1
|
Espinoza-Espinoza LA, Muñoz-More HD, Nole-Jaramillo JM, Ruiz-Flores LA, Arana-Torres NM, Moreno-Quispe LA, Valdiviezo-Marcelo J. Microencapsulation of vitamins: A review and meta-analysis of coating materials, release and food fortification. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114420. [PMID: 38763670 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Vitamins are responsible for providing biological properties to the human body; however, their instability under certain environmental conditions limits their utilization in the food industry. The objective was to conduct a systematic review on the use of biopolymers and lipid bases in microencapsulation processes, assessing their impact on the stability, controlled release, and viability of fortified foods with microencapsulated vitamins. The literature search was conducted between the years 2013-2023, gathering information from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and publishers including Taylor & Francis, Elsevier, Springer and MDPI; a total of 49 articles were compiled The results were classified according to the microencapsulation method, considering the following information: core, coating material, solvent, formulation, process conditions, particle size, efficiency, yield, bioavailability, bioaccessibility, in vitro release, correlation coefficient and references. It has been evidenced that gums are the most frequently employed coatings in the protection of vitamins (14.04%), followed by alginate (10.53%), modified chitosan (9.65%), whey protein (8.77%), lipid bases (8.77%), chitosan (7.89%), modified starch (7.89%), starch (7.02%), gelatin (6.14%), maltodextrin (5.26%), zein (3.51%), pectin (2.63%) and other materials (7.89%). The factors influencing the release of vitamins include pH, modification of the coating material and crosslinking agents; additionally, it was determined that the most fitting mathematical model for release values is Weibull, followed by Zero Order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas; finally, foods commonly fortified with microencapsulated vitamins were described, with yogurt, bakery products and gummy candies being notable examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Daniel Muñoz-More
- Laboratorio de Alimentos Funcionales y Bioprocesos - Facultad de Ingeniería de Industrias alimentarias, Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Sullana 20100, Peru.
| | - Juliana Maricielo Nole-Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Alimentos Funcionales y Bioprocesos - Facultad de Ingeniería de Industrias alimentarias, Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Sullana 20100, Peru
| | - Luis Alberto Ruiz-Flores
- Laboratorio de Alimentos Funcionales y Bioprocesos - Facultad de Ingeniería de Industrias alimentarias, Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Sullana 20100, Peru
| | - Nancy Maribel Arana-Torres
- Laboratorio de Alimentos Funcionales y Bioprocesos - Facultad de Ingeniería de Industrias alimentarias, Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Sullana 20100, Peru
| | - Luz Arelis Moreno-Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias empresariales y Turismo, Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Sullana 20100, Peru
| | - Jaime Valdiviezo-Marcelo
- Laboratorio de Alimentos Funcionales y Bioprocesos - Facultad de Ingeniería de Industrias alimentarias, Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Sullana 20100, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ribeiro AM, Gonçalves A, Rocha F, Estevinho BN. Statistical simplex centroid experimental design for evaluation of pectin, modified chitosan and modified starch as encapsulating agents on the development of vitamin E-loaded microparticles by spray-drying. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131792. [PMID: 38677704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin E encapsulation into biopolymer-based microparticles, obtained by spray-drying technology, was proposed to improve the encapsulation efficiency and the controlled release of fat-soluble vitamin. Binary and ternary blends of pectin, modified chitosan and modified starch, modified starch + modified chitosan, modified starch + pectin, modified chitosan + pectin and modified starch + modified chitosan + pectin ((0.33, 0.33, 0.33), (0.70, 0.15, 0.15), (0.15, 0.70, 0.15) and (0.15, 0.15, 0.70)) were proposed to produce and evaluate different carrier-based delivery systems. Vitamin E-loaded microparticles and empty microparticles were created with a product yield between 9 and 49 %. The mean diameter among all microparticles varied between 3.74 ± 0.02 and 421 ± 21 μm (differential volume distribution). Oval, spherical or irregular microparticles, with a variable morphology from a smooth to a high rough surface structure, with concavities, were produced. All vitamin E-loaded microparticles exhibited an encapsulation efficiency higher than 70 %. The slower vitamin E controlled release was observed from microparticles composed by modified chitosan (>36 h), while the faster release was achieved from microparticles individually composed by pectin (39 min). In general, the Fickian diffusion is the main release mechanism involved in the microparticles produced with modified chitosan, other formulations combine also other mechanisms such as swelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Marisa Ribeiro
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antónia Gonçalves
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta N Estevinho
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balanč B, Salević-Jelić A, Đorđević V, Bugarski B, Nedović V, Petrović P, Knežević-Jugović Z. The Application of Protein Concentrate Obtained from Green Leaf Biomass in Structuring Nanofibers for Delivery of Vitamin B12. Foods 2024; 13:1576. [PMID: 38790876 PMCID: PMC11121456 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanofibers made of natural proteins have caught the increasing attention of food scientists because of their edibility, renewability, and possibility for various applications. The objective of this study was to prepare nanofibers based on pumpkin leaf protein concentrate (LPC) as a by-product from some crops and gelatin as carriers for vitamin B12 using the electrospinning technique. The starting mixtures were analyzed in terms of viscosity, density, surface tension, and electrical conductivity. Scanning electron micrographs of the obtained nanofibers showed a slight increase in fiber average diameter with the addition of LPC and vitamin B12 (~81 nm to 109 nm). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified the physical blending of gelatin and LPC without phase separation. Thermal analysis showed the fibers had good thermal stability up to 220 °C, highlighting their potential for food applications, regardless of the thermal processing. Additionally, the newly developed fibers have good storage stability, as detected by low water activity values ranging from 0.336 to 0.376. Finally, the release study illustrates the promising sustained release of vitamin B12 from gelatin-LPC nanofibers, mainly governed by the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The obtained results implied the potential of these nanofibers in the development of functional food products with improved nutritional profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Balanč
- Innovation Centre of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Ana Salević-Jelić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Beograd, Serbia; (A.S.-J.); (V.N.)
| | - Verica Đorđević
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (Z.K.-J.)
| | - Branko Bugarski
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (Z.K.-J.)
| | - Viktor Nedović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Beograd, Serbia; (A.S.-J.); (V.N.)
| | - Predrag Petrović
- Innovation Centre of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Zorica Knežević-Jugović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (Z.K.-J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Couto AF, Estevinho BN. Valorization of Agricultural By-Products ( Fragaria vesca) through the Production of Value-Added Micro/Nanostructures Using Electrohydrodynamic Techniques. Foods 2024; 13:1162. [PMID: 38672833 PMCID: PMC11048920 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An innovative approach for the production of bio-micro/nanostructures with high-value compounds from agricultural by-products was studied. This research aimed to valorize bioactive compounds existing in the by-products of the plants of Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry). The particle characteristics, morphology, size, release properties, and antioxidant activity of micro/nanostructures containing the extract of by-products of the plants of Fragaria vesca or quercetin (one of the main polyphenols in the plant) were analyzed. The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technique was utilized for encapsulation. The results showed that the morphology and size of the structures were influenced by the concentration of zein, with 10% w/v zein concentration leading to irregular and non-uniform nanostructures, while 20% w/v zein concentration resulted in a mixture of microparticles and thin fibers with an irregular surface. The type and concentration of the core material did not significantly affect the morphology of the micro/nanostructures. In vitro release studies demonstrated the controlled release of the core materials from the zein micro/nanostructures. The release profiles were analyzed using the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull models, which provided insights into the release mechanisms and kinetics. The most relevant release mechanism is associated with "Fickian Diffusion". The antioxidant activity of the structures was evaluated using an ABTS radical-scavenging assay, indicating their potential as antioxidants. In conclusion, the EHD technique enabled the successful encapsulation of Fragaria vesca by-product extract and quercetin with zein, resulting in micro/nanostructures with different morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Francisca Couto
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta N. Estevinho
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oleandro E, Stanzione M, Buonocore GG, Lavorgna M. Zein-Based Nanoparticles as Active Platforms for Sustainable Applications: Recent Advances and Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:414. [PMID: 38470745 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, due to their unique structural and functional features, are widely investigated for potential applications in a wide range of industrial sectors. In this context, protein-based nanoparticles, given proteins' abundance, non-toxicity, and stability, offer a promising and sustainable methodology for encapsulation and protection, and can be used in engineered nanocarriers that are capable of releasing active compounds on demand. Zein is a plant-based protein extracted from corn, and it is biocompatible, biodegradable, and amphiphilic. Several approaches and technologies are currently involved in zein-based nanoparticle preparation, such as antisolvent precipitation, spray drying, supercritical processes, coacervation, and emulsion procedures. Thanks to their peculiar characteristics, zein-based nanoparticles are widely used as nanocarriers of active compounds in targeted application fields such as drug delivery, bioimaging, or soft tissue engineering, as reported by others. The main goal of this review is to investigate the use of zein-based nanocarriers for different advanced applications including food/food packaging, cosmetics, and agriculture, which are attracting researchers' efforts, and to exploit the future potential development of zein NPs in the field of cultural heritage, which is still relatively unexplored. Moreover, the presented overview focuses on several preparation methods (i.e., antisolvent processes, spry drying), correlating the different analyzed methodologies to NPs' structural and functional properties and their capability to act as carriers of bioactive compounds, both to preserve their activity and to tune their release in specific working conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Oleandro
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Mariamelia Stanzione
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | | | - Marino Lavorgna
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, Via Previati 1/E, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Falsafi SR, Topuz F, Esfandiari Z, Can Karaca A, Jafari SM, Rostamabadi H. Recent trends in the application of protein electrospun fibers for loading food bioactive compounds. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100922. [PMID: 38144745 PMCID: PMC10740046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospun fibers (EFs) have emerged as promising one-dimensional materials for a myriad of research/commercial applications due to their outstanding structural and physicochemical features. Polymers of either synthetic or natural precursors are applied to design EFs as carriers for bioactive compounds. For engineering food systems, it is crucial to exploit polymers characterized by non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, biocompatibility, slow/controllable biodegradability, and structural integrity. The unique attributes of protein-based biomaterials endow a wide diversity of desirable features to EFs for meeting the requirements of advanced food/biomedical applications. In this review paper, after an overview on electrospinning, different protein materials (plant- and animal-based) as biodegradable/biocompatible building blocks for designing EFs will be highlighted. The potential application of protein-based EFs in loading bioactive compounds with the intention to inspire interests in both academia and industry will be summarized. This review concludes with a discussion of prevailing challenges in using protein EFs for the bioactive vehicle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seid Reza Falsafi
- Safiabad Agricultural Research and Education and Natural Resources Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Dezful P.O. Box 333, Iran
| | - Fuat Topuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Sariyer, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zahra Esfandiari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asli Can Karaca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hadis Rostamabadi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gharibzahedi SMT, Moghadam M, Amft J, Tolun A, Hasabnis G, Altintas Z. Recent Advances in Dietary Sources, Health Benefits, Emerging Encapsulation Methods, Food Fortification, and New Sensor-Based Monitoring of Vitamin B 12: A Critical Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7469. [PMID: 38005191 PMCID: PMC10673454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this overview, the latest achievements in dietary origins, absorption mechanism, bioavailability assay, health advantages, cutting-edge encapsulation techniques, fortification approaches, and innovative highly sensitive sensor-based detection methods of vitamin B12 (VB12) were addressed. The cobalt-centered vitamin B is mainly found in animal products, posing challenges for strict vegetarians and vegans. Its bioavailability is highly influenced by intrinsic factor, absorption in the ileum, and liver reabsorption. VB12 mainly contributes to blood cell synthesis, cognitive function, and cardiovascular health, and potentially reduces anemia and optic neuropathy. Microencapsulation techniques improve the stability and controlled release of VB12. Co-microencapsulation of VB12 with other vitamins and bioactive compounds enhances bioavailability and controlled release, providing versatile initiatives for improving bio-functionality. Nanotechnology, including nanovesicles, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles can enhance the delivery, stability, and bioavailability of VB12 in diverse applications, ranging from antimicrobial agents to skincare and oral insulin delivery. Staple food fortification with encapsulated and free VB12 emerges as a prominent strategy to combat deficiency and promote nutritional value. Biosensing technologies, such as electrochemical and optical biosensors, offer rapid, portable, and sensitive VB12 assessment. Carbon dot-based fluorescent nanosensors, nanocluster-based fluorescent probes, and electrochemical sensors show promise for precise detection, especially in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Moghadam
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Amft
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Aysu Tolun
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gauri Hasabnis
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science-KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coelho SC, Estevinho BN. A Brief Review on the Electrohydrodynamic Techniques Used to Build Antioxidant Delivery Systems from Natural Sources. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083592. [PMID: 37110823 PMCID: PMC10146503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts from plants have been one of the main sources of antioxidants, namely polyphenols. The associated drawbacks, such as instability against environmental factors, low bioavailability, and loss of activity, must be considered during microencapsulation for a better application. Electrohydrodynamic processes have been investigated as promising tools to fabricate crucial vectors to minimize these limitations. The developed microstructures present high potential to encapsulate active compounds and for controlling their release. The fabricated electrospun/electrosprayed structures present different benefits when compared with structures developed by other techniques; they present a high surface-area-to-volume ratio as well as porosity, great materials handling, and scalable production-among other advantages-which make them able to be widely applied in different fields, namely in the food industry. This review presents a summary of the electrohydrodynamic processes, main studies, and their application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Castro Coelho
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta Nogueiro Estevinho
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Co-Encapsulation of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Vitamin B12 in Zein Microstructures by Electrospinning/Electrospraying Technique. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062544. [PMID: 36985516 PMCID: PMC10053329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
EGCG is a catechin known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin found in animal-derived products, and its deficiency may cause serious health problems such as anemia. The effectiveness of both catechin and vitamin B12 depends on their stability and bioavailability, which can be lost during industrial processes due to degradation when exposed to external factors. A potential solution to this issue is the microencapsulation, which protects the compounds from external agents. The current study aims to microencapsulate EGCG and vitamin B12 in a polymer matrix of biological origin, zein. Microencapsulation was performed using an electrospinning technique, and different concentrations of zein (1–30% w/v) and active compound (0.5–5% w/w) were tested, resulting in the production of micro/nanoparticles, fibers, or the mixture of both. The microstructures were analyzed and characterized in terms of morphology, release profile and kinetics, and encapsulation efficiency. High encapsulation efficiencies were obtained, and the highest were found in the samples with 1% w/w of active substance and 30% w/v of zein. Controlled release studies were conducted in deionized water and in an ethanolic solution, and five kinetic models were applied to the release profiles. The results indicated that the Weibull model was the best fit for the majority of results.
Collapse
|
10
|
Application of Ethyl Cellulose and Ethyl Cellulose + Polyethylene Glycol for the Development of Polymer-Based Formulations using Spray-Drying Technology for Retinoic Acid Encapsulation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162533. [PMID: 36010533 PMCID: PMC9407561 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl cellulose (EC)-based microparticles, with and without the incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a second encapsulating agent, were prepared using the spray-drying process for the encapsulation of retinoic acid (RA). The production of a suitable controlled delivery system for this retinoid will promote its antitumor efficiency against acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) due to the possibility of increasing the bioavailability of RA. Product yield ranged from 12 to 28% in all the microparticle formulations, including unloaded microparticles and RA-loaded microparticles. Microparticles with a mean diameter between 0.090 ± 0.002 and 0.54 ± 0.02 µm (number size distribution) and with an irregular form and rough surface were obtained. Furthermore, regarding RA-loaded microparticles, both polymer-based formulations exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of around 100%. A rapid and complete RA release was reached in 40 min from EC− and EC + PEG-based microparticles.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ralaivao M, Lucas J, Rocha F, Estevinho BN. Food-Grade Microencapsulation Systems to Improve Protection of the Epigallocatechin Gallate. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131990. [PMID: 35804803 PMCID: PMC9265360 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a catechin and one of the most abundant polyphenols in green tea, and it is under research for its potential benefit to human health and for its potential to be used in disease treatments, such as for cancer. However, the effectiveness of polyphenols depends on preserving their bioactivity, stability, and bioavailability. The EGCG was microencapsulated by a spray-drying process, using different biopolymers as encapsulating agents (gum arabic, modified chitosan and sodium alginate), in order to overcome some of the limitations of this compound. The microparticles showed a diameter around 4.22 to 41.55 µm (distribution in volume) and different morphologies and surfaces, depending on the encapsulating agent used. The EGCG release was total, and it was achieved in less than 21 min for all the formulations tested. The EGCG encapsulation efficiency ranged between 78.5 and 100.0%. The release profiles were simulated and evaluated using three kinetic models: Korsmeyer-Peppas (R2: 0.739-0.990), Weibull (R2: 0.963-0.994) and Baker-Lonsdale (R2: 0.746-0.993). The Weibull model was the model that better adjusted to the experimental EGCG release values. This study proves the success of the EGCG microencapsulation, using the spray-drying technique, opening the possibility to insert dried EGCG microparticles in different food and nutraceutical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Ralaivao
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (J.L.); (F.R.)
- ENSCM—Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, CEDEX 5, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Jade Lucas
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (J.L.); (F.R.)
- ENSCM—Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, CEDEX 5, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Rocha
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (J.L.); (F.R.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta N. Estevinho
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (J.L.); (F.R.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-041-3699
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fani N, Enayati M, Rostamabadi H, Falsafi SR. Encapsulation of bioactives within electrosprayed κ-carrageenan nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
13
|
De Marco I. Zein Microparticles and Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112172. [PMID: 35683844 PMCID: PMC9182932 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zein is a natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer widely used in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and packaging fields because of its low water vapor permeability, antibacterial activity, and hydrophobicity. It is a vegetal protein extracted from renewable resources (it is the major storage protein from corn). There has been growing attention to producing zein-based drug delivery systems in the recent years. Being a hydrophobic biopolymer, it is used in the controlled and targeted delivery of active principles. This review examines the present-day landscape of zein-based microparticles and nanoparticles, focusing on the different techniques used to obtain particles, the optimization of process parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and final applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Coelho SC, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. Recent Advances in Water-Soluble Vitamins Delivery Systems Prepared by Mechanical Processes (Electrospinning and Spray-Drying Techniques) for Food and Nutraceuticals Applications-A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091271. [PMID: 35563994 PMCID: PMC9100492 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble vitamins are essential micronutrients in diets and crucial to biochemical functions in human body physiology. These vitamins are essential for healthy diets and have a preventive role against diseases. However, their limitations associated with high sensitivity against external conditions (temperature, light, pH, moisture, oxygen) can lead to degradation during processing and storage. In this context, microencapsulation may overcome these conditions, protecting a biomolecule’s bioavailability, stability, and effectiveness of delivery. This technique has been used to produce delivery systems based on polymeric agents that surround the active compounds. The present review focuses on the most relevant topics of water-soluble vitamin encapsulation using promising methods to produce delivery vehicles—electrohydrodynamic (electrospinning and electrospraying) and spray-drying techniques. An overview of the suitable structures produced by these processes is provided. The review introduces the general principles of the methods, advantages, disadvantages, and involved parameters. A brief list of the used physicochemical techniques for the systems’ characterization is discussed in this review. Electrospinning and spray-drying techniques are the focus of this investigation in order to guarantee vitamins’ bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Recent studies and the main encapsulating agents used for these micronutrients in both processes applied to functional food and nutraceutical areas are highlighted in this review.
Collapse
|
15
|
Coelho SC, Benaut P, Laget S, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. Optimization of electrospinning parameters for the production of zein microstructures for food and biomedical applications. Micron 2021; 152:103164. [PMID: 34717181 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic techniques have been focus for the development of structures for encapsulation purposes. Their physico-chemical characteristics confer them significant benefits for food and nutraceutical applications. The study reports the optimization of zein microstructures (electrosprayed beads/electrospun fibers/films). The effect of zein polymer properties (viscosity and conductivity), flow rate, applied voltage and distance tip-collector were investigated. Results by scanning electron microscopy revealed the morphology observed with zein. The importance of chain entanglement for fibers/beads/films formation in the optimum conditions system was evaluated. Compact electrosprayed microbeads with diameters ranging from 0.9 μm to 2.0 μm were obtained for 5 wt.% zein solution. For 30 wt.% zein, uniform smooth electrospun fibers with diameters of approximately 0.60 to 0.75 μm were produced. Films with different characteristics (with more or less homogeneous matrix and more or less bubbles) were also obtained. The developed zein microstructures are potential vectors that might encapsulate bioactive ingredients for functional food, nutraceutical and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castro Coelho
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Philomène Benaut
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ENSCM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Sebastien Laget
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ENSCM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Berta N Estevinho
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernando Rocha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang K, Yuan Y, Baojun X. A Critical Review on the Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds and Their Application. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1963978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kehao Huang
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China
- Department Of Food Science And Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yingzhi Yuan
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China
- Department Of Biochemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xu Baojun
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|