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García-Montagut J, Paz R, Monzón M, González B. Venturi Injector Optimization for Precise Powder Transport for Directed Energy Deposition Manufacturing Using the Discrete Element Method and Genetic Algorithms. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:911. [PMID: 38399162 PMCID: PMC10890590 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies such as directed energy deposition use powder as their raw material, and it must be deposited in a precise and controlled manner. Venturi injectors could be a solution for the highly precise transport of particulate material. They have been studied from different perspectives, but they are always under high-pressure conditions and mostly fed by gravity. In the present study, an optimization of the different dimensional parameters needed for the manufacturing of a Venturi injector in relation to a particle has been carried out to maximize the amount of powder capable of being sucked and transported for a specific flow in a low-pressure system with high precision in transport. For this optimization, simulations of Venturi usage were performed using the discrete element method, generating different variations proposed by a genetic algorithm based on a preliminary design of experiments. Statistical analysis was also performed to determine the most influential design variables on the objective, with these being the suction diameter (D3), the throat diameter (d2), and the nozzle diameter (d1). The optimal dimensional relationships were as follows: a D3 34 times the particle diameter, a d2 26.5 times the particle diameter, a d1 40% the d2, a contraction angle alpha of 18.73°, and an expansion angle beta of 8.28°. With these proportions, an 85% improvement in powder suction compared to the initial attempts was achieved, with a maximum 2% loss of load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua García-Montagut
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35015 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Rubén Paz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35015 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Mario Monzón
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35015 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Begoña González
- SIANI University Institute, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35015 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
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Ye Y, Tu C, Zhang Z, Xu R, Bao F, Lin J. Deagglomeration of airborne nanoparticles in a decelerating supersonic round jet. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ahmed R, Suresh V, Li L, Gopalakrishnan R. Scalable generation of high concentration aerosol in the size range of 0.1–10 μm from commercial powders using ultrasonic dispersion. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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High-pressure dispersion of nanoparticle agglomerates through a continuous aerosol disperser. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-00991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shih AC, Han CJ, Kuo TC, Cheng YC. Enhancing the Microparticle Deposition Stability and Homogeneity on Planer for Synthesis of Self-Assembly Monolayer. NANOMATERIALS 2018. [PMID: 29538347 PMCID: PMC5869655 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The deposition stability and homogeneity of microparticles improved with mask, lengthened nozzle and flow rate adjustment. The microparticles can be used to encapsulate monomers, before the monomers in the microparticles can be deposited onto a substrate for nanoscale self-assembly. For the uniformity of the synthesized nanofilm, the homogeneity of the deposited microparticles becomes an important issue. Based on the ANSYS simulation results, the effects of secondary flow were minimized with a lengthened nozzle. The ANSYS simulation was also used to investigate the ring-vortex generation and why the ring vortex can be eliminated by adding a mask with an aperture between the nozzle and deposition substrate. The experimental results also showed that particle deposition with a lengthened nozzle was more stable, while adding the mask stabilized deposition and diminished the ring-vortex contamination. The effects of flow rate and pressure were also investigated. Hence, the deposition stability and homogeneity of microparticles was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ci Shih
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Jui Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Chien Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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Tu C, Lin J, Yin Z, Bao F, Du P. Powder disperser for the continuous aerosolizing of dry powdered nanoparticles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ng BF, Xiong JW, Wan MP. Application of acoustic agglomeration to enhance air filtration efficiency in air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) systems. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178851. [PMID: 28594862 PMCID: PMC5464643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent episodes of haze in Southeast Asia have caused some of the worst regional atmospheric pollution ever recorded in history. In order to control the levels of airborne fine particulate matters (PM) indoors, filtration systems providing high PM capturing efficiency are often sought, which inadvertently also results in high airflow resistance (or pressure drop) that increases the energy consumption for air distribution. A pre-conditioning mechanism promoting the formation of particle clusters to enhance PM capturing efficiency without adding flow resistance in the air distribution ductwork could provide an energy-efficient solution. This pre-conditioning mechanism can be fulfilled by acoustic agglomeration, which is a phenomenon that promotes the coagulation of suspended particles by acoustic waves propagating in the fluid medium. This paper discusses the basic mechanisms of acoustic agglomeration along with influencing factors that could affect the agglomeration efficiency. The feasibility to apply acoustic agglomeration to improve filtration in air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) systems is investigated experimentally in a small-scale wind tunnel. Experimental results indicate that this novel application of acoustic pre-conditioning improves the PM2.5 filtration efficiency of the test filters by up to 10% without introducing additional pressure drop. The fan energy savings from not having to switch to a high capturing efficiency filter largely outstrip the additional energy consumed by the acoustics system. This, as a whole, demonstrates potential energy savings from the combined acoustic-enhanced filtration system without compromising on PM capturing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Feng Ng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Wen Xiong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Man Pun Wan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Tang P, Leung SSY, Hor E, Ruzycki CA, Carrigy NB, Finlay WH, Brannan JD, Devadason S, Anderson SD, Sly PD, Samnick K, Chan HK. An Apparatus to Deliver Mannitol Powder for Bronchial Provocation in Children Under Six Years Old. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2015; 28:452-61. [PMID: 25844950 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2015.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently bronchial provocation testing (BPT) using mannitol powder cannot be performed in children under 6 years. A primary reason is it is challenging for children at this age to generate a consistent inspiratory effort to inhale mannitol efficiently from a dry powder inhaler. A prototype system, which does not require any inhalation training from the pediatric subject, is reported here. It uses an external source of compressed air to disperse mannitol powder into a commercial holding chamber. Then the subject uses tidal breathing to inhale the aerosol. METHOD The setup consists of a commercially available powder disperser and Volumatic™ holding chamber. Taguchi experimental design was used to identify the effect of dispersion parameters (flow rate of compressed air, time compressed air is applied, mass of powder, and the time between dispersion and inhalation) on the fine particle dose (FPD). The prototype was tested in vitro using a USP throat connected to a next generation impactor. The aerosols from the holding chamber were drawn at 10 L/min. A scaling factor for estimating the provoking dose to induce a 15% reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (PD15) was calculated using anatomical dimensions of the human respiratory tract at various ages combined with known dosing values from the adult BPT. RESULTS Consistent and doubling FPDs were successfully generated based on the Taguchi experimental design. The FPD was reliable over a range of 0.8 (±0.09) mg to 14 (±0.94) mg. The calculated PD15 for children aged 1-6 years ranged from 7.1-30 mg. The FPDs generated from the proposed set up are lower than the calculated PD15 and therefore are not expected to cause sudden bronchoconstriction. CONCLUSION A prototype aerosol delivery system has been developed that is consistently able to deliver doubling doses suitable for bronchial provocation testing in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Tang
- 1 Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharon S Y Leung
- 1 Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eleanor Hor
- 1 Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Conor A Ruzycki
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nicholas B Carrigy
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Warren H Finlay
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - John D Brannan
- 3 Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital , Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sunalene Devadason
- 4 School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sandra D Anderson
- 5 Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- 6 Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland , Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin Samnick
- 1 Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- 1 Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kou X, Chan LW, Steckel H, Heng PW. Physico-chemical aspects of lactose for inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:220-32. [PMID: 22123598 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a dosage form that consists of a powder formulation in a device which is designed to deliver an active ingredient to the respiratory tract. It has been extensively investigated over the past years and several aspects relating to device and particulate delivery mechanisms have been the focal points for debate. DPI formulations may or may not contain carrier particles but whenever a carrier is included in a commercial formulation, it is almost invariably lactose monohydrate. Many physicochemical properties of the lactose carrier particles have been reported to affect the efficiency of a DPI. A number of preparation methods have been developed which have been claimed to produce lactose carriers with characteristics which lead to improved deposition. Alongside these developments, a number of characterization methods have been developed which have been reported to be useful in the measurement of key properties of the particulate ingredients. This review describes the various physicochemical characteristics of lactose, methods of manufacturing lactose particulates and their characterization.
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Chen R, Yi C, Wu H, Guo S. Degradation kinetics and molecular structure development of hydroxyethyl cellulose under the solid state mechanochemical treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abedini E, Tabrizchi M. A new particle size analyzer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:123303. [PMID: 20059136 DOI: 10.1063/1.3272784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new particle sizer which integrates the dispersion and detection parts is presented. Particles are dispersed based on charging between two parallel plates connected to a high voltage power source. The charged particles bounce between the two plates and escape into a measuring area where the size is determined by light scattering. The instrument is calibrated using standard powders. The data obtained from the new instrument are in good agreement with those obtained from a commercial particle size analyzer. The sizer works both for insulator and conductive powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Abedini
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Salama RO, Ladd L, Chan HK, Traini D, Young PM. Development of an in vivo ovine dry powder inhalation model for the evaluation of conventional and controlled release microparticles. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:465-8. [PMID: 19568940 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rania O Salama
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Calvert G, Ghadiri M, Tweedie R. Aerodynamic dispersion of cohesive powders: A review of understanding and technology. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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