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Xu DL, Hu XK. Effect of Natural Seasonal Changes in Photoperiod and Temperature on Immune Function in Striped Hamsters. Zoolog Sci 2022; 39. [DOI: 10.2108/zs220005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Kai Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong Province, China
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Thomas J, Balseiro A, Gortázar C, Risalde MA. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review. Vet Res 2021; 52:31. [PMID: 33627188 PMCID: PMC7905575 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-host disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Due to its impact on economy, sanitary standards of milk and meat industry, public health and conservation, TB control is an actively ongoing research subject. Several wildlife species are involved in the maintenance and transmission of TB, so that new approaches to wildlife TB diagnosis have gained relevance in recent years. Diagnosis is a paramount step for screening, epidemiological investigation, as well as for ensuring the success of control strategies such as vaccination trials. This is the first review that systematically addresses data available for the diagnosis of TB in wildlife following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The article also gives an overview of the factors related to host, environment, sampling, and diagnostic techniques which can affect test performance. After three screenings, 124 articles were considered for systematic review. Literature indicates that post-mortem examination and culture are useful methods for disease surveillance, but immunological diagnostic tests based on cellular and humoral immune response detection are gaining importance in wildlife TB diagnosis. Among them, serological tests are especially useful in wildlife because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to perform, facilitate large-scale surveillance and can be used both ante- and post-mortem. Currently available studies assessed test performance mostly in cervids, European badgers, wild suids and wild bovids. Research to improve diagnostic tests for wildlife TB diagnosis is still needed in order to reach accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic techniques adequate to a broad range of target species and consistent over space and time to allow proper disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Thomas
- Sanidad Y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC), 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain. .,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Sanidad Y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC), 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía Y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas Y Toxicología. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014, Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica Y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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Isla J, Boadella M, Ortiz JA, Gortázar C. No effect of inoculation site and injection device on the skin test response of red deer to the intradermal injection of Mycobacterium avium-derived purified protein derivative (PPD). Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104932. [PMID: 32088530 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial diseases are important health issues in farmed deer. The single intradermal tuberculin test is the standard test for tuberculosis testing in deer. We studied two factors which might influence the response of deer to skin testing: the inoculation site and the injection device. Deer included in this study were 2.5 years old farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds (n = 80). Two areas of 3 cm × 3 cm were shaved at the left side of the neck. Site A (SA) was situated about 10 cm caudal to the head, while site B (SB) was 10 cm caudal to SA. All hinds received at the same time two 0.1 ml inoculations of Mycobacterium avium derived purified protein derivative (aPPD). One inoculation was made by syringe and the other one with the needle-free syringe Dermojet. To test the inoculation site effect, half of the animals were inoculated by Dermojet in SA and by syringe in SB to compare with the inoculation in SA by syringe and Dermojet in SB in the other half. No differences were recorded for the injection device nor for the inoculation site. Ten hinds had a skinfold increase larger than 30 tenths of mm by any injection device and inoculation site. Seven (9%) and 6 (8%) hinds were classified as positive by syringe and Dermojet, and at the anterior or posterior inoculation site, respectively. The distribution of skinfold thickness increases did not differ by injection device. Our findings support the needle-free Dermojet syringe as a suitable tool for skin-testing in red deer and suggest no relevant effect of the position of the inoculation site along the neck in red deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Isla
- SABIOtec. Ed. Polivalente UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | | | - Jose Antonio Ortiz
- Grupo Netco Medianilla S. L., Crta. Vejer-Benalup Km 7, Las Lomas 11179, Vejer de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio Research Group, Instituto de Investigacin en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Xu DL, Hu XK, Tian Y. Seasonal variations in cellular and humoral immunity in male striped hamsters ( Cricetulus barabensis). Biol Open 2018; 7:bio038489. [PMID: 30404899 PMCID: PMC6310883 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals in the non-tropical zone usually demonstrate seasonal variations in immune function, which is important for their survival. In the present study, seasonal changes in immunity in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) were investigated to test the winter immunoenhancement hypothesis. Male hamsters were captured from the wild in the fall and winter of 2014 and in the spring and summer of 2015. Body mass, body fat mass and blood glucose levels of the hamsters were all highest in the summer, whereas relative fatness and thymus mass had no seasonal changes. Spleen mass was highest in the fall and white blood cells and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response indicative of cellular immunity were lowest in the summer among the four seasons, which supports the winter immunoenhancement hypothesis. IgG and IgM titers were lowest in the fall, which was against this hypothesis. Body fat mass had no correlations with cellular and humoral immunity, suggesting it was not the reason for seasonal changes in cellular and humoral immunity in males. Leptin titers were higher in spring and summer than in fall and winter. No correlation between leptin and cellular and humoral immunity suggested that leptin did not mediate their seasonal changes. Similarly, corticosterone levels were also higher in spring and summer than in fall and winter, which correlated negatively with cellular immunity but positively with IgG levels. This result implied that corticosterone has a suppressive effect on cellular immunity and an enhancing effect on humoral immunity. In summary, distinct components of immune systems exhibited different seasonal patterns. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Kai Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yufen Tian
- Library, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong Province, China
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Che-Amat A, Risalde MÁ, González-Barrio D, Ortíz JA, Gortázar C. Effects of repeated comparative intradermal tuberculin testing on test results: a longitudinal study in TB-free red deer. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:184. [PMID: 27596591 PMCID: PMC5011987 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) is challenging and might require combining cellular and humoral diagnostic tests. Repeated skin-testing with mycobacterial purified protein derivatives (PPDs) might sensitize or desensitize the subjects to both kinds of diagnostic tools. We evaluated the effect of repeated (every 6 months) comparative tuberculin skin testing on skin test and ELISA responsiveness in farmed red deer hinds from a TB-free herd. Eighteen 8-month old hinds were inoculated with bovine and avian PPDs and the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), as positive control and concurrently tested by ELISA for antibodies against avian (avian PPD, aPPD and protoplasmatic antigen 3, PPA3) and bovine antigens (bPPD and MPB70). Blood serum was also sampled three weeks after each skin testing round and tested for antibodies against aPPD and bPPD, in order to detect eventual antibody level boosts. Testing took place every six months from winter 2012 until winter 2015. RESULTS The skin test response to both PPDs peaked during the second and third test round, returning to standard values thereafter. Individual variability was particularly high at the first year and early second year testing rounds (first intradermal test and blood sampling; first winter). The antibody response to avian antigens increased through time, while no such increase was recorded for bovine antigens. The antibody boost three weeks after skin testing was more marked for avian PPD. However, there was no consistent trend in the boosting response through time. CONCLUSION Repeated comparative skin testing at six month intervals did not cause progressive increments in skin test responsiveness or antibody production. Specifically, we observed no loss of the skin test response to bPPD and also no progressive loss of the boosting effect in the ELISA responses. However, we recorded increases through time in the antibody levels against avian mycobacterial antigens, possibly due to the progressive exposure to MAP or to other cross-reacting environmental mycobacteria. These findings should be taken into account in designing and interpreting TB testing schemes in farmed deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azlan Che-Amat
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maria Ángeles Risalde
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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López V, González-Barrio D, Lima-Barbero JF, Ortiz JA, Domínguez L, Juste R, Garrido JM, Sevilla IA, Alberdi P, de la Fuente J, Gortázar C. Oral administration of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis reduces the response of farmed red deer to avian and bovine tuberculin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:21-5. [PMID: 27032499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orally delivered mycobacterial antigens may not sensitize the immunized animals causing a positive tuberculin skin test response. As the first step to address this critical issue, we characterized the response of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) to orally delivered heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis. Thirty-two adult red deer hinds from a farm known to be free of tuberculosis (TB) were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups, immunized (n=24) and control (n=8). Immunized hinds were dosed orally with 2 ml of PBS containing 6 × 10(6) heat-inactivated M. bovis. The mean skin test response of immunized deer to both avian purified protein derivative (aPPD) and bovine PPD (bPPD) was consistently lower in immunized than in control hinds. One year after immunization, immunized hinds had a significant reduction in the skin test response to aPPD and in the ELISA antibody levels against both aPPD and bPPD (24-36% reduction; P<0.05). By contrast, no significant change was observed in the skin test response to phytohaemagglutinin, or in the ELISA antibody levels against the M. bovis specific antigen MPB70. The mRNA levels for C3, IFN-γ and IL-1β and serum protein levels for IFN-γ and IL-1β did not vary between immunized and control deer. However, serum C3 protein levels were significantly higher (P=0.001) in immunized than in control deer six months after immunization. These results confirm that oral heat-inactivated M. bovis does not sensitize farmed red deer and therefore does not cause false-positive responses in the tuberculin skin test. The absence of sensitization in orally immunized deer opens the possibility of testing the vaccine in deer and possibly other ruminants without the risk of causing false-positive reactions in TB-tests. This study also provided the first evidence that orally-delivered inactivated mycobacterial antigens elicit some kind of immune response in a ruminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir López
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio Ortiz
- Departamento Veterinario, Cinegético e Investigación de Medianilla S.L., Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Juste
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Chambers MA. Review of the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Non-Bovid Wildlife Species Using Immunological Methods - An Update of Published Work Since 2009. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60 Suppl 1:14-27. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Chambers
- Department of Bovine Tuberculosis; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
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Queiros J, Alvarez J, Carta T, Mateos A, Ortiz J, Fernández-de-Mera I, Martín-Hernando M, Gortázar C. Unexpected high responses to tuberculin skin-test in farmed red deer: Implications for tuberculosis control. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104:327-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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