) scaffolds with ratios of 1-3%, combining a different lattice for a bone implant. An inexpensive method was developed to prepare the new coatings on the PEEK scaffold with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Mechanical testing, data analysis and cell culture tests for in-vitro biocompatibility scaffold characterisation for the PEEK composite were conducted. Novel computation microanalysis of four-dimensional (4D) printing of microstructure of PEEK-rGO concerning the grain size and three dimensional (3D) morphology was influenced by furrow segmentation of grains cell growth on the composite, which was reduced from an average of 216-155 grains and increased to 253 grains on the last day. The proposed spherical nanoparticles cell grew with time after dispersed PEEK nanoparticles in calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) grains. Also, the mechanical tests were carried out to validate the strength of the new composites and compare them to that of a natural bone. The established 3D-printed PEEK composite scaffolds significantly exhibited the potential of bone implants for biomimetic heterogeneous bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bankole I Oladapo
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Sunderland, UK; Sustainable Development, De Montfort University Leicester, UK.
| | - Sikiru O Ismail
- Centre for Engineering Research, Department of Engineering, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Omolayo M Ikumapayi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palomba G, Crupi V, Epasto G. Additively manufactured lightweight monitoring drones: Design and experimental investigation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Flejszar M, Chmielarz P, Gießl M, Wolski K, Smenda J, Zapotoczny S, Cölfen H. A new opportunity for the preparation of PEEK-based bone implant materials: From SARA ATRP to photo-ATRP. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|