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Munu I, Nicusan AL, Crooks J, Pitt K, Windows-Yule C, Ingram A. Predicting tablet properties using In-Line measurements and evolutionary equation Discovery: A high shear wet granulation study. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124405. [PMID: 38950660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
High shear wet granulation (HSWG) is widely used in tablet manufacturing mainly because of its advantages in improving flowability, powder handling, process run time, size distribution, and preventing segregation. In line process analytical technology measurements are essential in capturing detailed particle dynamics and presenting real-time data to uncover the complexity of the HSWG process and ultimately for process control. This study presents an opportunity to predict the properties of the granules and tablets through torque measurement of the granulation bowl and the force exerted on a novel force probe within the powder bed. Inline force measurements are found to be more sensitive than torque measurements to the granulation process. The characteristic force profiles present the overall fingerprint of the high shear wet granulation, in which the evolution of the granule formation can improve our understanding of the granulation process. This provides rich information relating to the properties of the granules, identification of the even distribution of the binder liquid, and potential granulation end point. Data were obtained from an experimental high shear mixer across a range of key process parameters using a face-centred surface response design of experiment (DoE). A closed-form analytical model was developed from the DOE matrix using the discovery of evolutionary equations. The model is able to provide a strong predictive indication of the expected tablet tensile strength based only on the data in-line. The use of a closed form mathematical equation carries notable advantages over other AI methodologies such as artificial neural networks, notably improved interpretability/interrogability, and minimal inference costs, thus allowing the model to be used for real-time decision making and process control. The capability of accurately predicting, in real time, the required compaction force required to achieve the desired tablet tensile strength from upstream data carries the potential to ensure compression machine settings rapidly reach and are maintained at optimal values, thus maximising efficiency and minimising waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Munu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; GSK Global Supply Chain, Priory St, Ware SG12 0DJ, UK.
| | - Andrei L Nicusan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jason Crooks
- GSK Product Development, Park Rd, Ware SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Kendal Pitt
- GSK Global Supply Chain, Priory St, Ware SG12 0DJ, UK
| | - Christopher Windows-Yule
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew Ingram
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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2
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Momoniat F, Rahmanian N. Characterization of sulphur particles: prills vs. granules. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2021.1942342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Momoniat
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Nejat Rahmanian
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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3
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Liu B, Wang J, Zhou Q, Zhao L, Wang Y, Shen L, Feng Y, Du R. High shear wet granulation: Improved understanding of the effects of process variables on granule and tablet properties of a high-dose, high-hydrophobicity API based on quality by design and multivariate analysis approaches. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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4
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Investigation the iron ore fine granulation effects and particle adhesion behavior in a horizontal high-shear granulator. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Macho O, Gabrišová Ľ, Peciar P, Juriga M, Kubinec R, Rajniak P, Svačinová P, Vařilová T, Šklubalová Z. Systematic Study of the Effects of High Shear Granulation Parameters on Process Yield, Granule Size, and Shape by Dynamic Image Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111894. [PMID: 34834308 PMCID: PMC8623888 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of process parameters of high shear granulation on the process yield and on the morphology of granules on the basis of dynamic image analysis. The amount of added granulation liquid had a significant effect on all monitored granulometric parameters and caused significant changes in the yield of the process. In regard of the shape, the most spherical granules with the smoothest surface were formed at a liquid to solid ratio of ≈1. The smallest granules were formed at an impeller speed of 700 rpm, but the granules formed at 500 rpm showed both the most desirable shape and the highest process yield. Variation in the shape factors relied not only on the process parameters, but also on the area equivalent diameter of the individual granules in the batch. A linear relationship was found between the amount of granulation liquid and the compressibility of the granules. Using response surface methodology, models for predicting the size of granules and process yield related to the amount of added liquid and the impeller speed were generated, on the basis of which the size of granules and yield can be determined with great accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Macho
- Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Námestie Slobody 17, 812 31 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.G.); (P.P.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ľudmila Gabrišová
- Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Námestie Slobody 17, 812 31 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.G.); (P.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Peter Peciar
- Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Námestie Slobody 17, 812 31 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.G.); (P.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Martin Juriga
- Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Námestie Slobody 17, 812 31 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.G.); (P.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Róbert Kubinec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia;
| | - Pavol Rajniak
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Petra Svačinová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (T.V.); (Z.Š.)
| | - Tereza Vařilová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (T.V.); (Z.Š.)
| | - Zdenka Šklubalová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (T.V.); (Z.Š.)
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6
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Development of a Robust Control Strategy for Fixed-Dose Combination Bilayer Tablets with Integrated Quality by Design, Statistical, and Process Analytical Technology Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091443. [PMID: 34575519 PMCID: PMC8467219 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Control strategy and quality by design (QbD) are widely used to develop pharmaceutical products and improve drug quality; however, studies on fixed-dose combination (FDC) bilayer tablets are limited. In this study, the bilayer tablet consisted of high-dose metformin HCl in a sustained-release layer and low-dose dapagliflozin l-proline in an immediate-release layer. The formulation and process of each layer were optimized using the QbD approach. A d-optimal mixture design and response surface design were applied to optimize critical material attributes and critical process parameters, respectively. The robust design space was developed using Monte Carlo simulations by evaluating the risk of uncertainty in the model predictions. Multivariate analysis showed that there were significant correlations among impeller speed, massing time, granule bulk density, and dissolution in the metformin HCl layer, and among roller pressure, ribbon density, and dissolution in the dapagliflozin l-proline layer. Process analytical technology (PAT) was used with in–line transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy to confirm the bulk and ribbon densities of the optimized bilayer tablet. Moreover, the in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that the optimized test drug was bioequivalent to the reference drug. This study suggested that integrated QbD, statistical, and PAT approaches can develop a robust control strategy for FDC bilayer tablets by implementing real-time release testing based on the relationships among various variables.
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Zhou JH, Ren Q, Xu XL, Fang JY, Wang T, Wang KM, Wang HY. Enhancing stability of aerobic granules by microbial selection pressure using height-adjustable influent strategy. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117356. [PMID: 34147742 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing granules size distribution is critical for both reactor performance and stability. In this research, an optimal size range of 1800 to 3000 μm was proposed regarding mass transfer and granules stability based on granules developed at DO around 8.0 mg L-1 with the feed COD:N:P at 100:5:1. A height-adjustable influent strategy was applied to facilitate the nutrient storage of granules at optimum size range via microbial selective pressure. Results suggested insufficient hydraulic shear stress led to overgrowth of granules size. High abundance of filamentous bacteria (Thiothrix sp.) was observed in oversized granules, which detached and affected the remaining granules, resulting in severe sludge bulking. Strong hydraulic shear stress suppressed uncontrolled growth of granules. However, fewer abundance of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) bacterium was acquired, which led to unfavored SND effect and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency. The height-adjustable influent strategy facilitated the poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) storage of granules at optimum size range, while limiting the overgrowth of granules size. Additionally, more than 87.51% of total granules situated in optimal sizes range, which led to higher abundance of SND bacterium and higher TN removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Heng Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Qing Ren
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Xu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Kan-Ming Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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8
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Öztürk B, Topcu A, Cora ÖN. Influence of processing parameters on the porosity, thermal expansion, and oxidation behavior of consolidated Fe22Cr stainless steel powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Granulation of teawaste and limestone using sodium-based lignosulfonate and DEM simulation of powder mixing. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Liu B, Wang J, Zeng J, Zhao L, Wang Y, Feng Y, Du R. A review of high shear wet granulation for better process understanding, control and product development. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Kim JY, Chun MH, Choi DH. Control Strategy for Process Development of High-Shear Wet Granulation and Roller Compaction to Prepare a Combination Drug Using Integrated Quality by Design. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010080. [PMID: 33435594 PMCID: PMC7827752 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a control strategy for a drug product prepared by high-shear wet granulation and roller compaction using integrated quality by design (QbD). During the first and second stages, we optimized the process parameters through the design of experiments and identified the intermediate quality attributes (IQAs) and critical quality attributes (CQAs) relationship, respectively. In the first stage, we conducted an initial risk assessment by selecting critical process parameters with high impact on IQAs and CQAs and confirmed the correlation between control and response factors. Additionally, we performed Monte Carlo simulations by optimizing the process parameters to deriving and building a robust design space. In the second stage, we identified the IQAs and CQAs relationship for the control strategy, using multivariate analysis (MVA). Based on MVA, in the metformin layer, dissolution at 1 h was significantly correlated with intrinsic dissolution rate and granule size, and dissolution at 3 h was significantly correlated with bulk density and granule size. In dapagliflozin layer, dissolution at 10 min and 15 min was significantly correlated with granule size. Our results suggest that the desired drug quality may result through IQAs monitoring during the process and that the integrated QbD approach utilizing MVA can be used to develop a control strategy for producing high-quality drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea;
| | - Myung Hee Chun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-320-3395
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12
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Korol J, Głodniok M, Hejna A, Pawlik T, Chmielnicki B, Bondaruk J. Manufacturing of Lightweight Aggregates as an Auspicious Method of Sewage Sludge Utilization. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245635. [PMID: 33321852 PMCID: PMC7764059 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is a high-volume and low-cost waste commonly generated worldwide, so its utilization is a vital issue. The application of this waste in the manufacturing of lightweight aggregates was investigated. The process was performed using intensive mixers with volumes of 5 and 30 L, as well as the industrial 500 L mixer. Then, granulates were sintered in a tube furnace. The influence of composition and mixer size on the particle size, microstructure, mechanical performance, and stability of lightweight aggregates in different environments was analyzed. The best results were obtained for a 500 L mixer, enhancing the industrial potential of the presented process. Increasing the share of sewage sludge in the composition of aggregates enhanced their porosity and reduced the specific weight, which caused a drop in compressive strength. Nevertheless, for all analyzed materials, the mechanical performance was superior compared to many commercial products. Therefore, sewage sludge can be efficiently applied as a raw material for the manufacturing of lightweight aggregates. The presented results confirm that a proper adjustment of composition allows easy the tailoring of aggregates' performance and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Korol
- Department of Material Engineering, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-259-2644
| | - Marcin Głodniok
- Department of Water Protection, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Pawlik
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Metallurgy, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Błażej Chmielnicki
- Paint & Plastics Department in Gliwice, Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, 50 A Chorzowska Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jan Bondaruk
- Department of Water Protection, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.)
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Liu T, Paul S, Beeson BT, Alexander J, Yang F, Bi V, Durig T, Sun CC, Zhang F. Effect of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Level on Twin-Screw Melt Granulation of Acetaminophen. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:240. [PMID: 32839891 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of binder level on the physicochemical changes and tabletability of acetaminophen (APAP)-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) granulated using twin-screw melt granulation. Even at 5% HPC level, the tablet tensile strength achieved up to 3.5 MPa. A minimum of 10% HPC was required for the process robustness. However, 20% HPC led to tabletability loss, attributable to the high mechanical strength of APAP granules. The over-granulated APAP granules had thick connected HPC scaffold and low porosity. Consequently, these granules were so strong that they underwent a lower degree of fracture under compression and higher elastic recovery during decompression. HPC was enriched on the surface of APAP extrudates at all HPC levels. Amorphous APAP was also observed on the extrudate surface at 20% HPC level, and it recrystallized within 24 h storage. To achieve a robust process and optimal improvement in APAP tabletability, the preferred HPC level was 10 to 15%.
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14
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Kitching VR, Rahmanian N, Jamaluddin NH, Kelly A. Influence of type of granulators on formation of seeded granules. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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High shear seeded granulation: Its preparation mechanism, formulation, process, evaluation, and mathematical simulation. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Tanaka R, Duggirala NK, Hattori Y, Otsuka M, Suryanarayanan R. Formation of Indomethacin-Saccharin Cocrystals during Wet Granulation: Role of Polymeric Excipients. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:274-283. [PMID: 31756100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Formulation of a cocrystal into a solid pharmaceutical dosage form entails numerous processing steps during which there is risk of dissociation. In an effort to reduce the number of unit operations, we have attempted the in situ formation of an indomethacin-saccharin (INDSAC) cocrystal during high-shear wet granulation (HSWG). HSWG of IND (poorly water-soluble drug) and SAC (coformer), with polymers (granulating agents), was carried out using ethanol as the granulation liquid and yielded INDSAC cocrystal granules. Therefore, cocrystal formation and granulation were simultaneously accomplished. Our objectives were to (i) evaluate the influence of polymers on cocrystal formation kinetics during wet granulation and (ii) mechanistically understand the role of polymers in facilitating the cocrystal formation. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were chosen to investigate the influence of soluble polymers. The cocrystal formation kinetics was influenced by the polymer (PVP < HPC < PEO) and its concentration. The interaction of the polymer with cocrystal components inhibited the cocrystal formation. Complete cocrystal formation was observed in the presence of PEO, a polymer which does not interact with IND and SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Naga Kiran Duggirala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | | | | | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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Mahdi F, Mehrabi M, Hassanpour A, Muller F. On the formation of core-shell granules in batch high shear granulators at two scales. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Ghijs M, Schäfer E, Kumar A, Cappuyns P, Van Assche I, De Leersnyder F, Vanhoorne V, De Beer T, Nopens I. Modeling of Semicontinuous Fluid Bed Drying of Pharmaceutical Granules With Respect to Granule Size. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2094-2101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Han JK, Shin BS, Choi DH. Comprehensive Study of Intermediate and Critical Quality Attributes for Process Control of High-Shear Wet Granulation Using Multivariate Analysis and The Quality by Design Approach. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E252. [PMID: 31159393 PMCID: PMC6630614 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust manufacturing process and the relationship between intermediate quality attributes (IQAs), critical quality attributes (CQAs), and critical process parameters (CPPs) for high-shear wet granulation was determined in this study. Based on quality by the design (QbD) approach, IQAs, CQAs, and CPPs of a telmisartan tablet prepared by high-shear wet granulation were determined and then analyzed with multivariate analysis (MVA) to evaluate mutual interactions between IQAs, CQAs, and CPPs. The effects of the CPPs on the IQAs and CQAs were quantitatively predicted with empirical models of best fit. The models were used to define operating space, and an evaluation of the risk of uncertainty in model prediction was performed using Monte Carlo simulation. MVA showed that granule size and granule hardness were significantly related to % dissolution. In addition, granule FE (Flow Energy) and Carr's index had effects on tablet tensile strength. Using the manufacture of a clinical batch and robustness testing, a scale-up from lab to pilot scale was performed using geometric similarity, agitator torque profile, and agitator tip speed. The absolute biases and relative bias percentages of the IQAs and CQAs generated by the lab and pilot scale process exhibited small differences. Therefore, the results suggest that a risk reduction in the manufacturing process can be obtained with integrated process parameters as a result of the QbD approach, and the relationship between IQAs, CQAs, and CPPs can be used to predict CQAs for a control strategy and SUPAC (Scale-Up and Post-Approval Guidance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kwon Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea.
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Thapa P, Choi DH, Kim MS, Jeong SH. Effects of granulation process variables on the physical properties of dosage forms by combination of experimental design and principal component analysis. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 14:287-304. [PMID: 32104459 PMCID: PMC7032112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was to understand how process variables of high shear wet granulations affect physical properties of granules and tablets. The knowledge gained was intended to be used for Quality-by-Design based process design and optimization. The variables were selected based on the risk assessment as impeller speed, liquid addition rate, and wet massing time. Formulation compositions were kept constant to minimize their influence on granules properties. Multiple linear regression models were built providing understanding of the impact of each variable on granule hardness, Carr's index, tablet tensile strength, surface mean diameter of granules, and compression behavior. The experimental results showed that the impact of impeller speed was more dominant compared to wet massing time and water addition rate. The results also revealed that quality of granules and tablets could be optimized by adjusting specific process variables (impeller speed 1193 rpm, water spray rate 3.7 ml/min, and wet massing time 2.84 min). Overall desirability was 0.84 suggesting that the response values were closer to the target one. The SEM image of granules showed that spherical and smooth granules produced at higher impeller speed, whereas rough and irregular shape granules at lower speed. Moreover, multivariate data analysis demonstrated that impeller speed and massing time had strong correlation with the granule and tablet properties. In overall, the combined experimental design and principal component analysis approach allowed to better understand the correlation between process variables and granules and tablet attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
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Mutch GA, Hapgood KP, Shen R, Selomulya C. An investigation on the dissolution qualities of foam granulated products. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Macho O, Kabát J, Gabrišová Ľ, Peciar P, Juriga M, Fekete R, Galbavá P, Blaško J, Peciar M. Dimensionless criteria as a tool for creation of a model for predicting the size of granules in high-shear granulation. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2018.1548531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Macho
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kabát
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Gabrišová
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Peciar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Juriga
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Fekete
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paulína Galbavá
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Blaško
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marián Peciar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Gao T, Singaravelu ASS, Oka S, Ramachandran R, Štepánek F, Chawla N, Emady HN. Granule formation and structure from single drop impact on heterogeneous powder beds. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Grdešič P, Sovány T, German Ilić I. High-shear granulation of high-molecular weight hypromellose: effects of scale-up and process parameters on flow and compaction properties. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1770-1782. [PMID: 29968491 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1496447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knowledge of the effects of high-shear granulation process parameters and scale-up on the properties of the produced granules is essential for formulators who face challenges regarding poor flow and compaction during development of modified release tablets based on high-molecular weight hypromellose (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)) polymers. Almost none of the existing studies deal with realistic industrial formulation. OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the effects of scale-up and critical process parameters (CPPs) of high-shear granulation on the quality attributes of the granules, particularly in terms of the flow and compaction, using a realistic industrial formulation based on HPMC K100M polymer. METHODS The flow properties were determined using flow time, Carr index, tablet mass, and crushing strength variations. The compaction properties were quantified using the 'out-of-die' Heckel and modified Walker models, as well as the tensile strength profile and elastic recovery. High-shear granulation was performed at different scales: 4 L, 300 L, and 600 L. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The scale itself had larger effects on the granule properties than the CPPs, which demonstrated high robustness of formulation on the individual scale level. Nevertheless, to achieve the desired flow and compaction, the values of the CPPs need to be precisely selected to fine-tune the process conditions. The best flow was achieved at high volumes of water addition, where larger and more spherical granules were obtained. The CPPs showed negligible influence on the compaction with no practical implications, however, the volume of water addition volume was identified as having the largest effects on compaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grdešič
- a Krka, d.d., Novo mesto , Šmarješka cesta 6 , Novo mesto , Slovenia
| | - Tamás Sovány
- b Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged , Eötvös u. 6 , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Ilija German Ilić
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , Ljubljana , 1000 , Slovenia
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Suresh P, Surasani VK, Sreedhar I. Investigations at an industrial scale on granule and tablet attributes in high shear rapid mixer granulator. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2017.1363840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pathi Suresh
- Operational Excellence, Granules India Ltd, Gagillapur, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Inkollu Sreedhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
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Issa MG, Souza NVD, Duque MD, Ferraz HG. Physical characterization of multiparticulate systems. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Smrčka D, Lesáková V, Dohnal J, Grof Z, Štěpánek F. Experimental analysis of inter- and intra-batch variation of granule porosity, stiffness and dissolution rate. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Cho CH, Hwang KM, Hwang KM, Seok SH, Kim SH, Seo JW, Park ES. Preparation and characterization of high drug-loaded microgranules: Particle sizing and mechanical properties. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kreimer M, Aigner I, Sacher S, Krumme M, Mannschott T, van der Wel P, Kaptein A, Schroettner H, Brenn G, Khinast J. Mechanical strength of microspheres produced by drying of acoustically levitated suspension droplets. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Markl D, Strobel A, Schlossnikl R, Bøtker J, Bawuah P, Ridgway C, Rantanen J, Rades T, Gane P, Peiponen KE, Zeitler JA. Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:188-214. [PMID: 29341913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the development of a new solid dosage form is formulation-driven and less focus is put on the design of a specific microstructure for the drug delivery system. However, the compaction process particularly impacts the microstructure, or more precisely, the pore architecture in a pharmaceutical tablet. Besides the formulation, the pore structure is a major contributor to the overall performance of oral solid dosage forms as it directly affects the liquid uptake rate, which is the very first step of the dissolution process. In future, additive manufacturing is a potential game changer to design the inner structures and realise a tailor-made pore structure. In pharmaceutical development the pore structure is most commonly only described by the total porosity of the tablet matrix. Yet it is of great importance to consider other parameters to fully resolve the interplay between microstructure and dosage form performance. Specifically, tortuosity, connectivity, as well as pore shape, size and orientation all impact the flow paths and play an important role in describing the fluid flow in a pharmaceutical tablet. This review presents the key properties of the pore structures in solid dosage forms and it discusses how to measure these properties. In particular, the principles, advantages and limitations of helium pycnometry, mercury porosimetry, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray computed microtomography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Markl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alexa Strobel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Rüdiger Schlossnikl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Johan Bøtker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Prince Bawuah
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cathy Ridgway
- Omya International AG, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Gane
- Omya International AG, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland; School of Chemical Technology, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
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An investigation on the evolution of granule formation by in-process sampling of a high shear granulator. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sarkar S, Mukherjee R, Chaudhuri B. On the role of forces governing particulate interactions in pharmaceutical systems: A review. Int J Pharm 2017; 526:516-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pashminehazar R, Kharaghani A, Tsotsas E. Three dimensional characterization of morphology and internal structure of soft material agglomerates produced in spray fluidized bed by X-ray tomography. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Shear stress distribution within narrowly constrained structured grains and granulated powder beds. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pandey P, Badawy S. A quality by design approach to scale-up of high-shear wet granulation process. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:175-89. [PMID: 26489403 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
High-shear wet granulation is a complex process that in turn makes scale-up a challenging task. Scale-up of high-shear wet granulation process has been studied extensively in the past with various different methodologies being proposed in the literature. This review article discusses existing scale-up principles and categorizes the various approaches into two main scale-up strategies - parameter-based and attribute-based. With the advent of quality by design (QbD) principle in drug product development process, an increased emphasis toward the latter approach may be needed to ensure product robustness. In practice, a combination of both scale-up strategies is often utilized. In a QbD paradigm, there is also a need for an increased fundamental and mechanistic understanding of the process. This can be achieved either by increased experimentation that comes at higher costs, or by using modeling techniques, that are also discussed as part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetanshu Pandey
- a Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Sherif Badawy
- a Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
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The evolution of granule fracture strength as a function of impeller tip speed and granule size for a novel reverse-phase wet granulation process. Int J Pharm 2015; 488:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Oka S, Kašpar O, Tokárová V, Sowrirajan K, Wu H, Khan M, Muzzio F, Štěpánek F, Ramachandran R. A quantitative study of the effect of process parameters on key granule characteristics in a high shear wet granulation process involving a two component pharmaceutical blend. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Smrčka D, Schöngut M, Štěpánek F, Gregor T. Composition limits in granulation with active component in the binder. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Smrčka
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Marek Schöngut
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Gregor
- New Technologies Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8; 306 14 Pilsen Czech Republic
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41
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Study of the morphology of solidified binder in spray fluidized bed agglomerates by X-ray tomography. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Hafsa I, Cuq B, Kim SJ, Le Bail A, Ruiz T, Chevallier S. Description of internal microstructure of agglomerated cereal powders using X-ray microtomography to study of process–structure relationships. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Kašpar O, Tokárová V, Oka S, Sowrirajan K, Ramachandran R, Štěpánek F. Combined UV/vis and micro-tomography investigation of acetaminophen dissolution from granules. Int J Pharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wade JB, Martin GP, Long DF. An assessment of powder pycnometry as a means of determining granule porosity. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 20:257-65. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.860550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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45
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Application of the unified compaction curve to link wet granulation and tablet compaction behaviour. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Lee KT, Ingram A, Rowson NA. Comparison of granule properties produced using Twin Screw Extruder and High Shear Mixer: A step towards understanding the mechanism of twin screw wet granulation. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Rahmanian N, Ghadiri M. Strength and structure of granules produced in continuous granulators. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chan SH, Wang SSY, Lai C, Grosso J. A new perspective on the mechanical evaluation of granular material. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:1126-32. [PMID: 22934612 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.715353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical strength of granules is an important parameter to be determined prior to any further downstream formulation processing. It is important to have a good gauge on the granule integrity to forecast any foreseeable powder issues associated with the material processability such as segregation, content uniformity, and material flow-ability. In this study, a systematic methodology has been developed to quantify the integrity of these granules subjected to a low frequency acoustic field to arrive at the Granule Integrity (GI) index. This methodology has been compared to existing well-established bulk characterization techniques reported in the literature such as Heckel analysis, Kawakita analysis, and Young's modulus for four different processed samples. Heckel analysis is more amenable to examine the material deformability while Kawakita analysis is better suited to understand the mechanics of granular material. Individual granule strength measurements to determine Young's modulus often show large variations across the bulk sample. The GI index in conjunction with the Kawakita analysis provides us with more mechanistic insight and understanding into the formation of these granules from a processing perspective. This paper shows the benefits of using the GI index as a practical and direct methodology to characterize the GI of bulk samples in an industrial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Chan
- Material Science Group in Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Pandey P, Tao J, Chaudhury A, Ramachandran R, Gao JZ, Bindra DS. A combined experimental and modeling approach to study the effects of high-shear wet granulation process parameters on granule characteristics. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:210-24. [PMID: 22780851 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.700933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current work is to study the effects of high-shear wet granulation process parameters on granule characteristics using both experimental and modeling techniques. A full factorial design of experiments was conducted on three process parameters: water amount, impeller speed and wet massing time. Statistical analysis showed that the water amount has the largest impact on the granule characteristics, and that the effect of other process variables was more pronounced at higher water amount. At high water amounts, an increase in impeller speed and/or wet massing time showed a decrease in granule porosity and compactability. A strong correlation between granule porosity and compactability was observed. A three-dimensional population balance model which considers agglomeration and consolidation was employed to model the granulation process. The model was calibrated using the particle size distribution from an experimental batch to ensure a good match between the simulated and experimental particle size distribution. The particle size distribution of three other batches were predicted, each of which was manufactured under different process parameters (water amount, impeller speed and wet massing time). The model was able to capture and predict successfully the shifts in granule particle size distribution with changes in these process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetanshu Pandey
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Logan R, Briens L. Investigation of the effect of impeller speed on granules formed using a PMA-1 high shear granulator. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:1394-404. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.653361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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