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Amar M, Akram N, Chaudhary GQ, Kazi SN, Soudagar MEM, Mubarak NM, Kalam MA. Energy, exergy and economic (3E) analysis of flat-plate solar collector using novel environmental friendly nanofluid. Sci Rep 2023; 13:411. [PMID: 36624198 PMCID: PMC9829679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of solar energy is one of the most prominent strategies for addressing the present energy management challenges. Solar energy is used in numerous residential sectors through flat plate solar collectors. The thermal efficiency of flat plate solar collectors is improved when conventional heat transfer fluids are replaced with nanofluids because they offer superior thermo-physical properties to conventional heat transfer fluids. Concentrated chemicals are utilized in nanofluids' conventional synthesis techniques, which produce hazardous toxic bi-products. The present research investigates the effects of novel green covalently functionalized gallic acid-treated multiwall carbon nanotubes-water nanofluid on the performance of flat plate solar collectors. GAMWCNTs are highly stable in the base fluid, according to stability analysis techniques, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and zeta potential. Experimental evaluation shows that the thermo-physical properties of nanofluid are better than those of base fluid deionized water. The energy, exergy and economic analysis are performed using 0.025%, 0.065% and 0.1% weight concentrations of GAMWCNT-water at varying mass flow rates 0.010, 0.0144, 0.0188 kg/s. The introduction of GAMWCNT nanofluid enhanced the thermal performance of flat plate solar collectors in terms of energy and exergy efficiency. There is an enhancement in efficiency with the rise in heat flux, mass flow rate and weight concentration, but a decline is seen as inlet temperature increases. As per experimental findings, the highest improvement in energy efficiency is 30.88% for a 0.1% weight concentration of GAMWCNT nanofluid at 0.0188 kg/s compared to the base fluid. The collector's exergy efficiency increases with the rise in weight concentration while it decreases with an increase in flow rate. The highest exergy efficiency is achieved at 0.1% GAMWCNT concentration and 0.010 kg/s mass flow rate. GAMWCNT nanofluids have higher values for friction factor compared to the base fluid. There is a small increment in relative pumping power with increasing weight concentration of nanofluid. Performance index values of more than 1 are achieved for all GAMWCNT concentrations. When the solar thermal collector is operated at 0.0188 kg/s and 0.1% weight concentration of GAMWCNT nanofluid, the highest size reduction, 27.59%, is achieved as compared to a flat plate solar collector with water as a heat transfer fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amar
- grid.449138.30000 0004 9220 7884Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250 AJK Pakistan ,grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Akram
- grid.449138.30000 0004 9220 7884Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250 AJK Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Qadar Chaudhary
- grid.449138.30000 0004 9220 7884Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250 AJK Pakistan
| | - Salim Newaz Kazi
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar
- grid.448792.40000 0004 4678 9721Department of Mechanical Engineering and University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India ,grid.449790.70000 0004 6000 1603Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Glocal University, Delhi-Yamunotri Marg, Saharanpur, 247121 Uttar Pradesh India ,Department of VLSI Microelectronics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105 Tamilnadu India
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- grid.454314.3Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410 Brunei Darussalam
| | - Md Abul Kalam
- grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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