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Wada M, Lam CT, Rosanowski S, Patanasatienkul T, Price D, St-Hilaire S. Development of simulation models for transmission of Salmonid Rickettsial Septicaemia between salt water fish farms in Chile. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1586-1600. [PMID: 32945136 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at estimating parameters representing between-farm transmission of Salmonid Rickettsial Septicaemia (SRS) in Chile, and developing and validating simulation models to predict weekly spread of SRS between farms in Los Lagos (Region 10), using InterSpread Plus. The model parameters were estimated by analyses of the historical SRS outbreak data. The models incorporated time and distance-dependent transmission kernels, representing the probabilities of waterborne spread of SRS between farms. Seven candidate transmission kernels were estimated, with varying maximum distance of between-farm SRS spread (15-60 km). Farms were categorized by size (small; medium; large) and species (Coho salmon; Atlantic salmon; rainbow trout). The time that it took a farm to recover from infection was parameterized to be shortest for small Coho farms (median: 7 weeks), followed by medium and large Coho farms (median: 25 weeks), Atlantic salmon farms (median: 42 weeks, any size) and rainbow trout farms (median: 43 weeks, any size). The relative infectiousness parameters of rainbow trout farms were 1.5-6.3 times that of Coho or Atlantic salmon, or those of large farms was 1.3-4.2 times that of small or medium farms. The models predicted SRS prevalence in Region 10 between 2013 and 2015 (79 weeks) with 76.5%-93.0% overall accuracy. The model with a transmission kernel of <20 km (P20) achieved a maximum overall accuracy (93.0%). Within each neighbourhood, the accuracy of P20 varied between 32.4% and 88.1%; 13/20 neighbourhoods had a reasonable temporal agreement between the simulated and actual dynamics of SRS (within 5th-95th percentiles), but 5/20 neighbourhoods underestimated and 2/20 overestimated the SRS spread. The model could be used for evaluation of semi-global control policies in Region 10, while addition of other factors such as seasonality, ocean currents, and movement of infected fish may improve the model performance at a finer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Wada
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chun Ting Lam
- Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sarah Rosanowski
- Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Thitiwan Patanasatienkul
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Derek Price
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.,Aquaculture Environmental Operations, Aquaculture Management Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie St-Hilaire
- Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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2
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Culling vs. emergency vaccination: A comparative economic evaluation of strategies for controlling classical swine fever in the EU. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Postel A, Austermann-Busch S, Petrov A, Moennig V, Becher P. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of classical swine fever: Recent developments and future challenges. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:248-261. [PMID: 28795533 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) represents a major health and trade problem for the pig industry. In endemic countries or those with a wild boar reservoir, CSF remains a priority for Veterinary Services. Surveillance as well as stamping out and/or vaccination are the principle tools of prevention and control, depending on the context. In the past decades, marker vaccines and accompanying diagnostic tests allowing the discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals have been developed. In the European Union, an E2 subunit and a chimeric live vaccine have been licensed and are available for the use in future disease outbreak scenarios. The implementation of commonly accepted and globally harmonized concepts could pave the way to replace the ethically questionable stamping out policy by a vaccination-to-live strategy and thereby avoid culling of a large number of healthy animals and save food resources. Although a number of vaccines and diagnostic tests are available worldwide, technological advancement in both domains is desirable. This work provides a summary of an analysis undertaken by the DISCONTOOLS group of experts on CSF. Details of the analysis can be downloaded from the web site at http://www.discontools.eu/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophia Austermann-Busch
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Petrov
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Moennig
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Schulz J, Staubach C, Conraths FJ, Schulz K. A Simulation Model to Determine Sensitivity and Timeliness of Surveillance Strategies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1709-1719. [PMID: 27619421 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal surveillance systems need regular evaluation. We developed an easily applicable simulation model of the German wild boar population to investigate two evaluation attributes: the sensitivity and timeliness (i.e. the ability to detect a disease outbreak rapidly) of a surveillance system. Classical swine fever (CSF) was used as an example for the model. CSF is an infectious disease that may lead to massive economic losses. It can affect wild boar as well as domestic pigs, and CSF outbreaks in domestic pigs have been linked to infections in wild boar. Awareness of the CSF status in wild boar is therefore vital. Our non-epidemic simulation model is based on real data and evaluates the currently implemented German surveillance system for CSF in wild boar. The results show that active surveillance for CSF fulfils the requirements of detecting an outbreak with 95% confidence within one year after the introduction of CSF into the wild boar population. Nevertheless, there is room for improved performance and efficiency by more homogeneous (active and passive) sampling of wild boar over the year. Passive surveillance alone is not sufficient to meet the requirements for detecting the infection. Although CSF was used as example to develop the model, it may also be applied to the evaluation of other surveillance systems for viral diseases in wild boar. It is also possible to compare sensitivity and timeliness across hypothetical alternative or risk-based surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - C Staubach
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - F J Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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5
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Morris RS. Diseases, dilemmas, decisions—Converting epidemiological dilemmas into successful disease control decisions. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:242-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lefebvre DJ, De Vleeschauwer AR, Goris N, Van Borm S, Chimirri A, Monforte AM, Valdazo-Gonzalez B, King DP, Neyts J, De Clercq K. A thiazepino[4,5-a]benzimidazole derivative hampers the RNA replication of Eurasian serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:378-81. [PMID: 25446115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The stamping-out policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in countries that are free from FMD without vaccination has a dramatic socio-economic impact, huge animal welfare issues and may result in the loss of farm animal genetic resources. As an alternative to pre-emptive culling or emergency vaccination we further explore the possibility to use antiviral drugs in the event of an FMD outbreak. In the present study, we tested the in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-FMDV activity of 1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-[1,4]thiazepino[4,5-a]benzimidazole. The molecule was shown to inhibit the replication of reference strains of the Eurasian FMDV serotypes O, A, C and Asia but not the FMDV serotypes from the South African Territories (SAT) neither a related picornavirus, i.e. swine vesicular disease virus. The molecule can be added until 2h post inoculation in a 'single replication cycle experiment' without losing its antiviral activity. The genetic characterization of progressively selected resistant FMD viruses shows that the molecule presumably interacts with the non-structural 2C protein of FMDV. Further studies are required on the use of this molecule in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lefebvre
- Department of Virology, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Nesya Goris
- Department of Virology, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Department of Virology, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alba Chimirri
- Department of Pharmaco-Chemistry, University of Messina, C. da Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Monforte
- Department of Pharmaco-Chemistry, University of Messina, C. da Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KULeuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Department of Virology, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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7
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Hop GE, Mourits MCM, Oude Lansink AGJM, Saatkamp HW. Simulation of Cross-border Impacts Resulting from Classical Swine Fever Epidemics within the Netherlands and Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e80-e102. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Hop
- Business Economics Group; Department of Social Sciences; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - M. C. M. Mourits
- Business Economics Group; Department of Social Sciences; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink
- Business Economics Group; Department of Social Sciences; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - H. W. Saatkamp
- Business Economics Group; Department of Social Sciences; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
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8
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Potential applications for antiviral therapy and prophylaxis in bovine medicine. Anim Health Res Rev 2014; 15:102-17. [PMID: 24810855 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252314000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral disease is one of the major causes of financial loss and animal suffering in today's cattle industry. Increases in global commerce and average herd size, urbanization, vertical integration within the industry and alterations in global climate patterns have allowed the spread of pathogenic viruses, or the introduction of new viral species, into regions previously free of such pathogens, creating the potential for widespread morbidity and mortality in naïve cattle populations. Despite this, no antiviral products are currently commercially licensed for use in bovine medicine, although significant progress has been made in the development of antivirals for use against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and bovine herpesvirus (BHV). BVDV is extensively studied as a model virus for human antiviral studies. Consequently, many compounds with efficacy have been identified and a few have been successfully used to prevent infection in vivo although commercial development is still lacking. FMDV is also the subject of extensive antiviral testing due to the importance of outbreak containment for maintenance of export markets. Thirdly, BHV presents an attractive target for antiviral development due to its worldwide presence. Antiviral studies for other bovine viral pathogens are largely limited to preliminary studies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of antiviral compounds against several key bovine pathogens and the potential for commercial antiviral applications in the prevention and control of several selected bovine diseases.
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Osiceanu AM, Murao LE, Kollanur D, Swinnen J, De Vleeschauwer AR, Lefebvre DJ, De Clercq K, Neyts J, Goris N. In vitro surrogate models to aid in the development of antivirals for the containment of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:59-63. [PMID: 24583031 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly pathogenic member of the genus Aphthovirus (family Picornaviridae) that is only to be manipulated in high-containment facilities, thus complicating research on and discovery of antiviral strategies against the virus. Bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) and equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), phylogenetically most closely related to FMDV, were explored as surrogates for FMDV in antiviral studies. Although no efficient cell culture system has been reported so far for BRBV, we demonstrate that infection of primary bovine kidney cells resulted in an extensive but rather poorly-reproducible induction of cytopathic effect (CPE). Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells on the other hand supported viral replication in the absence of CPE. Antiviral tests were developed for ERAV in Vero A cells employing a viral RNA-reduction assay and CPE-reduction assay; the latter having a Z' factor of 0.83±0.07. The BRBV and ERAV models were next used to assess the anti-aphthovirus activity of two broad-spectrum antiviral agents 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) and ribavirin, as well as of the enterovirus-specific inhibitor enviroxime. The effects of the three compounds in the CPE-reduction (ERAV) and viral RNA-reduction assays (BRBV and ERAV) were comparable. Akin to 2CMC, compound A, a recently-discovered non-nucleoside pan-serotype FMDV inhibitor, also inhibited the replication of both BRBV and ERAV, whereas enviroxime was devoid of activity. The BRBV and ERAV surrogate models reported here can be manipulated in BSL-2 laboratories and may facilitate studies to unravel the mechanism of action of novel FMDV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denny Kollanur
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Swinnen
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Annebel R De Vleeschauwer
- Unit of Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Virology Department, CODA-CERVA, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussel, Belgium
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Unit of Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Virology Department, CODA-CERVA, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Unit of Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Virology Department, CODA-CERVA, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nesya Goris
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Newcomer BW, Givens MD. Approved and experimental countermeasures against pestiviral diseases: Bovine viral diarrhea, classical swine fever and border disease. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:133-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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The potential of antiviral agents to control classical swine fever: a modelling study. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:245-50. [PMID: 23827097 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) represents a continuous threat to pig populations that are free of disease without vaccination. When CSF virus is introduced, the minimal control strategy imposed by the EU is often insufficient to mitigate the epidemic. Additional measures such as preemptive culling encounter ethical objections, whereas emergency vaccination leads to prolonged export restrictions. Antiviral agents, however, provide instantaneous protection without inducing an antibody response. The use of antiviral agents to contain CSF epidemics is studied with a model describing within- and between-herd virus transmission. Epidemics are simulated in a densely populated livestock area in The Netherlands, with farms of varying sizes and pig types (finishers, piglets and sows). Our results show that vaccination and/or antiviral treatment in a 2 km radius around an infected herd is more effective than preemptive culling in a 1 km radius. However, the instantaneous but temporary protection provided by antiviral treatment is slightly less effective than the delayed but long-lasting protection offered by vaccination. Therefore, the most effective control strategy is to vaccinate animals when allowed (finishers and piglets) and to treat with antiviral agents when vaccination is prohibited (sows). As independent control measure, antiviral treatment in a 1 km radius presents an elevated risk of epidemics running out of control. A 2 km control radius largely eliminates this risk.
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12
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Lefebvre DJ, De Vleeschauwer AR, Goris N, Kollanur D, Billiet A, Murao L, Neyts J, De Clercq K. Proof of concept for the inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by the anti-viral drug 2'-C-methylcytidine in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e89-91. [PMID: 23480064 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent European contingency plans envisage emergency vaccination as an animal-friendly control strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Anti-viral drugs may be used as an alternative or complementary measure. We here demonstrate that the nucleoside analogue 2'-C-methylcytidine (2'CMC) protects severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice against lethal FMD virus infection. In brief, SCID mice were inoculated with serotype A FMD virus and treated for five consecutive days with 2'CMC. All 15 treated mice remained healthy until the end of the study at 14 days post-infection (dpi). At that time, viral RNA was no longer detected in 13 of 15 treated mice. All eight untreated mice suffered from an acute generalized disease and were euthanized for ethical reasons on average at 4 dpi. These results illustrate the potential of small molecules to control FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lefebvre
- Unit of Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Virology Department, CODA-CERVA, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussel, Belgium
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13
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Longworth N, Mourits MCM, Saatkamp HW. Economic Analysis of HPAI Control in the Netherlands I: Epidemiological Modelling to Support Economic Analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:199-216. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Longworth
- Business Economics; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - M. C. M. Mourits
- Business Economics; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - H. W. Saatkamp
- Business Economics; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
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