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Leane M, Pitt K, Reynolds G, Tantuccio A, Moreton C, Crean A, Kleinebudde P, Carlin B, Gamble J, Gamlen M, Stone E, Kuentz M, Gururajan B, Khimyak YZ, Van Snick B, Andersen S, Misic Z, Peter S, Sheehan S. Ten years of the manufacturing classification system: a review of literature applications and an extension of the framework to continuous manufacture. Pharm Dev Technol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38618690 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2342953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The MCS initiative was first introduced in 2013. Since then, two MCS papers have been published: the first proposing a structured approach to consider the impact of drug substance physical properties on manufacturability and the second outlining real world examples of MCS principles. By 2023, both publications had been extensively cited by over 240 publications. This article firstly reviews this citing work and considers how the MCS concepts have been received and are being applied. Secondly, we will extend the MCS framework to continuous manufacture. The review structure follows the flow of drug product development focussing first on optimisation of API properties. The exploitation of links between API particle properties and manufacturability using large datasets seems particularly promising. Subsequently, applications of the MCS for formulation design include a detailed look at the impact of percolation threshold, the role of excipients and how other classification systems can be of assistance. The final review section focusses on manufacturing process development, covering the impact of strain rate sensitivity and modelling applications. The second part of the paper focuses on continuous processing proposing a parallel MCS framework alongside the existing batch manufacturing guidance. Specifically, we propose that continuous direct compression can accommodate a wider range of API properties compared to its batch equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leane
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Moreton, UK
| | - Kendal Pitt
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Gavin Reynolds
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Anthony Tantuccio
- Technology Intensification, Hovione LLC, East Windsor, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Abina Crean
- SSPC, the SFI Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brian Carlin
- Owner, Carlin Pharma Consulting, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA
| | - John Gamble
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Moreton, UK
| | - Michael Gamlen
- Chief Scientific Officer, Gamlen Tableting Ltd, Heanor, UK
| | - Elaine Stone
- Consultant, Stonepharma Ltd. ATIC, Loughborough, UK
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Bindhu Gururajan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Bernd Van Snick
- Oral Solids Development, Drug Product Development, JnJ Innovative Medicine, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sune Andersen
- Oral Solids Development, Drug Product Development, JnJ Innovative Medicine, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Zdravka Misic
- Innovation Research and Development, dsm-firmenich, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Peter
- Research and Development Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Sheehan
- External Development and Manufacturing, Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Triboandas H, Pitt K, Bezerra M, Ach-Hubert D, Schlindwein W. Itraconazole Amorphous Solid Dispersion Tablets: Formulation and Compaction Process Optimization Using Quality by Design Principles and Tools. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112398. [PMID: 36365216 PMCID: PMC9693276 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BCS Class II drugs, such as itraconazole (ITZ), exhibit poor solubility (1–4 ng/mL) and so require solubility enhancement. Therefore, ITZ and Kollidon® VA64 (KOL) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) were produced using hot-melt extrusion (HME) to improve ITZ’s poor solubility. A novel strategy for tablet formulations using five inorganic salts was investigated (KCl, NaCl, KBr, KHCO3 and KH2PO4). These kosmotopric salts are thought to compete for water hydration near the polymer chain, hence, preventing polymer gelation and, therefore, facilitating disintegration and dissolution. Out of all the formulations, the KCl containing one demonstrated acceptable tensile strength (above 1.7 MPa), whilst providing a quick disintegration time (less than 15 min) and so was selected for further formulation development through a design of the experiment approach. Seven ITZ-KOL-ASD formulations with KCl were compacted using round and oblong punches. Round tablets were found to disintegrate under 20 min, whereas oblong tablets disintegrated within 10 min. The round tablets achieved over 80% ITZ release within 15 min, with six out of seven formulations achieving 100% ITZ release by 30 min. It was found that tablets comprising high levels of Avicel® pH 102 (30%) and low levels of KCl (5%) tend to fail the disintegration target due to the strong bonding capacity of Avicel® pH 102. The disintegration time and tensile strength responses were modeled to obtain design spaces (DSs) relevant to both round and oblong tablets. Within the DS, several formulations can be chosen, which meet the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) requirements for immediate-release round and oblong tablets and allow for flexibility to compact in different tablet shape to accommodate patients’ needs. It was concluded that the use of inorganic salts, such as KCl, is the key to producing tablets of ITZ ASDs with fast disintegration and enhanced dissolution. Overall, ITZ-KOL-ASD tablet formulations, which meet the QTPP, were achieved in this study with the aid of Quality by Design (QbD) principles for formulation and compaction process development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetvi Triboandas
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Kendal Pitt
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mariana Bezerra
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Delphine Ach-Hubert
- Medelpharm, 615 rue du Chat Botté, ZAC des Malettes, F-01700 Beynost, France
| | - Walkiria Schlindwein
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Sohail Arshad M, Zafar S, Yousef B, Alyassin Y, Ali R, AlAsiri A, Chang MW, Ahmad Z, Ali Elkordy A, Faheem A, Pitt K. A review of emerging technologies enabling improved solid oral dosage form manufacturing and processing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113840. [PMID: 34147533 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tablets are the most widely utilized solid oral dosage forms because of the advantages of self-administration, stability, ease of handling, transportation, and good patient compliance. Over time, extensive advances have been made in tableting technology. This review aims to provide an insight about the advances in tablet excipients, manufacturing, analytical techniques and deployment of Quality by Design (QbD). Various excipients offering novel functionalities such as solubility enhancement, super-disintegration, taste masking and drug release modifications have been developed. Furthermore, co-processed multifunctional ready-to-use excipients, particularly for tablet dosage forms, have benefitted manufacturing with shorter processing times. Advances in granulation methods, including moist, thermal adhesion, steam, melt, freeze, foam, reverse wet and pneumatic dry granulation, have been proposed to improve product and process performance. Furthermore, methods for particle engineering including hot melt extrusion, extrusion-spheronization, injection molding, spray drying / congealing, co-precipitation and nanotechnology-based approaches have been employed to produce robust tablet formulations. A wide range of tableting technologies including rapidly disintegrating, matrix, tablet-in-tablet, tablet-in-capsule, multilayer tablets and multiparticulate systems have been developed to achieve customized formulation performance. In addition to conventional invasive characterization methods, novel techniques based on laser, tomography, fluorescence, spectroscopy and acoustic approaches have been developed to assess the physical-mechanical attributes of tablet formulations in a non- or minimally invasive manner. Conventional UV-Visible spectroscopy method has been improved (e.g. fiber-optic probes and UV imaging-based approaches) to efficiently record the dissolution profile of tablet formulations. Numerous modifications in tableting presses have also been made to aid machine product changeover, cleaning, and enhance efficiency and productivity. Various process analytical technologies have been employed to track the formulation properties and critical process parameters. These advances will contribute to a strategy for robust tablet dosage forms with excellent performance attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saman Zafar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Yousef
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmine Alyassin
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Radeyah Ali
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ali AlAsiri
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom; Pharmacy College, Pharmaceutics Department, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Amal Ali Elkordy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing,University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Faheem
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing,University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Kendal Pitt
- Manufacturing, Science & Technology, Pharma Supply Chain, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, United Kingdom.
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Soundaranathan M, Vivattanaseth P, Walsh E, Pitt K, Johnston B, Markl D. Quantification of swelling characteristics of pharmaceutical particles. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119903. [PMID: 32980508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Particle swelling is a crucial component in the disintegration of a pharmaceutical tablet. The swelling of particles in a tablet creates stress inside the tablet and thereby pushes apart adjoining particles, eventually causing the tablet to break-up. This work focused on quantifying the swelling of single particles to identify the swelling-limited mechanisms in a particle, i.e. diffusion- or absorption capacity-limited. This was studied for three different disintegrants (sodium starch glycolate/SSG, croscarmellose sodium/CCS, and low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose/L-HPC) and five grades of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using an optical microscope coupled with a bespoke flow cell and utilising a single particle swelling model. Fundamental swelling characteristics, such as diffusion coefficient, maximum liquid absorption ratio and swelling capacity (maximum swelling of a particle) were determined for each material. The results clearly highlighted the different swelling behaviour for the various materials, where CCS has the highest diffusion coefficient with 739.70 μm2/s and SSG has the highest maximum absorption ratio of 10.04 g/g. For the disintegrants, the swelling performance of SSG is diffusion-limited, whereas it is absorption capacity-limited for CCS. L-HPC is both diffusion- and absorption capacity-limited. This work also reveals an anisotropic, particle facet dependant, swelling behaviour, which is particularly strong for the liquid uptake ability of two MCC grades (PH101 and PH102) and for the absorption capacity of CCS. Having a better understanding of swelling characteristics of single particles will contribute to improving the rational design of a formulation for oral solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithushan Soundaranathan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Pattavet Vivattanaseth
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Erin Walsh
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Kendal Pitt
- Pharma Supply Chain, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware SG12 0DE, UK
| | - Blair Johnston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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Leane M, Pitt K, Reynolds GK, Dawson N, Ziegler I, Szepes A, Crean AM, Dall Agnol R, The Manufacturing Classification System McS Working Group. Manufacturing classification system in the real world: factors influencing manufacturing process choices for filed commercial oral solid dosage formulations, case studies from industry and considerations for continuous processing. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 23:964-977. [PMID: 30320539 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1534863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Following the first Manufacturing Classification System (MCS) paper, the team conducted surveys to establish which active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) properties were important when selecting or modifying materials to enable an efficient and robust pharmaceutical manufacturing process. The most commonly identified factors were (1) API particle size: small particle sizes are known to increase risk of processing issues; (2) Drug loading in the formulation: high drug loadings allow less opportunity to mitigate poor API properties through the use of excipients. The next step was to establish linkages with process decisions by identifying publicly-available proxies for these important parameters: dose (in place of drug loading) and BCS class (in place of particle size). Poorly-soluble API were seen as more likely to have controlled (smaller) particle size than more highly soluble API. Analysis of 435 regulatory filings revealed that higher doses and more poorly-soluble API was associated with more complex processing routes. Replacing the proxy factors with the original parameters should give the opportunity to demonstrate stronger trends. This assumption was tested by accessing a dataset relating to commercial tablet products. This showed that, for dry processes, a larger particle size was associated with higher achievable drug loading as determined by percolation threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leane
- a Drug Product Science & Technology (DPST), Bristol-Myers Squibb , Moreton , UK
| | - Kendal Pitt
- b Global Manufacturing and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline , Ware , UK
| | | | - Neil Dawson
- d Global Research and Development, Pfizer , Sandwich , UK
| | - Iris Ziegler
- e Corden Pharma International GmbH , Plankstadt , Germany
| | - Aniko Szepes
- f Research and Development Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Abina M Crean
- g Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre, School of Pharmacy , University College Cork - National University of Ireland , Cork , Ireland.,h Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy , University College Cork - National University of Ireland , Cork , Ireland
| | - Rafaela Dall Agnol
- i Curso de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde , Universidade de Caxias do Sul , Caxias do Sul , Brazil
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Santos B, Carmo F, Schlindwein W, Muirhead G, Rodrigues C, Cabral L, Westrup J, Pitt K. Pharmaceutical excipients properties and screw feeder performance in continuous processing lines: a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:2089-2097. [PMID: 30113219 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1513024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Screw feeder performance is a critical aspect in continuous manufacturing processes. Pharmaceutical excipients, such as mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, and anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate can present problems in ensuring a continuous stable feed rate due to their sub-optimal flow properties. In alignment with Quality by Design (QbD) goals, the aim of this work was to identify and explain critical sources of variability of some powder excipients delivery by screw feeding, in particular to continuous processing lines. Pharmaceutical excipients with a wide range of material properties were selected, and the impact of their flow and density properties on screw feeder performance was investigated. The analysis of the powder conveying by the screws was performed at different hopper fills and different screw speeds. A multivariable model involving bulk density (CBD) and parameters from FT4 dynamic downwards testing (SI) and dynamic upwards testing (SE) explained 95.7% of excipients feed rates (p < .001). The study gathers valuable information about the screw feeder performance and input materials properties that can help process understanding and QbD-based development of solid dosage forms in continuous processing lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Santos
- a Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b Global Manufacturing and Supply (GMS) , GlaxoSmithKline , Ware , UK
| | - Flavia Carmo
- a Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b Global Manufacturing and Supply (GMS) , GlaxoSmithKline , Ware , UK
| | - Walkiria Schlindwein
- c Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester , Leicestershire , UK
| | - Gordon Muirhead
- b Global Manufacturing and Supply (GMS) , GlaxoSmithKline , Ware , UK
| | - Carlos Rodrigues
- a Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Lúcio Cabral
- a Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Julian Westrup
- b Global Manufacturing and Supply (GMS) , GlaxoSmithKline , Ware , UK
| | - Kendal Pitt
- b Global Manufacturing and Supply (GMS) , GlaxoSmithKline , Ware , UK
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Pitt K, Hounslow M. Aggregation of growing crystals in suspension: III. Accounting for adhesion and repulsion. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Leane M, Pitt K, Reynolds G. A proposal for a drug product Manufacturing Classification System (MCS) for oral solid dosage forms. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:12-21. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.954728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the potential of a continuous telemetry system linking rural ambulances to a coronary care unit to reduce call to thrombolysis times. METHODS This prospective randomised controlled trial recruited patients using the 999 ambulance service in a rural area of the UK with signs or symptoms of coronary heart disease. Subjects were assigned to receive either standard paramedic treatment or transmission of 12 lead ECG, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and relevant medical history to a general hospital coronary care unit. Cardiology senior house officers then determined each patient's suitability for pre-hospital thrombolysis time, and transmitted this decision back to the ambulance. This was documented as the potential thrombolysis, although no thrombolytic agents were administered by paramedics. The between groups difference in time to potential thrombolysis (intervention group) and actual thrombolysis (controls) was compared. The proportion of intervention group subjects ultimately receiving thrombolysis in hospital was compared with that recommended for pre-hospital thrombolysis. RESULTS The potential reduction in call to treatment time for telemetry patients recommended for pre-hospital thrombolysis was 55 minutes (p = 0.022). Following hospital admission,21/213 of the telemetry patients were thrombolysed (10%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6% to 15%). Of these patients, 3/21 received a recommendation for thrombolysis in the ambulance (14%, 95% CI 3.1% to 36.3%). The sensitivity and specificity of the telemetry system in detecting patients requiring thrombolysis was 13.6 and 99.5% respectively. Errors were made in the pre-hospital treatment recommendations for two patients. CONCLUSIONS Continuous telemetry systems may significantly reduce call to treatment times for patients recommended for pre-hospital thrombolysis in a rural setting. However, this benefit must be balanced against the very small proportion of eligible patients identified as suitable for pre-hospital thrombolysis. This limitation may be due to communications problems, the criteria used to identify eligible patients, or the seniority of physicians tasked with making treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woollard
- Faculty of Pre-hospital Care Research Unit, Department of Academic Emergency Medicine, Academic Centre, The James Cook University Hospital, Marton Road, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if low dose nalbuphine provides an adequate reduction in pain with minimal side effects. METHODS Prospective cohort of 115 patients given nalbuphine by paramedics in Wales and the English borders. OUTCOME MEASURES (1) Mean total dose of nalbuphine administered, change in pain score, time to adequate pain relief (score below four), and change in respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure; (2) proportion of patients continuing to suffer moderate to severe pain on arrival at hospital; (3) incidence of adverse events. RESULTS Full data were obtained for all patients. The mean total dose of nalbuphine administered was 6.09 mg (range 2.5 to 12.5 mg). This was significantly higher in trauma than ischaemic chest pain patients (7.03 versus 5.13 mg). The mean reduction in pain score was -3.97 (95% CI -4.38 to -3.57, p<0.001). The mean time to adequate pain relief (where this was achieved) was 15.7 minutes (95% CI 13.4 to 17.9 minutes). On arrival at hospital 60% of patients (n=69, 95% CI 50.9 to 68.5%) still met ambulance criteria for analgesia (70.7% of trauma patients and 49.1% with ischaemic chest pain). Systolic blood pressure fell by a mean of -3.67 (95% CI -6.76 to -0.58, p=0.02) and respiratory rate increased by a mean of 1.63 (95% CI 1.08 to 2.17, p<0.001). Two patients complained of nausea (1.74%, 95% CI 0.5 to 6.0%). No other adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Low dose nalbuphine results in few adverse events, but offers poor pain control for a high proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woollard
- Pre-hospital Emergency Research Unit, Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust/University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK .
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heart disease is the major cause of death in Wales. Myocardial infarction accounts for most fatalities either acutely or as a result of late heart failure and unheralded sudden cardiac death. Prompt relief of new coronary occlusions by thrombolytic agents has been shown to reduce significantly both early mortality and subsequent morbidity from acute myocardial infarction. The prehospital delivery of these drugs is feasible, and carries no greater risk than administration in hospital. This study tests the hypothesis that paramedics can identify patients with acute myocardial infarction who are suitable for prehospital thrombolysis, and thus reduce the "call to needle" time. METHOD Paramedics from rural Wales were trained in the acquisition and recognition of 12 lead ECGs, and also in the modified indications for thrombolytic therapy as defined by the Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee (JRCALC). Ninety six consecutive patients, with possible myocardial infarction, were included in the study. The paramedics made an independent decision regarding the eligibility of the patients for thrombolysis before hospital admission, noting the time that they could have administered the drug. These decisions were compared with the treatment subsequently received in hospital. RESULTS No errors were made by the paramedics in case selection (specificity of 100% (95% CI 95.9% to 100%)). There was a potential reduction in call to needle time of 41.2 minutes (95% CI 25.7 minutes to 56.9 minutes, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the paramedic selection of patients for the prehospital administration of a thrombolytic is both feasible and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pitt
- Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust, UK.
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Washington N, Steele RJ, Jackson SJ, Bush D, Mason J, Gill DA, Pitt K, Rawlins DA. Determination of baseline human nasal pH and the effect of intranasally administered buffers. Int J Pharm 2000; 198:139-46. [PMID: 10767563 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The nose is becoming a common route of drug administration, however, little is known about the pH of the human nasal cavity. Local pH may have a direct effect on the rate and extent of absorption of ionizable compounds and hence this study was performed to investigate normal pH values and whether pH could be manipulated by various buffers. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in a study to measure pH in the anterior and posterior sites of the nasal cavity. Miniature pH electrodes were placed 3 cm apart in the nasal cavity and a baseline was recorded for 30 min once the pH had stabilized. One hundred microlitres of isotonic solution was sprayed into the nostril and the pH was measured for 4 h post-dose. The following five formulations were tested: formulation A--sodium chloride (0.9%) at pH 7.2; formulation B--sodium chloride (0.9%) at pH 5.8; formulation C--Sorensens phosphate buffer (0.06 M) at pH 5. 8; formulation D--Sorensens phosphate buffer (0.13 M) at pH 5.8 and formulation E--formulation as (c) but adjusted to pH 5.0. Each formulation also contained saccharin sodium (0.5%) as a taste marker for nasal clearance. The time at which each subject detected the taste of saccharin was noted. The 30-minute baseline recording prior to administration of the nasal spray formulation demonstrates that there was both considerable intersubject and intrasubject variation in nasal pH. The average pH in the anterior of the nose was 6.40 (+0. 11, -0.15 S.D.) when calculated from H(+) values. The pH in the posterior of the nasal cavity was 6.27 (+0.13, -0.18 S.D.). The overall range in pH was 5.17-8.13 for anterior pH and 5.20-8.00 for posterior pH. Formulation A caused the pH in the anterior part of the nasal cavity to reach a maximum of 7.06 in 11.25 min from the baseline of pH 6.14 (P<0.05). The mean baseline pH was 6.5 for the posterior part of the nose which did not change over the recording period. Formulation B caused the anterior pH to increase from pH 6. 60 to 7.25 within the first minute. This fell back to a mean pH of 7.07 over the first hour which was still significantly above the baseline. It remained at this value for the remainder of the recording period. The initial average posterior pH was 6.32 and again this did not significantly change over the recording period. Formulation C produced a sustained increase in anterior nasal pH from a baseline pH of 6.57-7.12. A small transient decrease was observed in the pH in the posterior of the nose but baseline pH of 6. 6 was re-established within 15 min post dose. Formulation D significantly reduced anterior nasal pH from 6.30 to 5.87 by 30 min reaching a pH of 5.95 by 90 min where it remained for the remainder of the recording period. The posterior baseline pH was 6.3 and introduction of the pH 5.8 buffer caused a slow increase over 90 min to pH 6.6. Formulation E increased anterior pH from 6.1 to 6.7 for the remainder of the recording period. It had an insignificant effect on posterior nasal pH. The mean (+/-S.D.) time to taste saccharin for formulations A to E was 13.42+/-10.21, 14.67+/-8.37, 11.67+/-8.08, 10.08+/-7.6, 9.80+/-6.73 min, respectively. There was no significant difference between the clearance times for the different formulations. In conclusion, average baseline human nasal pH is approximately 6.3. Nasal anterior pH can be decreased when buffers of 0.13 M and above are used. Mildly acidic solutions produce an increase in pH presumably due to reflux bicarbonate secretion. Posterior nasal pH was not altered by administration of any buffer except the 0.13 M buffer at pH 5.8. This produced a rise in posterior pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Washington
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Nottingham, E Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comparison of two flooring types--carpet and vinyl--in the bed areas, and two modes of physiotherapy--conventional therapy and additional leg strengthening exercises--in avoiding falls. DESIGN Randomized 2 x 2 controlled trial. SETTING Elderly care rehabilitation ward in a community hospital. SUBJECTS Fifty-four consecutive patients referred for rehabilitation. OUTCOME MEASURES The incidence of falls, and the change in strength. RESULTS There were 10 falls on carpet, and only a single fall on vinyl floor covering (relative risk 8.3, 95% confidence interval 0.95-73, p = 0.05). There were four falls in those receiving additional exercise, and seven falls in those receiving only conventional physiotherapy (relative risk 0.21, 95% confidence interval 0.04-1.2, p = 0.12). Fifty-nine per cent of patients were able to complete strength measurements on admission and discharge. In these, handgrip strength improved more in those given additional exercise than conventional physiotherapy (2.1 kg versus -0.3 kg, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION There is no evidence to support either intervention in preventing falls on a rehabilitation ward, but within this low-powered study, there was a strong trend towards vinyl being superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Donald
- Elderly Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
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Jeffreys GV, Davies GA, Pitt K. Rate of coalescence of the dispersed phase in a laboratory mixer settler unit: Part II. The analysis of coalescence in a continuous mixer settler system by a differential model. AIChE J 1970. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690160522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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