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Nasiri-Tabrizi B, Basirun WJ, Walvekar R, Yeong CH, Phang SW. Exploring the potential of intermetallic alloys as implantable biomaterials: A comprehensive review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 161:213854. [PMID: 38703541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the utilization of intermetallic alloys (IMAs) as advanced biomaterials for medical implants, scrutinizing their conceptual framework, fabrication challenges, and diverse manufacturing techniques such as casting, powder metallurgy, and additive manufacturing. Manufacturing techniques such as casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and injection molding are discussed, with specific emphasis on achieving optimal grain sizes, surface roughness, and mechanical properties. Post-treatment methods aimed at refining surface quality, dimensional precision, and mechanical properties of IMAs are explored, including the use of heat treatments to enhance biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. The review presents an in-depth examination of IMAs-based implantable biomaterials, covering lab-scale developments and commercial-scale implants. Specific IMAs such as Nickel Titanium, Titanium Aluminides, Iron Aluminides, Magnesium-based IMAs, Zirconium-based IMAs, and High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are highlighted, with detailed discussions on their mechanical properties, including strength, elastic modulus, and corrosion resistance. Future directions are outlined, with an emphasis on the anticipated growth in the orthopedic devices market and the role of IMAs in meeting this demand. The potential of porous IMAs in orthopedics is explored, with emphasis on achieving optimal pore sizes and distributions for enhanced osseointegration. The review concludes by highlighting the ongoing need for research and development efforts in IMAs technologies, including advancements in design and fabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Jefrey Basirun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Siew Wei Phang
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Influence of powder size on the moldability and sintered properties of irregular iron-based feedstock used in low-pressure powder injection molding. POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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3
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Wermuth DP, Paim TC, Bertaco I, Zanatelli C, Naasani LIS, Slaviero M, Driemeier D, Tavares AC, Martins V, Escobar CF, Dos Santos LAL, Schaeffer L, Wink MR. Mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility analysis of pure iron porous implant produced by metal injection molding: A new eco-friendly feedstock from natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112532. [PMID: 34857310 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) has become an important manufacturing technology for biodegradable medical devices. As a biodegradable metal, pure iron is a promising biomaterial due to its mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In light of this, we performed the first study that manufactured and evaluated the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of samples of iron porous implants produced by MIM with a new eco-friendly feedstock from natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), a promisor binder that provides elastic property in the green parts. The iron samples were submitted to tests to determine density, microhardness, hardness, yield strength, and stretching. The biocompatibility of the samples was studied in vitro with adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) and erythrocytes, and in vivo on a preclinical model with Wistar rats, testing the iron samples after subcutaneous implant. Results showed that the manufactured samples have adequate physical, and mechanical characteristics to biomedical devices and they are cytocompatible with ADSCs, hemocompatible and biocompatible with Wistars rats. Therefore, pure iron produced by MIM can be considered a promising material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pacheco Wermuth
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaís Casagrande Paim
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Bertaco
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Zanatelli
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliana Ivet Sous Naasani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mônica Slaviero
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Carvalho Tavares
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Martins
- Laboratório de Metalurgia do Pó, Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense Campus Sapucaia do Sul, Av. Copacabana 100, 93216-120 Sapucaia do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Ferreira Escobar
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Av. Centenário 697, 44.085-132 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Loureiro Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biomateriais & Cerâmicas Avançadas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lirio Schaeffer
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Dehghan-Manshadi A, Yu P, Dargusch M, StJohn D, Qian M. Metal injection moulding of surgical tools, biomaterials and medical devices: A review. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Li JA, Chen L, Zhang XQ, Guan SK. Enhancing biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of biodegradable Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy by preparing PDA/HA coating for potential application of cardiovascular biomaterials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 109:110607. [PMID: 32228927 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the poly-dopamine (PDA)/hyaluronic acid (HA) coatings with different HA molecular weight (MW, 4 × 103, 1 × 105, 5 × 105 and 1 × 106 Da) were prepared onto the NaOH passivated Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy aiming at potential application of cardiovascular implants. The characterization of weight loss, polarization curves and surface morphology indicated that the coatings with HA MW of 1 × 105 (PDA/HA-2) and 1 × 106 Da (PDA/HA-4) significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of Mg-Zn-Y-Nd. In vitro biological test also suggested better hemocompatibility, pro-endothelialization, anti-hyperplasia and anti-inflammation functions of the PDA/HA-2- and PDA/HA-4-coated Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy. Nevertheless, the in vivo implantation of SD rats' celiac artery demonstrated that the PDA/HA-2 had preferable corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-An Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Li Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xue-Qi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shao-Kang Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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6
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Li Y, Jahr H, Pavanram P, Bobbert FSL, Paggi U, Zhang XY, Pouran B, Leeflang MA, Weinans H, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous iron. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:646-661. [PMID: 31302295 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Additively manufactured (AM) functionally graded porous metallic biomaterials offer unique opportunities to satisfy the contradictory design requirements of an ideal bone substitute. However, no functionally graded porous structures have ever been 3D-printed from biodegradable metals, even though biodegradability is crucial both for full tissue regeneration and for the prevention of implant-associated infections in the long term. Here, we present the first ever report on AM functionally graded biodegradable porous metallic biomaterials. We made use of a diamond unit cell for the topological design of four different types of porous structures including two functionally graded structures and two reference uniform structures. Specimens were then fabricated from pure iron powder using selective laser melting (SLM), followed by experimental and computational analyses of their permeability, dynamic biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility. It was found that the topological design with functional gradients controlled the fluid flow, mass transport properties and biodegradation behavior of the AM porous iron specimens, as up to 4-fold variations in permeability and up to 3-fold variations in biodegradation rate were observed for the different experimental groups. After 4 weeks of in vitro biodegradation, the AM porous scaffolds lost 5-16% of their weight. This falls into the desired range of biodegradation rates for bone substitution and confirms our hypothesis that topological design could indeed accelerate the biodegradation of otherwise slowly degrading metals, like iron. Even after 4 weeks of biodegradation, the mechanical properties of the specimens (i.e., E = 0.5-2.1 GPa, σy = 8-48 MPa) remained within the range of the values reported for trabecular bone. Design-dependent cell viability did not differ from gold standard controls for up to 48 h. This study clearly shows the great potential of AM functionally graded porous iron as a bone substituting material. Moreover, we demonstrate that complex topological design permits the control of mechanical properties, degradation behavior of AM porous metallic biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: No functionally graded porous structures have ever been 3D-printed from biodegradable metals, even though biodegradability is crucial both for full tissue regeneration and for the prevention of implant-associated infections in the long term. Here, we present the first report on 3D-printed functionally graded biodegradable porous metallic biomaterials. Our results suggest that topological design in general, and functional gradients in particular can be used as an important tool for adjusting the biodegradation behavior of AM porous metallic biomaterials. The biodegradation rate and mass transport properties of AM porous iron can be increased while maintaining the bone-mimicking mechanical properties of these biomaterials. The observations reported here underline the importance of proper topological design in the development of AM porous biodegradable metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - H Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - P Pavanram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - F S L Bobbert
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - U Paggi
- 3D Systems - LayerWise NV, Grauwmeer 14, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - X-Y Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10004, China
| | - B Pouran
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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7
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Li Y, Jahr H, Lietaert K, Pavanram P, Yilmaz A, Fockaert LI, Leeflang MA, Pouran B, Gonzalez-Garcia Y, Weinans H, Mol JMC, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous iron. Acta Biomater 2018; 77:380-393. [PMID: 29981948 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Additively manufactured (AM) topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials with the proper biodegradation profile offer a unique combination of properties ideal for bone regeneration. These include a fully interconnected porous structure, bone-mimicking mechanical properties, and the possibility of fully regenerating bony defects. Most of such biomaterials are, however, based on magnesium and, thus, degrade too fast. Here, we present the first report on topologically ordered porous iron made by Direct Metal Printing (DMP). The topological design was based on a repetitive diamond unit cell. We conducted a comprehensive study on the in vitro biodegradation behavior (up to 28 days), electrochemical performance, time-dependent mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The mechanical properties of AM porous iron (E = 1600-1800 MPa) were still within the range of the values reported for trabecular bone after 28 days of biodegradation. Electrochemical tests showed up to ≈12 times higher rates of biodegradation for AM porous iron as compared to that of cold-rolled (CR) iron, while only 3.1% of weight loss was measured after 4 weeks of immersion tests. The biodegradation mechanisms were found to be topology-dependent and different between the periphery and central parts of the scaffolds. While direct contact between MG-63 cells and scaffolds revealed substantial and almost instant cytotoxicity in static cell culture, as compared to Ti-6Al-4V, the cytocompatibility according to ISO 10993 was reasonable in in vitro assays for up to 72 h. This study shows how DMP could be used to increase the surface area and decrease the grain sizes of topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials made from metals that are usually considered to degrade too slowly (e.g., iron), opening up many new opportunities for the development of biodegradable metallic biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biodegradation in general and proper biodegradation profile in particular are perhaps the most important requirements that additively manufactured (AM) topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials should offer in order to become the ideal biomaterial for bone regeneration. Currently, most biodegradable metallic biomaterials are based on magnesium, which degrade fast with gas generation. Here, we present the first report on topologically ordered porous iron made by Direct Metal Printing (DMP). We also conducted a comprehensive study on the biodegradation behavior, electrochemical performance, biocompatibility, and the time evolution of the mechanical properties of the implants. We show that these implants possess bone-mimicking mechanical properties, accelerated degradation rate, and reasonable cytocompatibility, opening up many new opportunities for the development of iron-based biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - H Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - K Lietaert
- 3D Systems - LayerWise NV, Grauwmeer 14, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - P Pavanram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - A Yilmaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - L I Fockaert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - B Pouran
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Y Gonzalez-Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - J M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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Harun W, Kamariah M, Muhamad N, Ghani S, Ahmad F, Mohamed Z. A review of powder additive manufacturing processes for metallic biomaterials. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang C, Huan Z, Wang X, Wu C, Chang J. 3D Printed Fe Scaffolds with HA Nanocoating for Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:608-616. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R.China
| | - Zhiguang Huan
- State
Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- State
Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
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10
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Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of Biodegradable Iron Foams under Different Compression Test Conditions. METALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/met7060202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Hamidi MFFA, Harun WSW, Samykano M, Ghani SAC, Ghazalli Z, Ahmad F, Sulong AB. A review of biocompatible metal injection moulding process parameters for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:1263-1276. [PMID: 28575965 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible metals have been revolutionizing the biomedical field, predominantly in human implant applications, where these metals widely used as a substitute to or as function restoration of degenerated tissues or organs. Powder metallurgy techniques, in specific the metal injection moulding (MIM) process, have been employed for the fabrication of controlled porous structures used for dental and orthopaedic surgical implants. The porous metal implant allows bony tissue ingrowth on the implant surface, thereby enhancing fixation and recovery. This paper elaborates a systematic classification of various biocompatible metals from the aspect of MIM process as used in medical industries. In this study, three biocompatible metals are reviewed-stainless steels, cobalt alloys, and titanium alloys. The applications of MIM technology in biomedicine focusing primarily on the MIM process setting parameters discussed thoroughly. This paper should be of value to investigators who are interested in state of the art of metal powder metallurgy, particularly the MIM technology for biocompatible metal implant design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F F A Hamidi
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - W S W Harun
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - M Samykano
- Structural and Material Degradation Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - S A C Ghani
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Z Ghazalli
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - F Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - A B Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
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