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Obasanmi G, Zeglinski MR, Hardie E, Wilhelm AC, Turner CT, Hiroyasu S, Boivin WA, Tian Y, Zhao H, To E, Cui JZ, Xi J, Yoo HS, Uppal M, Granville DJ, Matsubara JA. Granzyme B Contributes to Choroidal Neovascularization and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Through Proteolysis of Thrombospondin-1. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100123. [PMID: 36849037 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in the elderly. The pathology of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), also known as wet AMD, is associated with an abnormal blood vessel growth in the eye and involves an imbalance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Thrombospondin (TSP)-1 and TSP-2 are endogenous matricellular proteins that inhibit angiogenesis. TSP-1 is significantly diminished in eyes with AMD, although the mechanisms involved in its reduction are unknown. Granzyme B (GzmB) is a serine protease with an increased extracellular activity in the outer retina and choroid of human eyes with nAMD-related choroidal neovascularization (CNV). This study investigated whether TSP-1 and TSP-2 are GzmB substrates using in silico and cell-free cleavage assays and explored the relationship between GzmB and TSP-1 in human eyes with nAMD-related CNV and the effect of GzmB on TSP-1 in retinal pigment epithelial culture and an explant choroid sprouting assay (CSA). In this study, TSP-1 and TSP-2 were identified as GzmB substrates. Cell-free cleavage assays substantiated the GzmB proteolysis of TSP-1 and TSP-2 by showing dose-dependent and time-dependent cleavage products. TSP-1 and TSP-2 proteolysis were hindered by the inhibition of GzmB. In the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid of human eyes with CNV, we observed a significant inverse correlation between TSP-1 and GzmB, as indicated by lower TSP-1 and higher GzmB immunoreactivity. In CSA, the vascular sprouting area increased significantly with GzmB treatment and reduced significantly with TSP-1 treatment. Western blot showed significantly reduced expression of TSP-1 in GzmB-treated retinal pigment epithelial cell culture and CSA supernatant compared with that in controls. Together, our findings suggest that the proteolysis of antiangiogenic factors such as TSP-1 by extracellular GzmB might represent a mechanism through which GzmB may contribute to nAMD-related CNV. Future studies are needed to investigate whether pharmacologic inhibition of extracellular GzmB can mitigate nAMD-related CNV by preserving intact TSP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Obasanmi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew R Zeglinski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ella Hardie
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna-Catharina Wilhelm
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher T Turner
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wendy A Boivin
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eleanor To
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jing Z Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeanne Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hyung-Suk Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manjosh Uppal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Du J, Qian T, Lu Y, Zhou W, Xu X, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang Z. SPARC-YAP/TAZ inhibition prevents the fibroblasts-myofibroblast transformation. Exp Cell Res 2023; 429:113649. [PMID: 37225012 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrotic scar is a severe side effect of trabeculectomy, resulting in unsatisfactory outcomes for glaucoma surgery. Accumulating evidence showed human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs) play an important role in fibrosis formation. We previously reported that the aqueous level of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) was higher in the patients with primary angle closure glaucoma, which was associated with the failure of trabeculectomy. In this study, the potential effect and mechanism of SPARC in promoting fibrosis were explored by using HTFs. METHODS HTFs were employed in this study and examined under a phase-contrast microscope. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8. The expressions of SPARC-YAP/TAZ signaling and the fibrosis-related markers were examined with reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot, and immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation was conducted to further determined the variation of YAP and phosphorylated YAP. The differential gene expressions were analyzed with RNA sequencing (RNAseq), followed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. RESULTS Exogenous SPARC induced HTFs-myofibroblast transformation, as evidenced by the increased expression of α-SMA, collagen I and fibronectin in both protein and mRNA levels. SPARC knockdown decreased the expressions of the above genes in TGF-β2-treated HTFs. KEGG analysis showed that the Hippo signaling pathway was mostly enriched. SPARC treatment increased the expressions of YAP, TAZ, CTGF and CYR61 as well as enhanced YAP translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, and decreased the phosphorylation of YAP and LAST1/2, which was reversed by SPARC knockdown. Knockdown of YAP1 decreased the fibrosis-related markers, such as α-SMA, collagen I and Fibronectin, in SPARC-treated HTFs. CONCLUSIONS SPARC induced HTFs-myofibroblast transformation via activating YAP/TAZ signaling. Targeting SPARC-YAP/TAZ axis in HTFs might provide a novel strategy for inhibiting fibrosis formation after trabeculectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Tianwei Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wenkai Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Diagnostic and Prognostic Roles of Thrombospondin-2 in Digestive System Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3749306. [PMID: 35872838 PMCID: PMC9303135 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3749306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancers of digestive system have high case-fatality rate. It is important to find more appropriate methods in diagnosing and predicting gastrointestinal malignances. And thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) was reported to have the functions, although results were not identical. So we performed this meta-analysis to clarify the significance of TSP-2 in this area. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrial.gov were searched for relevant studies. Data were extracted from these involved records. For the meta-analysis of diagnostic test, bivariate mixed effect model was used to estimate diagnostic accuracy. For prognosis part, HRs and their 95% CIs were pooled to compare the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) between patients with high TSP-2 and low TSP-2. Results Nine records were eligible for the analysis of diagnostic test. Pooled results were as follows: sensitivity 0.60 (0.52, 0.68), specificity 0.96 (0.91, 0.98), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) 15.4 (7.3, 32.2), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0.42 (0.34, 0.50), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) 37 (18, 76). While in prognosis part, 10 articles were included. Patients with increased TSP-2 had shorter OS (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.21-2.22); however, no difference was found in DFS between TSP-2 high and low groups (HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 0.28-7.33). Conclusions TSP-2, as a diagnostic marker, has a high specificity but a moderate sensitivity. Meanwhile, it plays a role in predicting OS. Therefore, making TSP-2 a routine assay could be beneficial to high-risk individuals and patients with digestive malignances.
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Wirtz MK, Sykes R, Samples J, Edmunds B, Choi D, Keene DR, Tufa SF, Sun YY, Keller KE. Identification of Missense Extracellular Matrix Gene Variants in a Large Glaucoma Pedigree and Investigation of the N700S Thrombospondin-1 Variant in Normal and Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:79-90. [PMID: 34143713 PMCID: PMC8733052 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1945109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a complex heterogeneous disease. While several POAG genes have been identified, a high proportion of estimated heritability remains unexplained. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a leading POAG risk factor and dysfunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) in the trabecular meshwork (TM) contributes to elevated IOP. In this study, we sought to identify missense variants in ECM genes that correlate with ocular hypertensive POAG. METHODS Whole-genome sequencing was used to identify genetic variants in five members of a large POAG family (n = 68) with elevated IOP. The remaining family members were screened by Sanger sequencing. Unrelated normal (NTM) and glaucomatous (GTM) cells were sequenced for the identified variants. The ECM protein levels were determined by Western immunoblotting and confocal and electron microscopy investigated ECM ultrastructural organization. RESULTS Three ECM gene variants were significantly associated with POAG or elevated IOP in a large POAG pedigree. These included rs2228262 (N700S; thrombospondin-1 (THBS1, TSP1)), rs112913396 (D563 G; collagen type VI, alpha 3 (COL6A3)) and rs34759087 (E987K; laminin subunit beta 2 (LAMB2)). Screening of unrelated TM cells (n = 27) showed higher prevalence of the THBS1 variant but not the LAMB2 variant, in GTM cells (39%) than NTM cells (11%). The rare COL6A3 variant was not detected. TSP1 protein was upregulated and COL6A3 was down-regulated in TM cells with N700S subject to mechanical stretch, an in vitro method that mimics elevated IOP. Immunofluorescence showed increased TSP1 immunostaining in cell strains with N700S compared to wild-type TM cells. Ultrastructural studies showed ECM disorganization and altered collagen type VI distribution in GTM versus NTM cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that missense variants in ECM genes may not cause catastrophic changes to the TM, but over many years, subtle changes in ECM may accumulate and cause structural disorganization of the outflow resistance leading to elevated IOP in POAG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Wirtz
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Renee Sykes
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | | | - Beth Edmunds
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Dongseok Choi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,OHSU-PSU School of Public Health Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sara F. Tufa
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ying Ying Sun
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Kate E. Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: 503 494 2366,
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Li Y, Gong C, Xu Y, Liang X, Chen X, Hong W, Yan J. Genetic regulation of THBS1 methylation in diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:991803. [PMID: 36452318 PMCID: PMC9702561 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.991803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common and serious microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), but its pathological mechanism, especially the formation mechanism of new blood vessels remains unclear. Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) is a potent endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and it was found over expressed in DR in our previous study. Our study aimed to determine whether overexpression of THBS1 is associated with its promoter methylation level, and whether methylation of THBS1 is regulated by genetic variants in DR. METHODS Patients diagnosed with DR and DM patients without retinal problems were included in the case-control study. DNA methylation detection of THBS1 by bisulfite sequencing and genotyping of specific SNPs by MassARRAY analysis were performed in the patients recruited from 2019-2020. Real time quantitative PCR was performed to obtain mRNA expression of THBS1 in the patients recruited from August to October 2022. The differentially methylated CpG loci of THBS1 were identified by logistic regression, and associations between 13 SNPs and methylation levels of CpG loci were tested by methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) analysis. Mediation analysis was applied to determine whether CpG loci were intermediate factors between meQTLs and DR. RESULTS 150 patients diagnosed with DR and 150 DM patients without retinal complications were enrolled in the first recruitment, seven DR patients and seven DM patients were enrolled in the second recruitment. The patients with DR showed promoter hypomethylation of THBS1 (P value = 0.002), and six out of thirty-nine CpG sites within two CpG islands (CGIs) showed hypomethylation(P value < 0.05). THBS1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood was significantly higher in DR patients than in DM patients. Five out of thirteen cis-meQTLs were identified to be associated with CpG sites: rs13329154, rs34973764 and rs5812091 were associated with cis-meQTLs of CpG-4 (P value=0.0145, 0.0095, 0.0158), rs11070177 and rs1847663 were associated with cis-meQTLs of CpG-2 and CpG-3 respectively (P value=0.0201, 0.0275). CpG-4 methylation significantly mediated the effect of the polymorphism rs34973764 on DR (B=0.0535, Boot 95%CI: 0.004~0.1336). CONCLUSION THBS1 overexpression is related to THBS1 hypomethylation in patients with DR. DNA methylation may be genetically controlled in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Animal Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunmei Gong
- Animal Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanfei Xu
- Animal Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiongshun Liang
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxu Hong
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Junxia Yan, ; Wenxu Hong,
| | - Junxia Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Junxia Yan, ; Wenxu Hong,
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Semba RD, Zhang P, Dufresne C, Gao T, Al-Jadaan I, Craven ER, Qian J, Edward DP, Mahale A. Primary angle closure glaucoma is characterized by altered extracellular matrix homeostasis in the iris. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e2000094. [PMID: 34240827 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the proteome of the iris in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, iris samples were obtained from surgical iridectomy of 48 adults with PACG and five normal controls. Peptides from iris were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on an Orbitrap Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer. Verification of proteins of interest was conducted using selected reaction monitoring on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The main outcome was proteins with a log2 two-fold difference in expression in iris between PACG and controls. RESULTS There were 3,446 non-redundant proteins identified in human iris, of which 416 proteins were upregulated and 251 proteins were downregulated in PACG compared with controls. Thirty-two upregulated proteins were either components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) (fibrillar collagens, EMILIN-2, fibrinogen, fibronectin, matrilin-2), matricellular proteins (thrombospondin-1), proteins involved in cell-matrix interactions (integrins, laminin, histidine-rich glycoprotein, paxillin), or protease inhibitors known to modulate ECM turnover (α-2 macroglobulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2, papilin). Two giant proteins, titin and obscurin, were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the iris in PACG compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This proteomic study shows that ECM composition and homeostasis are altered in the iris in PACG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tianshun Gao
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Earl R Craven
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deepak P Edward
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alka Mahale
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Lai YH, Lee PY, Lu CY, Liu YR, Wang SC, Liu CC, Chang YC, Chen YH, Su CC, Li CY, Liu PL. Thrombospondin 1-induced exosomal proteins attenuate hypoxia-induced paraptosis in corneal epithelial cells and promote wound healing. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21200. [PMID: 33341997 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001106rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is involved in corneal wound healing caused by chemical injury. Herein, we examined the effects of TSP1 on hypoxia-induced damages and wound-healing activity in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. Exosomal protein expression was determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and HCE cell migration and motility were examined through wound-healing assay and time-lapse microscopy. Reestablishment of cell junctions by TSP1 was assessed through confocal microscopy and 3D image reconstruction. Our results show that CoCl2 -induced hypoxia promoted HCE cell death by paraptosis. TSP1 protected these cells against paraptosis by attenuating mitochondrial membrane potential depletion, swelling and dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and mitochondrial fission. Exosomes isolated from HCE cells treated with TSP1 contained wound healing-associated proteins that were taken up by HCE cells to promote tissue remodeling and repair. TSP1 protected HCE cells against hypoxia-induced damages and inhibited paraptosis progression by promoting cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. These findings indicate that TSP1 ameliorates hypoxia-induced paraptosis in HCE cells and promotes wound healing and remodeling by regulating exosomal protein expression. TSP1 may, therefore, play important roles in the treatment of hypoxia-associated corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Clear vision is dependent on features that protect the anatomical integrity of the eye (cornea and sclera) and those that contribute to internal ocular homeostasis by conferring hemangiogenic (avascular tissues and antiangiogenic factors), lymphangiogenic (lack of draining lymphatics), and immunologic (tight junctions that form blood-ocular barriers, immunosuppressive cells, and modulators) privileges. The later examples are necessary components that enable the eye to maintain an immunosuppressive environment that responds to foreign invaders in a deviated manner, minimizing destructive inflammation that would impair vision. These conditions allowed for the observations made by Medawar, in 1948, of delayed rejection of allogenic tissue grafts in the anterior chamber of mouse eye and permit the sequestration of foreign invaders (eg, Toxoplasma gondii) within the retina of healthy individuals. Yet successful development of intraocular drugs (biologics and delivery devices) has been stymied by adverse ocular pathology, much of which is driven by immune pathways. The eye can be intolerant of foreign protein irrespective of delivery route, and endogenous ocular cells have remarkable plasticity when recruited to preserve visual function. This article provides a review of current understanding of ocular immunology and the potential role of immune mechanisms in pathology observed with intraocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharmila Masli
- 12259Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Shinde V, Hu N, Mahale A, Maiti G, Daoud Y, Eberhart CG, Maktabi A, Jun AS, Al-Swailem SA, Chakravarti S. RNA sequencing of corneas from two keratoconus patient groups identifies potential biomarkers and decreased NRF2-antioxidant responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9907. [PMID: 32555404 PMCID: PMC7303170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus is a highly prevalent (1 in 2000), genetically complex and multifactorial, degenerative disease of the cornea whose pathogenesis and underlying transcriptomic changes are poorly understood. To identify disease-specific changes and gene expression networks, we performed next generation RNA sequencing from individual corneas of two distinct patient populations - one from the Middle East, as keratoconus is particularly severe in this group, and the second from an African American population in the United States. We conducted a case: control RNA sequencing study of 7 African American, 12 Middle Eastern subjects, and 7 controls. A Principal Component Analysis of all expressed genes was used to ascertain differences between samples. Differentially expressed genes were identified using Cuffdiff and DESeq2 analyses, and identification of over-represented signaling pathways by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Although separated by geography and ancestry, key commonalities in the two patient transcriptomes speak of disease - intrinsic gene expression networks. We identified an overwhelming decrease in the expression of anti-oxidant genes regulated by NRF2 and those of the acute phase and tissue injury response pathways, in both patient groups. Concordantly, NRF2 immunofluorescence staining was decreased in patient corneas, while KEAP1, which helps to degrade NRF2, was increased. Diminished NRF2 signaling raises the possibility of NRF2 activators as future treatment strategies in keratoconus. The African American patient group showed increases in extracellular matrix transcripts that may be due to underlying profibrogenic changes in this group. Transcripts increased across all patient samples include Thrombospondin 2 (THBS2), encoding a matricellular protein, and cellular proteins, GAS1, CASR and OTOP2, and are promising biomarker candidates. Our approach of analyzing transcriptomic data from different populations and patient groups will help to develop signatures and biomarkers for keratoconus subtypes. Further, RNA sequence data on individual patients obtained from multiple studies may lead to a core keratoconus signature of deregulated genes and a better understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Shinde
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alka Mahale
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yassine Daoud
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Ophthalmology and Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Azza Maktabi
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert S Jun
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Vanathi M, Shukla R, Balakrishnan P, Dwivedi R, Gupta N, Tandon R. Evaluation of thrombospondin-1 gene polymorphisms in corneal allograft rejection in Asian Indian patients. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:565-572. [PMID: 32174570 PMCID: PMC7210848 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_552_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the frequency and the association of Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Asian Indian patients with optical full thickness corneal grafting surgery. Methods: Prospective case–control analysis of optical penetrating keratoplasty patients with and without immune rejection and controls for genotyping of 3 THBS1 gene SNPs (rs1478604 A>G; rs2228261 C>T; rs2228262 A>G) by Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS PCR). Results: Among 58 patients [45 with immune allograft rejection (DNA isolation was possible in 38 samples) and 13 without immune corneal allograft rejection] and 65 controls, allele frequencies observed for rs1478604 (A>G) are A: 69.7% and 72.6%, G: 30.2% and 27.3%; for rs2228261 (C>T) are T: 70.2% and 62.3%, C: 29.7% and 37.6%; and for rs2228262 (A>G) A: 97.4% and 98.4%; G 2.5% and 1.5% respectively. Genotype frequencies were rs1478604 (A>G) AA: 57.8% and 59.3%, AG 23.6% and 26.5%; GG 18.4% and 14%; for rs2228261 (C>T) TT: 40.5% and 33.8%, TC: 59% and 56.9%, CC: 0% and 9.2%; for rs2228262 (A>G) AA: 94.8% and 96.8%, AG: 5.1% and 3.1% in rejection and controls respectively. The allele and genotype frequency for the 3 described THSB1 SNPs did not show any difference between the corneal graft immune rejection patients and controls. Conclusion: Asian Indian population evaluated for THBS1 gene SNPs by ARMS PCR genotyping in Asian Indian population did not show any genetic association to immune rejection occurrence in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Vanathi
- Cornea, Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Shukla
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prahlad Balakrishnan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Dwivedi
- Cornea, Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Noopur Gupta
- Cornea, Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Cornea, Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India
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11
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Kennedy SM, Sheridan C, Kearns VR, Bilir EK, Fan X, Grierson I, Choudhary A. Thrombospondin-2 is up-regulated by TGFβ2 and increases fibronectin expression in human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 189:107820. [PMID: 31589839 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). This is from an increased aqueous humour (AH) outflow resistance through the trabecular meshwork (TM). The pathogenic mechanisms leading to the increase in TM outflow resistance are poorly understood but are thought to be from a dysregulation of the TM extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. ECM modification and turnover are crucial in regulating the resistance to aqueous outflow. ECM turnover is influenced by a complex interplay of growth factors such as transforming growth factors (TGFβ) family and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Elevated TGFβ2 levels result in an increase in ECM deposition such as fibronectin leading to increased resistance. Fibronectin is a major component of TM ECM and plays a key role in its maintenance. Thrombospondins (TSP)-1 and -2 are important regulators of the ECM environment. TSP-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of POAG through activation of TGFβ2 within the TM. TSP-2 does not contain the catalytic domain to activate latent TGFβ, but is able to mediate the activities of MMP 2 and 9, thereby influencing ECM turnover. TSP-2 knock out mice show lower IOP levels compared to their wild type counterparts, suggesting the involvement of TSP-2 in the pathogenesis of POAG but its role in the pathogenesis of POAG remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TSP-2 in trabecular meshwork ECM regulation and hence the pathogenesis of POAG. TSP-1 and TSP-2 expressions in immortalised glaucomatous TM cells (GTM3) and primary human non-glaucomatous (NTM) and glaucomatous cells (GTM) were determined by immunocytochemistry, immuno-blot analysis and qPCR following treatment with TGFβ2 and Dexamethasone. The level of ECM protein fibronectin was determined in TM cells using immuno-blot analysis following treatment with TSP-1 or -2. TM cells secrete TSP-1 and -2 under basal conditions at the protein level and TSP-2 mRNA and protein levels were increased in response to TGFβ2 three days post treatment. Exogenous treatment with TSP-2 up-regulated the expression of fibronectin protein in GTM3 cells, primary NTM and GTM cells. TSP-1 did not affect fibronectin protein levels in GTM3 cells. This suggests that the role of TSP-2 might be distinct from that of TSP-1 in the regulation of the TM cell ECM environment. TSP-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of POAG and contribute to increased IOP levels by increasing the deposition of fibronectin within the ECM in response to TGFβ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephnie Michelle Kennedy
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 west Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 8TX, UK.
| | - Carl Sheridan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 west Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 8TX, UK.
| | - Victoria Rosalind Kearns
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 west Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 8TX, UK.
| | - Emine Kubra Bilir
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 west Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 8TX, UK.
| | - Xiaochen Fan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 west Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 8TX, UK.
| | - Ian Grierson
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 west Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 8TX, UK.
| | - Anshoo Choudhary
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 west Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 8TX, UK; St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.
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12
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Foulsham W, Dohlman TH, Mittal SK, Taketani Y, Singh RB, Masli S, Dana R. Thrombospondin-1 in ocular surface health and disease. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:374-383. [PMID: 31173926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) is an extracellular matrix protein that interacts with a wide array of ligands including cell receptors, growth factors, cytokines and proteases to regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Constitutively expressed by certain ocular surface tissues (e.g. corneal and conjunctival epithelium), TSP-1 expression is modulated during ocular surface inflammation. TSP-1 is an important activator of latent TGF-β, serving to promote the immunomodulatory and wound healing functions of TGF-β. Mounting research has deepened our understanding of how TSP-1 expression (and lack thereof) contributes to ocular surface homeostasis and disease. Here, we review current knowledge of the function of TSP-1 in dry eye disease, ocular allergy, angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis, corneal transplantation, corneal wound healing and infectious keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sharad K Mittal
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yukako Taketani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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13
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An In-Depth View of the Porcine Trabecular Meshwork Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102526. [PMID: 31121981 PMCID: PMC6566244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The house swine (Sus scrofa domestica Linnaeus 1758) is an important model organism regarding the study of neurodegenerative diseases, especially ocular neuropathies such as glaucoma. This is due to the high comparability of the porcine and human eye regarding anatomy and molecular features. In the pathogenesis of glaucoma, the trabecular meshwork (TM) forms a key ocular component in terms of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Thereby, functional TM abnormalities are correlated with distinct proteomic alterations. However, a detailed analysis of the TM proteome has not been realized so far. Since the porcine eye has high potential as a model system to study ocular diseases such as glaucoma, the present study focuses on the in-depth analysis of the porcine TM proteome. By use of a bottom-up (BU) mass spectrometric (MS) platform utilizing electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-ESI-MS/MS) considering database-dependent and peptide de novo sequencing, more than 3000 TM proteins were documented with high confidence (FDR < 1%). A distinct number of proteins with neuronal association were revealed. To the best to our knowledge, many of these protein species have not been reported for TM tissue before such as reelin, centlein and high abundant neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK (AHNAK). Thereby, AHNAK might play a superordinate role in the TM regarding proposed tissue involvement in barrier function. Also, a high number of secretory proteins could be identified. The generated TM proteomic landscape underlines a multifunctional character of the TM beyond representing a simple drainage system. Finally, the protein catalogue of the porcine TM provides an in-depth view of the TM molecular landscape and will serve as an important reference map in terms of glaucoma research utilizing porcine animal models, porcine TM tissues and/or cultured TM cells.
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14
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Bi L, Lwigale P. Transcriptomic analysis of differential gene expression during chick periocular neural crest differentiation into corneal cells. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:583-602. [PMID: 31004457 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multipotent neural crest cells (NCC) contribute to the corneal endothelium and keratocytes during ocular development, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie this process remain poorly understood. We performed RNA-Seq analysis on periocular neural crest (pNC), corneal endothelium, and keratocytes and validated expression of candidate genes by in situ hybridization. RESULTS RNA-Seq profiling revealed enrichment of genes between pNC and neural crest-derived corneal cells, which correspond to pathways involved in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion, melanogenesis, and MAPK signaling. Comparisons of candidate NCC genes to ocular gene expression revealed that majority of the NCC genes are expressed in the pNC, but they are either differentially expressed or maintained during corneal development. Several genes involved in retinoic acid, transforming growth factor-β, and Wnt signaling pathways and their modulators are also differentially expressed. We identified differentially expressed transcription factors as potential downstream candidates that may instruct expression of genes involved in establishing corneal endothelium and keratocyte identities. CONCLUSION Combined, our data reveal novel changes in gene expression profiles as pNC differentiate into highly specialized corneal endothelial cells and keratocytes. These data serve as platform for further analyses of the molecular networks involved in NCC differentiation into corneal cells and provide insights into genes involved in corneal dysgenesis and adult diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Bi
- BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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15
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Gao XR, Huang H, Nannini DR, Fan F, Kim H. Genome-wide association analyses identify new loci influencing intraocular pressure. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2205-2213. [PMID: 29617998 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a significant risk factor for glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. While previous studies have identified numerous genetic variants associated with IOP, these loci only explain a fraction of IOP heritability. Recently established of biobank repositories have resulted in large amounts of data, enabling the identification of the remaining heritability for complex traits. Here, we describe the largest genome-wide association study of IOP to date using participants of European ancestry from the UK Biobank. We identified 671 directly genotyped variants that are significantly associated with IOP (P < 5 × 10-8). In addition to 103 novel loci, the top ranked novel IOP genes are LMX1B, NR1H3, MADD and SEPT9. We replicated these findings in an external population and examined the pleiotropic nature of these loci. These discoveries not only further our understanding of the genetic architecture of IOP, but also shed new light on the biological processes underlying glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Raymond Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Drew R Nannini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fangda Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Francisco R, Pascoal C, Marques-da-Silva D, Morava E, Gole GA, Coman D, Jaeken J, Dos Reis Ferreira V. Keeping an eye on congenital disorders of O-glycosylation: A systematic literature review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:29-48. [PMID: 30740740 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a rapidly growing family comprising >100 genetic diseases. Some 25 CDG are pure O-glycosylation defects. Even among this CDG subgroup, phenotypic diversity is broad, ranging from mild to severe poly-organ/system dysfunction. Ophthalmic manifestations are present in 60% of these CDG. The ophthalmic manifestations in N-glycosylation-deficient patients have been described elsewhere. The present review documents the spectrum and incidence of eye disorders in patients with pure O-glycosylation defects with the aim of assisting diagnosis and management and promoting research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Francisco
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Morava
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glen A Gole
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Queensland, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Coman
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Tan X, Chen Y, Foulsham W, Amouzegar A, Inomata T, Liu Y, Chauhan SK, Dana R. The immunoregulatory role of corneal epithelium-derived thrombospondin-1 in dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2018; 16:470-477. [PMID: 30055331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we examine the expression of corneal epithelium-derived thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and its immunomodulatory functions in a validated murine model of dry eye disease (DED). METHODS DED was induced in female C57BL/6 using a controlled environment chamber (CEC) for 14 days. mRNA and protein expression of TSP-1 by corneal epithelial cells was quantified using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Corneal epithelial cells from either naïve or DED mice were cultured with bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in the presence of IFNγ for 48 h, and BMDC expression of MHC-II and CD86 was determined using flow cytometry. Next, either recombinant TSP-1 or anti-TSP-1 antibody was added to the co-culture, and BMDC expression of above activation markers was evaluated. Finally, either DED mice were topically treated with either recombinant TSP-1 or human serum albumin (HSA), and maturation of corneal DCs, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and DED severity were investigated. RESULTS mRNA expression of TSP-1 by the corneal epithelium was upregulated in DED. Corneal epithelial cells derived from mice with DED demonstrated an enhanced capacity in suppressing BMDC expression of MHC-II and CD86 relative to wild type mice, and this effect was abrogated by TSP-1 blockade and potentiated by recombinant TSP-1. Finally, topical application of recombinant TSP-1 significantly suppressed corneal DC maturation and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ameliorated disease severity in mice with DED. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates the function of epithelium-derived TSP-1 in inhibiting DC maturation and shows its translational potential to limit corneal epitheliopathy in DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Tan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Afsaneh Amouzegar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Wang J, Fu M, Liu K, Wang N, Zhang Z, Zhou M, Xu X. Matricellular Proteins Play a Potential Role in Acute Primary Angle Closure. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:771-777. [PMID: 29558210 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1449222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify levels of matricellular proteins in aqueous humor samples from acute primary angle closure (APAC) and non-glaucomatous cataract eyes and investigate their correlation with intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous humor samples were collected from 63 eyes including 29 current APAC eyes, 12 previous APAC eyes, and 22 cataract eyes. Concentrations of four main matricellular proteins (SPARC, tenascin-C, thrombospondin-2, and osteopontin) were measured using multiplexed immunoassay kits. Correlations between matricellular proteins and age, sex, and IOP were then detected using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS The levels of SPARC, thrombospondin-2, and osteopontin were significantly elevated in the APAC group as compared to the cataract group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.009, respectively). Further separation of the APAC group into current and previous APAC groups showed that only the differences of SPARC and thrombospondin-2 between the current APAC and cataract groups were significant (both p < 0.001). All four matricellular proteins were found to have a positive correlation with IOP in the current APAC group but no correlation was found in the previous APAC or cataract groups. CONCLUSIONS The levels of matricellular proteins were significantly elevated in the current APAC eyes and positively correlated to IOP. Further studies are necessary to investigate the molecular mechanisms and histological evidence of pathogenesis in matricellular proteins in APAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Mingshui Fu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Kun Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Ning Wang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Minwen Zhou
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Xun Xu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease , Shanghai , China
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19
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) may play a role in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Elevated levels of TGF-β are found in the aqueous humor and in reactive optic nerve astrocytes in patients with glaucoma. In POAG, aqueous humor outflow resistance at the trabecular meshwork (TM) leads to increased intraocular pressure and retinal ganglion cell death. It is hypothesized that TGF-β increases outflow resistance by altering extracellular matrix homeostasis and cell contractility in the TM through interactions with other proteins and signaling molecules. TGF-β may also be involved in damage to the optic nerve head. Current available therapies for POAG focus exclusively on lowering intraocular pressure without addressing extracellular matrix homeostasis processes in the TM. The purpose of this review is to discuss possible therapeutic strategies targeting TGF-β in the treatment of POAG. Herein, we describe the current understanding of the role of TGF-β in POAG pathophysiology, and examine ways TGF-β may be targeted at the levels of production, activation, downstream signaling, and homeostatic regulation.
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Wang Y, Terrell AM, Riggio BA, Anand D, Lachke SA, Duncan MK. β1-Integrin Deletion From the Lens Activates Cellular Stress Responses Leading to Apoptosis and Fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3896-3922. [PMID: 28763805 PMCID: PMC5539801 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous research showed that the absence of β1-integrin from the mouse lens after embryonic day (E) 13.5 (β1MLR10) leads to the perinatal apoptosis of lens epithelial cells (LECs) resulting in severe microphthalmia. This study focuses on elucidating the molecular connections between β1-integrin deletion and this phenotype. Methods RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially regulated genes (DRGs) in β1MLR10 lenses at E15.5. By using bioinformatics analysis and literature searching, Egr1 (early growth response 1) was selected for further study. The activation status of certain signaling pathways (focal adhesion kinase [FAK]/Erk, TGF-β, and Akt signaling) was studied via Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Mice lacking both β1-integrin and Egr1 genes from the lenses were created (β1MLR10/Egr1−/−) to study their relationship. Results RNA sequencing identified 120 DRGs that include candidates involved in the cellular stress response, fibrosis, and/or apoptosis. Egr1 was investigated in detail, as it mediates cellular stress responses in various cell types, and is recognized as an upstream regulator of numerous other β1MLR10 lens DRGs. In β1MLR10 mice, Egr1 levels are elevated shortly after β1-integrin loss from the lens. Further, pErk1/2 and pAkt are elevated in β1MLR10 LECs, thus providing the potential signaling mechanism that causes Egr1 upregulation in the mutant. Indeed, deletion of Egr1 from β1MLR10 lenses partially rescues the microphthalmia phenotype. Conclusions β1-integrin regulates the appropriate levels of Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in LECs, whereas its deficiency results in the overexpression of Egr1, culminating in reduced cell survival. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the microphthalmia observed in β1MLR10 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Anne M Terrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Brittany A Riggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
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Chen P, Yu N, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Yang Y, Wu N, Xu L, Zhang J, Ge J, Yu K, Zhuang J. Thrombospondin-1 might be a therapeutic target to suppress RB cells by regulating the DNA double-strand breaks repair. Oncotarget 2017; 7:6105-20. [PMID: 26756218 PMCID: PMC4868743 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) arises from the retina, and its growth usually occurs under the retina and toward the vitreous. Ideal therapy should aim to inhibit the tumor and protect neural cells, increasing the patient's life span and quality of life. Previous studies have demonstrated that Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is associated with neurogenesis, neovascularization and tumorigenesis. However, at present, the bioactivity of TSP-1 in retinoblastoma has not been defined. Herein, we demonstrated that TSP-1 was silenced in RB cell lines and clinical tumor samples. HDAC inhibitor, Trichostatin A (TSA), could notably transcriptionally up-regulate TSP-1 in RB cells, WERI-Rb1 cells and Y79 cells. Moreover, we found human recombinant TSP-1 (hTSP-1) could significantly inhibit the cell viability of RB cells both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, hTSP-1 could significantly induce the expression of γ-H2AX, a well-characterized in situ marker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in RB cells. The DNA NHEJ pathway in WERI-Rb1 cells could be significantly inhibited by hTSP-1. A mutation in Rb1 might be involved in the hTSP-1-medicated γ-H2AX increasing in WERI-Rb1 cells. Furthermore, hTSP-1 could inhibit RB cells while promoting retinal neurocyte survival in the neuronal and retinoblastoma cell co-culture system. As such, TSP-1 may become a therapeutic target for treatment of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Na Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Nandan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Lijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Keming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China 510060
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22
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Soriano-Romaní L, Contreras-Ruiz L, García-Posadas L, López-García A, Masli S, Diebold Y. Inflammatory Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Thrombospondin-1 and CD36 in Conjunctival Cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:419-28. [PMID: 26154920 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased expression of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is reported in the conjunctiva of dry eye patients with no increase of anti-inflammatory activity of TGF-β2. Our aim was to compare the expression of molecules involved in TGF-β2 activation, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and CD36, during murine and human conjunctival inflammation. METHODS Human conjunctival tissue from cadaveric donors, human conjunctival epithelial primary cells and fibroblasts, and murine conjunctivas were immunostained for TSP-1, CD36, or TGF-β2. Inflamed conjunctival tissues were obtained from C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice induced to develop experimental dry eye (EDE) with 10 days of desiccating conditions and scopolamine injections and TSP-1-deficient (TSP1(-/-)) mice, which spontaneously develop Sjögren's syndrome-associated conjunctival inflammation with age. Immunostaining intensities were compared using ImageJ software. Cultures of human conjunctival fibroblasts were stimulated with IL-1β and both secreted protein and message levels of TSP-1, CD36, and TGF-β2 were analyzed. RESULTS TSP-1 and CD36 were detectable in human and murine conjunctival tissues as well as primary conjunctival epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Increased conjunctival immunostaining of TGF-β2 and reduced CD36 were detected in EDE mice compared with WT mice. Interestingly, increased TGF-β2 and CD36 conjunctival immunostaining was detected in TSP1(-/-) mice. The expression of TSP-1 and CD36 was downregulated in IL-1β-stimulated conjunctival fibroblasts at both the protein and message level, while active TGF-β2 was undetected. CONCLUSIONS The absence or reduced expression of either of the molecules involved in TGF-β2 activation supports proinflammatory conditions in the conjunctiva. Changes in TSP-1 and CD36 may serve as potential biomarkers of conjunctival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soriano-Romaní
- 1 Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid , Valladolid, Spain .,2 Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Laura Contreras-Ruiz
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura García-Posadas
- 1 Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid , Valladolid, Spain .,2 Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Antonio López-García
- 1 Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid , Valladolid, Spain .,2 Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Sharmila Masli
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- 1 Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid , Valladolid, Spain .,2 Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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Bogner B, Boye SL, Min SH, Peterson JJ, Ruan Q, Zhang Z, Reitsamer HA, Hauswirth WW, Boye SE. Capsid Mutated Adeno-Associated Virus Delivered to the Anterior Chamber Results in Efficient Transduction of Trabecular Meshwork in Mouse and Rat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128759. [PMID: 26052939 PMCID: PMC4460001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adeno associated virus (AAV) is well known for its ability to deliver transgenes to retina and to mediate improvements in animal models and patients with inherited retinal disease. Although the field is less advanced, there is growing interest in AAV’s ability to target cells of the anterior segment. The purpose of our study was to fully articulate a reliable and reproducible method for injecting the anterior chamber (AC) of mice and rats and to investigate the transduction profiles of AAV2- and AAV8-based capsid mutants containing self-complementary (sc) genomes in the anterior segment of the eye. Methodology/Principle Findings AC injections were performed in C57BL/6 mice and Sprague Dawley rats. The cornea was punctured anterior of the iridocorneal angle. To seal the puncture site and to prevent reflux an air bubble was created in the AC. scAAVs expressing GFP were injected and transduction was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Both parent serotype and capsid modifications affected expression. scAAV2- based vectors mediated efficient GFP-signal in the corneal endothelium, ciliary non-pigmented epithelium (NPE), iris and chamber angle including trabecular meshwork, with scAAV2(Y444F) and scAAV2(triple) being the most efficient. Conclusions/Significance This is the first study to semi quantitatively evaluate transduction of anterior segment tissues following injection of capsid-mutated AAV vectors. scAAV2- based vectors transduced corneal endothelium, ciliary NPE, iris and trabecular meshwork more effectively than scAAV8-based vectors. Mutagenesis of surface-exposed tyrosine residues greatly enhanced transduction efficiency of scAAV2 in these tissues. The number of Y-F mutations was not directly proportional to transduction efficiency, however, suggesting that proteosomal avoidance alone may not be sufficient. These results are applicable to the development of targeted, gene-based strategies to investigate pathological processes of the anterior segment and may be applied toward the development of gene-based therapies for glaucoma and acquired or inherited corneal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bogner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sanford L. Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
| | - Seok Hong Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
| | - James J. Peterson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
| | - Qing Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
| | - Zhonghong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A. Reitsamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - William W. Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
| | - Shannon E. Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fei P, Palenski TL, Wang S, Gurel Z, Hankenson KD, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Thrombospondin-2 Expression During Retinal Vascular Development and Neovascularization. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:429-44. [PMID: 25950258 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) expression and its impact on postnatal retinal vascular development and retinal neovascularization. METHODS The TSP2-deficient (TSP2(-/-)) mice and a line of TSP2 reporter mice were used to assess the expression of TSP2 during postnatal retinal vascular development and neovascularization. The postnatal retinal vascularization was evaluated using immunostaining of wholemount retinas prepared at different postnatal days by collagen IV staining and/or TSP2 promoter driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. The organization of astrocytes was evaluated by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining. Retinal vascular densities were determined using trypsin digestion preparation of wholemount retinas at 3- and 6-weeks of age. Retinal neovascularization was assessed during the oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy (OIR). Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was assessed using laser-induced CNV. RESULTS Using the TSP2-GFP reporter mice, we observed significant expression of TSP2 mRNA in retinas of postnatal day 5 (P5) mice, which increased by P7 and remained high up to P42. Similar results were observed in retinal wholemount preparations, and western blotting for GFP with the highest level of GFP was observed at P21. In contrast to high level of mRNA at P42, the GFP fluorescence or protein level was dramatically downregulated. The primary retinal vasculature developed at a faster rate in TSP2(-/-) mice compared with TSP2(+/+) mice up to P5. However, the developing retinal vasculature in TSP2(+/+) mice caught up with that of TSP2(-/-) mice after P7. No significant differences in retinal vascular density were observed at 3- or 6-weeks of age. TSP2(-/-) mice also exhibited a similar sensitivity to the hyperoxia-mediated vessel obliteration and similar level of neovascularization during OIR as TSP2(+/+) mice. Lack of TSP2 expression minimally affected laser-induced CNV compared with TSP2(+/+) mice. CONCLUSIONS Lack of TSP2 expression was associated with enhanced retinal vascularization during early postnatal days but not at late postnatal times, and minimally affected retinal and CNV. However, the utility of TSP2 as a potential therapeutic target for inhibition of ocular neovascularization awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fei
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Tammy L Palenski
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shoujian Wang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zafer Gurel
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kurt D Hankenson
- 3 Department of Physiology, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,5 McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nader Sheibani
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,5 McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
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25
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Mahale A, Othman MW, Al Shahwan S, Al Jadaan I, Owaydha O, Khan Z, Edward DP. Altered expression of fibrosis genes in capsules of failed Ahmed glaucoma valve implants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122409. [PMID: 25879570 PMCID: PMC4399875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implant is an aqueous shunt device used to control intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Implant failure results from impervious encapsulation of the shunt plate causing increased hydraulic resistance and raised intraocular pressure. We hypothesized that deregulation of fibrosis pathway contributes to capsular resistance. We tested this by studying fibrosis related gene expression in failed AGV implants. METHODS Differential gene expression was examined in failed AGV capsules and compared to normal control tenon. Following total RNA extraction, 84 key genes in fibrosis pathway were examined by real-time PCR using RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Relative gene expression was calculated using ΔΔCt method. Gene specific TaqMan assays were used to validate select genes with ≥2 fold differential expression in the array expression profile. RESULTS We observed differential expression in several genes in the fibrosis pathway. Almost half (39/84) of examined genes showed ≥2 fold differential expression in majority of capsules examined on the array. TaqMan assays for select genes including CCN2 (CTGF), THBS1, SERPINE1, THBS2, COL3A1, MMP3, and IL1A in an increased validation sample set showed significant changes in expression (p value from <0.001 to 0.022) at a high frequency in concurrence with our array results. CONCLUSIONS Pathway-focused analyses identified candidate genes with altered expression providing molecular evidence for deregulation of the fibrosis pathway in AGV failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Mahale
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha W. Othman
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Al Shahwan
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al Jadaan
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohood Owaydha
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid Khan
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak P. Edward
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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26
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Wallace DM, Pokrovskaya O, O'Brien CJ. The Function of Matricellular Proteins in the Lamina Cribrosa and Trabecular Meshwork in Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:386-95. [PMID: 25848892 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the current literature regarding the role of matricellular proteins in glaucoma, specifically in the lamina cribrosa (LC) region of the optic nerve head (ONH) and the trabecular meshwork (TM). METHODS A literature search was performed for published articles describing the expression and function of matricellular proteins such as thrombospondin (TSP), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), and periostin in glaucoma. RESULTS In glaucoma, there are characteristic extracellular matrix (ECM) changes associated with optic disc cupping in the ONH and subsequent visual field defects. Matricellular proteins are a family of nonstructural secreted glycoproteins, which enable cells to communicate with their surrounding ECM, including CTGF, also known as CCN2, TSPs, SPARC, periostin, osteonectin, and tenascin-C and -X, and other ECM proteins. Such proteins appear to play a role in fibrosis and increased ECM deposition. Importantly, most are widely expressed in tissues particularly in the TM and ONH, and deficiency of TSP1 and SPARC has been shown to lower intraocular pressure in mouse models of glaucoma through enhanced outflow facility. CONCLUSION This article highlights the role of matricellular proteins in glaucoma pathology. The potential role of these proteins in glaucoma is emerging as some have an association with the pathophysiology of the TM and LC region and might therefore be potential targets for therapeutic intervention in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Wallace
- 1 School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland .,2 Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olya Pokrovskaya
- 1 School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland .,2 Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- 1 School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland .,2 Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Soriano-Romaní L, García-Posadas L, López-García A, Paraoan L, Diebold Y. Thrombospondin-1 induces differential response in human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells lines under in vitro inflammatory and apoptotic conditions. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:1-14. [PMID: 25753839 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has been reported to be critical for maintaining a healthy ocular surface. The purpose of the study was to characterize the expression of TSP-1 and of its receptors CD36 and CD47 in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells and determine the effect of exogenous TSP-1 treatment on these cells, following the induction of inflammation- and apoptosis-related changes. The expression of TSP-1, CD36 and CD47 by corneal and conjunctival cell lines was firstly characterized by ELISA, immunofluorescence analysis, Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) exposure for 5 or 15 min was used as pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic stimulus for corneal or conjunctival epithelial cells, respectively. To analyze inflammation and apoptosis-related changes, IL-6 and TGF-β2 secretion determined by ELISA was used as inflammatory markers, while activated caspase-3/7 levels and cell viability, determined by CellEvent™ Caspase-3/7 Green Detection Reagent and XTT cytotoxicity assay, respectively, were used as apoptotic markers. Changes in CD36 and CD47 mRNA expression were quantified by real time RT-PCR. Corneal epithelial cells secreted and expressed higher protein levels of TSP-1 than conjunctival epithelial cells, although TSP-1 mRNA expression levels were similar and had lower CD36 and CD47, both at protein and mRNA levels. Both cell lines responded to exogenous TSP-1 treatment increasing CD36 at protein and mRNA levels. Blocking experiments revealed a predominance of TSP-1/CD47 rather than TSP-1/CD36 interactions to up-regulate CD36 levels in conjunctival epithelial cells, but not in corneal epithelial cells. BAC exposure increased IL-6 secretion and caspase-3/7 levels and decreased cell viability in both, corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Moreover, BAC exposure increased latent TGF-β2 levels in conjunctival epithelial cells. Interestingly, CD36 mRNA expression was down-regulated after BAC exposure in both cell lines. Exogenous TSP-1 treatment reduced TGF-β2 up-regulated levels by BAC exposure in conjunctival epithelial cells and less pronounced reduced IL-6 in BAC-exposed corneal epithelial cells. The effect on CD36 and CD47 regulation was less pronounced or even opposite depending on the inflammation- and apoptosis-related markers tested. Our results show evidence of the capacity of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells to respond to TSP-1 via CD36 or CD47. Experimental simulation of inflammation- and apoptosis-related conditions changed the effects differentially elicited by TSP-1 on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells, suggesting an unexpected and relevant contribution of TSP-1 on ocular surface homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luminita Paraoan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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28
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Masli S, Sheibani N, Cursiefen C, Zieske J. Matricellular protein thrombospondins: influence on ocular angiogenesis, wound healing and immuneregulation. Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:759-74. [PMID: 24559320 PMCID: PMC4278647 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.877936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondins are a family of large multi-domain glycoproteins described as matricelluar proteins based on their ability to interact with a broad range of receptors, matrix molecules, growth factors or proteases, and to modulate array of cellular functions including intracellular signaling, proliferation and migration. Two members of the thrombospondin family, thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) and thrombospondin 2 (TSP-2) are studied extensively to determine their structure and function. While expressed at low levels in normal adult tissues, their increased expression is seen predominantly in response to cellular perturbations. Despite structural similarities, a notable functional difference between TSP-1 and TSP-2 includes the ability of former to activate of latent TGF-β and its competitive inhibition by the latter. Both these thrombospondins are reported to play important roles in TGF-β rich ocular environment with most reports related to TSP-1. They are expressed by many ocular cell types and detectable in the aqueous and vitreous humor. TSP-1 and TSP-2 influence many cellular interactions in the eye such as angiogenesis, cell migration, wound healing, TGF-β activation and regulation of inflammatory immune responses. Together, these processes are known to contribute to the immune privilege status of the eye. Emerging roles of TSP-1 and TSP-2 in ocular functions and pathology are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | | | - James Zieske
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
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29
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Chatterjee A, Villarreal G, Rhee DJ. Matricellular proteins in the trabecular meshwork: review and update. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:447-63. [PMID: 24901502 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important modifiable risk factor. IOP is a function of aqueous humor production and aqueous humor outflow, and it is thought that prolonged IOP elevation leads to optic nerve damage over time. Within the trabecular meshwork (TM), the eye's primary drainage system for aqueous humor, matricellular proteins generally allow cells to modulate their attachments with and alter the characteristics of their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). It is now well established that ECM turnover in the TM affects outflow facility, and matricellular proteins are emerging as significant players in IOP regulation. The formalized study of matricellular proteins in TM has gained increased attention. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), myocilin, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and thrombospondin-1 and -2 (TSP-1 and -2) have been localized to the TM, and a growing body of evidence suggests that these matricellular proteins play an important role in IOP regulation and possibly the pathophysiology of POAG. As evidence continues to emerge, these proteins are now seen as potential therapeutic targets. Further study is warranted to assess their utility in treating glaucoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio
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30
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Wallace DM, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Downs JC, O'Brien CJ. The role of matricellular proteins in glaucoma. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:174-82. [PMID: 24727033 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy affecting approximately 60million people worldwide and is the second most common cause of irreversible blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor for developing glaucoma and is caused by impaired aqueous humor drainage through the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC). In primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), this elevation in IOP in turn leads to deformation at the optic nerve head (ONH) specifically at the lamina cribrosa (LC) region where there is also a deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as collagen and fibronectin. Matricellular proteins are non-structural secreted glycoproteins that help cells communicate with their surrounding ECM. This family of proteins includes connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), also known as CCN2, thrombospondins (TSPs), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), periostin, osteonectin, and Tenascin-C and -X and other ECM proteins. All members appear to play a role in fibrosis and increased ECM deposition. Most are widely expressed in tissues particularly in the TM and ONH and deficiency of TSP1 and SPARC have been shown to lower IOP in mouse models of glaucoma through enhanced outflow facility. The role of these proteins in glaucoma is emerging as some have an association with the pathophysiology of the TM and LC regions and might therefore be potential targets for therapeutic intervention in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Wallace
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - J Crawford Downs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Ocular Biomechanics and Biotransport, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Shin ES, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. PEDF expression regulates the proangiogenic and proinflammatory phenotype of the lung endothelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L620-34. [PMID: 24318110 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00188.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with important roles in regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis. It is produced by various cell types, including endothelial cells (EC). However, the cell autonomous impact of PEDF on EC function needs further investigation. Lung EC prepared from PEDF-deficient (PEDF-/-) mice were more migratory and failed to undergo capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel compared with wild type (PEDF+/+) EC. Although no significant differences were observed in the rates of apoptosis in PEDF-/- EC compared with PEDF+/+ cells under basal or stress conditions, PEDF-/- EC proliferated at a slower rate. PEDF-/- EC also expressed increased levels of proinflammatory markers, including vascular endothelial growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, as well as altered cellular junctional organization, and nuclear localization of β-catenin. The PEDF-/- EC were also more adhesive, expressed decreased levels of thrombospondin-2, tenascin-C, and osteopontin, and increased fibronectin. Furthermore, we showed lungs from PEDF-/- mice exhibited increased expression of macrophage marker F4/80, along with increased thickness of the vascular walls, consistent with a proinflammatory phenotype. Together, our data suggest that the PEDF expression makes significant contribution to modulation of the inflammatory and angiogenic phenotype of the lung endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Seok Shin
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., K6/458 CSC, Madison, WI 53792-4673.
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Blanco-Mezquita JT, Hutcheon AEK, Zieske JD. Role of thrombospondin-1 in repair of penetrating corneal wounds. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6262-8. [PMID: 23963165 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) has been suggested as a corneal wound-healing modulator. Therefore, we compromised the integrity of the cornea to elucidate the role of THBS1. METHODS Full-thickness penetrating corneal incisions (1.5 mm) were created in wild type (WT, 129S2/SvPas) and THBS1-deficient mice (Thbs1⁻/⁻), 129S2/SvPas-Thbs1(tm1Hyn)/Thbs1(tm1Hyn)), and allowed to heal up to 1 month, while being monitored by slit-lamp and intravital corneal examinations. Corneas also were examined by transmission electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. To determine how THBS1 was involved in the healing process, we examined THBS1 and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), a marker of myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells. RESULTS In WT mice by 1 month, corneas appeared transparent with a thin scar, and endothelium and Descemet's membrane (DM) were restored. In contrast, Thbs1⁻/⁻ corneas exhibited chronic edema and persistent opacity after wounding. The DM and endothelium were not restored, and wound contraction was impaired. The THBS1 was localized in epithelial cells at early stages of the healing process, and in the stroma and endothelial cells during later stages. The SMA-positive epithelial cells and myofibroblasts were observed within the healing area at day 4, peaked at day 14, and disappeared at day 30. The SMA-positive cells were reduced greatly in Thbs1⁻/⁻ mice. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, we demonstrated that corneal restoration is strikingly compromised by a penetrating incision in Thbs1⁻/⁻ mice. The wound results in persistent edema and wound gaping. This appears to be the result of the lack of endothelial migration and DM restoration. In addition, myofibroblast formation is compromised, resulting in the lack of wound contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Tomás Blanco-Mezquita
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ma W, Cojocaru R, Gotoh N, Gieser L, Villasmil R, Cogliati T, Swaroop A, Wong WT. Gene expression changes in aging retinal microglia: relationship to microglial support functions and regulation of activation. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2310-21. [PMID: 23608111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative disorders. It has been hypothesized that microglia undergo age-related changes in gene expression patterns that give rise to pathogenic phenotypes. We compared the gene expression profiles in microglia isolated ex vivo from the retinas of mice ranging from early adulthood to late senescence. We discovered that microglial gene expression demonstrated progressive change with increasing age, and involved genes that regulate microglial supportive functions and immune activation. Molecular pathways involving immune function and regulation, angiogenesis, and neurotrophin signaling demonstrated age-related change. In particular, expression levels of complement genes, C3 and CFB, previously associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), increased with aging, suggesting that senescent microglia may contribute to complement dysregulation during disease pathogenesis. Taken together, senescent microglia demonstrate age-related gene expression changes capable of altering their constitutive support functions and regulation of their activation status in ways relating to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Ma
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Richards TR, Mortlock JHH, Pinard CL, Whelan NC, Revay T, LaMarre J. Interleukin 11 expression in the normal canine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:46-56. [PMID: 23552106 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to characterize the expression of interleukin-11 (IL-11), a cytokine with anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and immune-modulating characteristics, in the canine eye. PROCEDURES Normal canine eyes were collected from clinically healthy dogs that had been euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. The distribution of IL-11 expression in the different ocular layers was evaluated by immunofluorescence (eight eyes). Expression levels were quantified (based on fluorescence intensity) using pixel density analysis. Primary cell cultures were derived from all three corneal cell layers. IL-11 mRNA expression was assessed in these cultures using quantitative RT-PCR before and after treatment with TGF-β1, a known inducer of IL-11 expression. IL-11 protein expression was also assessed in the media of these cells by Western blot analysis. RESULTS IL-11 protein was detected in the corneal epithelium, keratocytes, and the corneal endothelium of the normal canine eyes examined using immunofluorescence. Baseline IL-11 mRNA expression was noted in the corneal epithelium, fibroblasts, and endothelium using quantitative RT-PCR. Treatment of canine corneal cell lines with TGF-β1 resulted in statistically significant increases in IL-11 expression in the corneal epithelium, endothelial and fibroblast cell lines with strongest induction noted in the fibroblasts and endothelium. CONCLUSION This is the first description of IL-11 expression in the canine eye. The protein and mRNA appear to be constitutively present throughout all layers of the cornea and are increased by TGF-β1, a cytokine important in ocular inflammation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Distribution of thrombospondins and their neuronal receptor α2δ1 in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 2013; 111:36-49. [PMID: 23541831 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondins (TSPs) in promoting synaptogenesis is gaining more and more attention. The binding of TSP1 and TSP2 to their neuronal receptor α2δ1 stimulates excitatory synaptogenesis in the development and injury of the central nervous system; however, the specific cellular localization and expression of TSP1/2 and α2δ1 in healthy and damaged retinas is unknown. This, to a certain extent, has restricted the progress of research on the molecular mechanisms triggering synaptic plasticity after retinal injury. Here, the cellular localization and expression of TSP1/2 and their receptor α2δ1 was studied in healthy and damaged adult retina induced by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) using double immunofluorescence labeling and confocal scanning microscopy. We showed the apparent differential distribution of TSP1 and TSP2 in the adult rat retina. TSP1 was confined to the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer, in which it was preferentially expressed by ganglion cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells but rarely expressed by glial cells. TSP2 staining was diffusely distributed in GFAP- and GS-immunopositive glial cells and processes in the inner retina. In rat retinas, α2δ1 staining was present in ganglion cells, bipolar cells, partial horizontal cells and amacrine cells and the presynaptic terminals. Müller cells and a minority of astrocytes also expressed α2δ1. On the seventh day of elevated IOP, TSP2 immunoreactivity was greatly increased, and immunopositive processes extended throughout the retinal layer and co-localized with GFAP- and GS-positive glial cells. TSP1 distribution in the retina, however, did not change distinctly. α2δ1-immunopositive processes were also increased on the seventh day after elevated IOP. Our study suggested that in the adult rat retina, TSP2, but not TSP1, secreted by glial cells may be involved in the synaptic plastic process after retinal injury through binding to its neuronal receptor α2δ1.
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Extracellular Matrix is an Important Component of Limbal Stem Cell Niche. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:879-94. [PMID: 24955751 PMCID: PMC4030928 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix plays an important role in stem cell niche which maintains the undifferentiated stem cell phenotype. Human corneal epithelial stem cells are presumed to reside mainly at the limbal basal epithelium. Efforts have been made to characterize different components of the extracellular matrix that are preferentially expressed at the limbus. Mounting evidence from experimental data suggest that these components are part of the stem cell niche and play a role in the homeostasis of limbal stem cells. The extracellular matrix provides a mechanical and structural support as well as regulates cellular functions such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation. Optimization of the extracellular matrix components might be able to recreate an ex vivo stem cell niche to expand limbal stem cells.
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Haddadin RI, Oh DJ, Kang MH, Villarreal G, Kang JH, Jin R, Gong H, Rhee DJ. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1)-null and TSP2-null mice exhibit lower intraocular pressures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:6708-17. [PMID: 22930728 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and TSP2 are matricellular proteins that have been shown to regulate cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Both TSP1 and TSP2 are found in the trabecular meshwork (TM). In cadaver eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), TSP1 is increased in one third of patients. We hypothesized that TSP1 and TSP2 participate in the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods. IOPs of TSP1-null, TSP2-null mice, and their corresponding wild-type (WT) mice were measured using a commercial rebound tonometer. Fluorophotometric measurements assessed aqueous turnover. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured by optical coherence tomography. Iridocorneal angles were examined using light microscopy (LM), immunofluorescence (IF), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Average IOPs of TSP1-null and TSP2-null mice were 10% and 7% less than that of the corresponding WT mice, respectively. CCTs were 6.5% less in TSP1-null mice (P < 0.05) and 1.1% less in TSP2-null mice (P > 0.05). Fluorophotometric measurements suggest that aqueous turnover rates in TSP1-null and TSP2-null mice are greater than those of WT mice. LM of the TSP1-null and TSP2-null iridocorneal angles reveals morphology, which is indistinguishable from that of their corresponding WTs. IF revealed possible concurrent underexpression of TSP2 in TSP1-null mice and of TSP1 in TSP2-null mice. TEM revealed larger collagen fibril diameters in TSP1-null and TSP2-null mice compared with WTs. CONCLUSIONS TSP1-null and TSP2-null mice have lower IOPs than their WT counterparts. The rate of aqueous turnover suggests that the mechanism is enhanced outflow facility. An alteration in the extracellular matrix may contribute to this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramez I Haddadin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Ma DHK, Chen HCJ, Lai JY, Sun CC, Wang SF, Lin KK, Chen JK. Matrix revolution: molecular mechanism for inflammatory corneal neovascularization and restoration of corneal avascularity by epithelial stem cell transplantation. Ocul Surf 2011; 7:128-44. [PMID: 19635246 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization (CNV) associated with severe limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency remains a challenging ocular surface disease in that corneal inflammation may persist and progress, and the condition will not improve without LSC transplantation. A prominent feature after successful LSC transplantation is the suppression of corneal inflammation and CNV, which is generally attributed to the endogenous anti-angiogenic/anti-inflammatory factors secreted by corneal epithelial cells. In addition, corneal epithelial basement membrane (EBM) plays a unique role in the regulation of angiogenesis; several potent anti-angiogenic factors are derived from the matrix component of EBM, such as endostatin (from collagen XVIII) and restin (from collagen XV). Also, angio-inhibitory thrombospondin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 are deposited in EBM. Moreover, the heparan sulphate proteoglycan in EBM can bind and sequester VEGF and FGF-2 from activation. Recently, cultivated corneal epithelial transplantation (CCET) and cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (COMET) have emerged as promising techniques for the treatment of LSC deficiency. When human limbo-corneal epithelial (HLE) cells are cultivated on cryopreserved amniotic membrane, production of endostatin, restin, and IL-1ra is enhanced. This highlights the significance of delicate epithelial-matrix interactions in the generation of anti-angiogenic/anti-inflammatory factors by HLE cells, and this may, in part, explain the rapid restoration of corneal avascularity following CCET. In addition, whether epithelial stem cells can persist after transplantation is the key for CCET and COMET. Emerging evidence of long-term survival of cultivated epithelial cells after transplantation suggest that epithelial stem cells can be isolated and cultivated in vitro, and can re-establish the epithelial phenotype in vivo. Taken together, the merits of enhanced anti-angiogenic activity and the preservation of corneal epithelial stem cells encourage further application of this tissue engineering technique for ocular surface reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hui-Kang Ma
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Tregs and infections: on the potential value of modifying their function. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1079-87. [PMID: 21914856 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0611271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells, which express a master transcription factor, Foxp3, have been recognized as bona fide Tregs. These cells are essential to maintain immune homeostasis in healthy as well as infected mice and humans. Extensive investigations in the last decade have provided ways to manipulate the Foxp3(+) Treg response therapeutically so the role of such cells in microbe-induced inflammatory reactions can be evaluated. This review focuses on our current understanding of the mechanisms required for the generation and sustenance of Tregs in vivo and the potential value of modulating Tregs to control microbe-induced immunopathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvan Sehrawat
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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Pattwell DM, Sheridan CM, Le Goff M, Bishop PN, Hiscott P. Localisation of opticin in human proliferative retinal disease. Exp Eye Res 2009; 90:461-4. [PMID: 20036236 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine the distribution of opticin, an extracellular matrix small leucine-rich repeat protein secreted by the non-pigmented ciliary body epithelium (CBE), in pathological eye tissues including posterior hyaloid membranes (PHM) and epiretinal membranes (ERM) from subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Eight enucleated eyes and eleven surgically excised PHMs/ERMs from patients with PDR, CRVO or PVR were analysed by immunohistochemistry for the presence and distribution of opticin, vitreous (delineated by a type II collagen antibody) and blood vessels (using CD31 and CD34 antibodies as endothelial markers). Opticin was present at the basal surface of the non-pigmented CBE and, in a patchy distribution, within CBE cells in all 8 enucleated globes. It also co-localised with the type II collagen of vitreous, where present, in these eyes. Opticin was present in 16 of the 19 PHMs/ERMs, where it was arranged in layers (10 membranes), diffusely (4 membranes) or in foci (2 membranes). Where in a layered pattern, opticin co-localised with vitreous type II collagen incorporated into the membrane, whereas the other two patterns did not co-localise with type II collagen labelling. We concluded that even in advanced proliferative retinal disease, the CBE continues to express and secrete opticin. Opticin was co-distributed with vitreous type II collagen and was also present in the pre-retinal membranes of proliferative retinopathies, where it could play a role in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Pattwell
- Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool and St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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Kyriakides TR, MacLauchlan S. The role of thrombospondins in wound healing, ischemia, and the foreign body reaction. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:215-25. [PMID: 19844806 PMCID: PMC2778594 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin (TSP) 1 and TSP2 have been implicated in the regulation of several processes during tissue repair. Due to their matricellular nature, these proteins are thought to modulate cell-matrix interactions through a variety of mechanisms specific to the spatio-temporal context of their expression. Most notably, TSP1 and TSP2 appear to play distinct, non-overlapping roles in the healing of skin wounds. In contrast, both proteins have been implicated as regulators of ischemia-induced angiogenesis. Moreover, TSP2 has been shown to be a critical regulator of angiogenesis in the foreign body response (FBR). In this review, we discuss the role of TSPs in tissue repair and examine the mechanistic data regarding the ability of the thrombospondins to modulate cell-matrix interactions in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis R. Kyriakides
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and Departments of Pathology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208089, New Haven, CT 06520-8089 USA
| | - Susan MacLauchlan
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and Departments of Pathology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
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Absence of SPARC leads to impaired lens circulation. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:416-25. [PMID: 19401199 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SPARC is a matricellular glycoprotein involved in regulation of extracellular matrix, growth factors, adhesion, and migration. SPARC-null mice have altered basement membranes and develop posterior sub-capsular cataracts with cell swelling and equatorial vacuoles. Exchange of fluid, nutrients, and waste products in the avascular lens is driven by a unique circulating ion current. In the absence of SPARC, increased circulation of fluid, ions, and small molecules led to increased fluorescein distribution in vivo, loss of resting membrane polarization, and altered distribution of small molecules. Microarray analysis of SPARC-null lenses showed changes in gene expression of ion channels and receptors, matrix and adhesion genes, cytoskeleton, immune response genes, and cell signaling molecules. Our results confirm the hypothesis that the regulation of SPARC on cell-capsular matrix interactions can increase the circulation of fluid and ions in the lens, and the phenotype in the SPARC-null mouse lens is the result of multiple intersecting functional pathways.
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Gordon SR. Cell Migration along the Basement Membrane during Wound Repair. The Corneal Endothelium as a Model System. BIOENGINEERING RESEARCH OF CHRONIC WOUNDS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00534-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rhee DJ, Haddadin RI, Kang MH, Oh DJ. Matricellular proteins in the trabecular meshwork. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:694-703. [PMID: 19101543 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork is one of the primary tissues of interest in the normal regulation and dysregulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) that is a causative risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma. Matricellular proteins generally function to allow cells to modulate their attachments with and alter the characteristics of their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). In non-ocular tissues, matricellular proteins generally increase fibrosis. Since ECM turnover is very important to the outflow facility, matricellular proteins may have a significant role in the regulation of IOP. The formalized study of matricellular proteins in trabecular meshwork is in its infancy. SPARC, thrombospondins-1 and -2, and tenascins-C and -X, and osteopontin have been localized to varying areas within the trabecular meshwork. Preliminary evidence indicates that SPARC and thrombospondin-1 play a role in the regulation of IOP and possibly the pathophysiology of glaucoma. These data show promise that matricellular proteins are involved in IOP dysregulation and are potential therapeutic targets. Further study is needed to clarify these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Rhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Ordóñez JL, Martins AS, Osuna D, Madoz–Gúrpide J, de Alava E. Targeting sarcomas: therapeutic targets and their rational. Semin Diagn Pathol 2008; 25:304-16. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of a large-spot subthreshold infrared laser protocol to treat diabetic maculopathy. METHODS In a prospective, fellow eye, controlled case series, all patients had clinically significant diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with a single application of subthreshold infrared (810 nm) laser. If bilateral disease was present, the fellow eye was treated with conventional macular laser. The study was to include 20 patients. Visual acuity and central macular thickness (CMT) measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were assessed in the study and fellow eyes at baseline and 6 months, and any changes were compared. RESULTS The 11th patient developed a choroidal infarct with subsequent profound loss of vision immediately after treatment. The study was terminated prematurely at this point. For the remaining 10 patients, there was a trend toward improvement in visual acuity in the study eye compared with the fellow eye at the 6-month follow-up (median change: +1.5 letters for study eye vs -6.5 letters for fellow eye; P = 0.08). There was also significant improvement in OCT-measured CMT in the study eye (mean decrease, 117 microm) compared with deterioration in OCT-measured CMT in the fellow eye (mean increase, 24 microm; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION This subthreshold infrared laser protocol led to improvement in OCT-measured CMT and stabilization of vision in most subjects. The current protocol is however unpredictable and should not be used in the treatment of DME without further modification.
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Berdugo Polak M, Behar-Cohen F. Dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge exsudative : efficacité et limites des différents traitements. J Fr Ophtalmol 2008; 31:537-56. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(08)72475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Behera MA, Feng L, Yonish B, Catherino W, Jung SH, Leppert P. Thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 mRNA and TSP-1 and TSP-2 protein expression in uterine fibroids and correlation to the genes COL1A1 and COL3A1 and to the collagen cross-link hydroxyproline. Reprod Sci 2008; 14:63-76. [PMID: 18089612 DOI: 10.1177/1933719107309591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are composed of altered collagen fibrils and represent an arrested response to injury-initiating fibrosis. In many tissues, TSP-1 is secreted by adult macrophages and monocytes upon wounding and is involved in the activation of transforming growth factor beta. In the absence of TSP-1, the orchestrated process of wound healing is impaired. The authors obtained tissue from the edge and center of fibroids at the time of hysterectomy and compared them with adjacent myometrium. The pattern of TSP-1 and TSP-2 expression was correlated to that of COL1A1 and COL3A1. Collagen and hydroxyproline were increased in fibroids. Thrombospondin-1 was consistently underexpressed in both the edge and center of the fibroids, while COL1A1 and COL3A1 were consistently overexpressed. However, TSP-2 was inconsistently expressed. These findings lead to the conclusion that the underexpression of TSP-1 may contribute to the overall development of uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie A Behera
- Duke University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Xu L, Xun G, Yao Z, Liu Y, Qiu Y, Liu K, Zhu D, Gu Q, Xu X, Ho PCP. Effects of generated trans-arachidonic acids on retinal capillary during nitrative stress in diabetic rats. Ophthalmologica 2007; 222:37-41. [PMID: 18097179 DOI: 10.1159/000109277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the trans-arachidonic acids (TAAs) change in diabetic conditions and the effect on capillary cells and its possible mechanism. METHODS Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 60 mg kg(-1) body weight. The amount of TAAs and arachidonic acid (AA) in serum of diabetic rats was measured by the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method and the ratio of the peak area of TAAs to AA with a selected ion of 79 was estimated by group t test. The expression level of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in the retina was examined by Western blot. The pericyte apoptotic index was investigated by flow cytometry. RESULT The ratio of TAAs to AA significantly increased in serum at the time points of 8, 12 and 16 weeks after streptozotocin induction (p < 0.05). The expression of TSP-1 in the retina of diabetic rats elevated with longer duration of diabetes (checking the time points of 2-, 4-, 8-, 12- and 16-week diabetic rats). The expression of TSP-1 tended to be physiologically elevated in relation to age but less significantly than in the diabetic group. TAAs could not induce the apoptosis of retinal pericytes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION TAAs were generated associated with nitrative stress in diabetic rats and a possible mechanism of microvascular injury exits in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
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