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Roldan-Henao M, Dalsgaard A, Cardona-Castro N, Restrepo-Rivera L, Veloza-Angulo LC, Alban L. Pilot study of the productivity and Salmonella seroprevalence in pigs administered organic acids. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1123137. [PMID: 36937024 PMCID: PMC10020582 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Salmonella in pig/pork production is important to protect public health because pork is one of the main sources of human infection. Moreover, antimicrobial use in pig farms should be kept low to minimize development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance. This pilot study evaluated the productivity and Salmonella seroprevalence in pigs administered organic acids (OA) compared to pigs given growth promoters in one farm in Antioquia, Colombia. Two groups each consisting of 60 pigs of 6-weeks of age were studied for 4 months. One group was provided feed and water with OA (Selko pH® and Selacid®), whereas the other group (control) received antimicrobial growth promoters according to routine feeding practices (tylosin and zinc bacitracin). Blood samples were taken three times (T1-T3) and pigs were weighted five times to calculate daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Initially when the pigs were 6 weeks old (T1), the Salmonella seroprevalence was 1.7% in both groups. When the pigs were 11 weeks old (T2), the seroprevalence was significantly lower in pigs provided OA compared to the control group (19 vs. 47%, P < 0.001), whereas when the pigs were 23 weeks old (T3), the seroprevalence did not differ between the groups (62 vs. 77%; P = 0.075). The cumulative DWG was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (713 vs. 667 g/day; P < 0.001). The cumulative FCR did not differ between groups (2.80 vs. 2.77; P = 0.144). The pilot study indicates that cleaning the water pipes and administrating OA improve productivity in pigs and delay exposure to Salmonella spp. when compared with growth promoters. Thus, OA could replace antimicrobial growth promoters and reduce antimicrobial use and resistance. However, the study should be repeated before firmer conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Roldan-Henao
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Manuela Roldan-Henao
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora Cardona-Castro
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | | | - Lis Alban
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Pre-Harvest Meat Safety Interventions in Pig Herds to Control Salmonella and Other Foodborne Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091825. [PMID: 34576721 PMCID: PMC8466550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of pre-harvest interventions to control the main foodborne pathogens in pork in the European Union. A total of 1180 studies were retrieved from PubMed® and Web of Science for 15 pathogens identified as relevant in EFSA's scientific opinion on the public health hazards related to pork (2011). The study selection focused on controlled studies where a cause-effect could be attributed to the interventions tested, and their effectiveness could be inferred. Altogether, 52 studies published from 1983 to 2020 regarding Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium avium, and Salmonella spp. were retained and analysed. Research was mostly focused on Salmonella (n = 43 studies). In-feed and/or water treatments, and vaccination were the most tested interventions and were, overall, successful. However, the previously agreed criteria for this systematic review excluded other effective interventions to control Salmonella and other pathogens, like Yersinia enterocolitica, which is one of the most relevant biological hazards in pork. Examples of such successful interventions are the Specific Pathogen Free herd principle, stamping out and repopulating with disease-free animals. Research on other pathogens (i.e., Hepatitis E, Trichinella spiralis and Toxoplasma gondii) was scarce, with publications focusing on epidemiology, risk factors and/or observational studies. Overall, high herd health coupled with good management and biosecurity were effective to control or prevent most foodborne pathogens in pork at the pre-harvest level.
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3
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Olsen JV, Christensen T, Jensen JD. Pig Farmers' Perceptions of Economic Incentives to Control Salmonella Prevalence at Herd Level. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:647697. [PMID: 33937374 PMCID: PMC8086553 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.647697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates how perceived costs and benefits of Salmonella control among Danish pig farmers affect the farmers' choice of action toward reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in their herds. Based on data from an online questionnaire involving 163 Danish pig farmers, we find a considerable uncertainty among pig farmers about the perceived effects of the Salmonella reducing actions. The results indicate large variations in the perceived costs of implementing different types of Salmonella reducing actions (management-, hygiene- and feed-related). For some cases, farmers associate net benefits and positive productivity effects with implementation of the actions while studies by the industry indicate net costs to the farmers. Differences among farmers support the idea of an outcome-based Salmonella penalty scheme but the large uncertainties about costs and effects of actions toward Salmonella control might hamper the effectiveness of such a penalty scheme as a regulatory instrument to affect farmer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Vesterlund Olsen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tove Christensen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Dejgaard Jensen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Luise D, Spinelli E, Correa F, Salvarani C, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Effects of E. coli bivalent vaccine and of host genetic susceptibility to E. coli on the growth performance and faecal microbial profile of weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Keay S, Poljak Z, Klapwyk M, O’Connor A, Friendship RM, O’Sullivan TL, Sargeant JM. Influenza A virus vaccine research conducted in swine from 1990 to May 2018: A scoping review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236062. [PMID: 32673368 PMCID: PMC7365442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) are a global zoonotic and economic concern. Primary control is through vaccination yet a formal evidence map summarizing vaccine research conducted in pigs is not available. OBJECTIVE Ten characteristics of English language primary IAV-S vaccine research, conducted at the level of the pig or higher, were charted to identify research gaps, topics for systematic review, and coverage across different publication types. DESIGN Six online databases and grey literature were searched, without geographic, population, or study type restrictions, and abstracts screened independently and in duplicate for relevant research published between 1990 and May 2018. Full text data was charted by a single reviewer. RESULTS Over 11,000 unique citations were screened, identifying 376 for charting, including 175 proceedings from 60 conferences, and 170 journal articles from 51 journals. Reported outcomes were heterogeneous with measures of immunity (86%, n = 323) and virus detection (65%, n = 246) reported far more than production metrics (9%, n = 32). Study of transmissibility under conditions of natural exposure (n = 7), use of mathematical modelling (n = 11), and autogenous vaccine research reported in journals (n = 7), was limited. CONCLUSIONS Most research used challenge trials (n = 219) and may have poor field relevance or suitability for systematic review if the purpose is to inform clinical decisions. Literature on vaccinated breeding herds (n = 89) and weaned pigs (n = 136) is potentially sufficient for systematic review. Research under field conditions is limited, disproportionately reported in conference proceedings versus journal articles, and may be insufficient to support systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Keay
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Klapwyk
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annette O’Connor
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terri L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM. Scoping Reviews, Systematic Reviews, and Meta-Analysis: Applications in Veterinary Medicine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 32047759 PMCID: PMC6997489 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based decision making is a hallmark of effective veterinary clinical practice. Scoping reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses all are methods intended to provide transparent and replicable ways of summarizing a body of research to address an important clinical or public health issue. As these methods increasingly are being used by researchers and read by practitioners, it is important to understand the distinction between these techniques and to understand what research questions they can, and cannot, address. This review provides an overview of scoping reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis, including a discussion of the method and uses. A sample dataset and coding to conduct a simple meta-analysis in the statistical program R also are provided. Scoping reviews are a descriptive approach, designed to chart the literature around a particular topic. The approach involves an extensive literature search, following by a structured mapping, or charting, of the literature. The results of scoping reviews can help to inform future research by identifying gaps in the existing literature and also can be used to identify areas where there may be a sufficient depth of literature to warrant a systematic review. Systematic reviews are intended to address a specific question by identifying and summarizing all of the available research that has addressed the review question. Questions types that can be addressed by a systematic review include prevalence/incidence questions, and questions related to etiology, intervention efficacy, and diagnostic test accuracy. The systematic review process follows structured steps with multiple reviewers working in parallel to reduce the potential for bias. An extensive literature search is undertaken and, for each relevant study identified by the search, a formal extraction of data, including the effect size, and assessment of the risk of bias is performed. The results from multiple studies can be combined using meta-analysis. Meta-analysis provides a summary effect size, and allows heterogeneity of effect among studies to be quantified and explored. These evidence synthesis approaches can provide scientific input to evidence-based clinical decision-making for veterinarians and regulatory bodies, and also can be useful for identifying gaps in the literature to enhance the efficiency of future research in a topic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
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7
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Jiang Z, Paudyal N, Xu Y, Deng T, Li F, Pan H, Peng X, He Q, Yue M. Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Recovered From Finishing Pigs and Slaughter Facilities in Henan, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1513. [PMID: 31333618 PMCID: PMC6622357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in commercial pig farming, there is a simultaneous increase in the use of antibiotics for prophylaxis as well as therapeutics in China. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence and resistance diversity of salmonellae isolated from feces of asymptomatic, live and slaughtered pigs. We analyzed 1,732 pig fecal samples collected over 8 months, at Henan province of China. The salmonellae were isolated and identified by PCR. They were serotyped using commercial antisera and assayed for the MIC of 16 antibiotics by broth microdilution method. The average prevalence of Salmonella was 19.4% (95% CI: 17.6–21.4). Large farms (herd size ≥1,000) were found to have a higher prevalence as compared to the small- and medium-scale farms (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of salmonellae in samples collected from the farms [11.77% (95% CI: 10.1–13.6)] and from the slaughterhouse [45.23% (95% CI: 40.3–50.30)] was statistically different (p < 0.0001). Uncommon serovars of Salmonella such as Agama and common serovars such as Derby and Typhimurium were isolated. High resistance (>80%) was recorded toward ciprofloxacin (100%), tetracycline (99.4%), doxycycline (97%), sulfamethoxazole (85.8%), ampicillin (81.6%), and amoxicillin (80.4%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) to four, five, and seven classes of antibiotics was recorded to be approximately 25% in the most prevalent serovar like Derby. We conclude that the presence of alarmingly high resistance, toward the critical antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and beta-lactams, in large swine farms in China, should draw public attention. These results highlight the need for continued antibiotic stewardship programs for judicious use of critical antibiotics in animal health as well as for producing safe pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghai Jiang
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Narayan Paudyal
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yaohui Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tongwei Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianqi Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qigai He
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Yuan C, Krull A, Wang C, Erdman M, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Logue CM, O'Connor AM. Changes in the prevalence of Salmonella serovars associated swine production and correlations of avian, bovine and swine-associated serovars with human-associated serovars in the United States (1997-2015). Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:648-661. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Yuan
- Department of Statistics; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - A. Krull
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - C. Wang
- Department of Statistics; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - M. Erdman
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory; National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA-APHIS; Ames IA USA
| | - P. J. Fedorka-Cray
- US Department of Agriculture; Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit; Russell Research Center; Athens GA USA
| | - C. M. Logue
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - A. M. O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
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9
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Alborali GL, Ruggeri J, Pesciaroli M, Martinelli N, Chirullo B, Ammendola S, Battistoni A, Ossiprandi MC, Corradi A, Pasquali P. Prime-boost vaccination with attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium ΔznuABC and inactivated Salmonella Choleraesuis is protective against Salmonella Choleraesuis challenge infection in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:284. [PMID: 28893256 PMCID: PMC5594465 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) infection causes a systemic disease in pigs. Vaccination could represent a solution to reduce prevalence in farms. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC) against S. Choleraesuis infection. The vaccination protocol combined priming with attenuated S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC vaccine and boost with an inactivated S. Choleraesuis vaccine and we compared the protection conferred to that induced by an inactivated S. Choleraesuis vaccine. Methods The first group of piglets was orally vaccinated with S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC and boosted with inactivated S. Choleraesuis, the second one was intramuscularly vaccinated with S. Choleraesuis inactivated vaccine and the third group of piglets was unvaccinated. All groups of animals were challenged with a virulent S. Choleraesuis strain at day 35 post vaccination. Results The results showed that the vaccination protocol, priming with S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC and boosted with inactivated S. Choleraesuis, applied to group A was able to limit weight loss, fever and organs colonization, arising from infection with virulent S. Choleraesuis, more effectively, than the prime-boost vaccination with homologous S. Choleraesuis inactivated vaccine (group B). Conclusion In conclusion, these research findings extend the validity of attenuated S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC strain as a useful mucosal vaccine against S. Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis pig infection. The development of combined vaccination protocols can have a diffuse administration in field conditions because animals are generally infected with different concomitant serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna], 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Jessica Ruggeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna], 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Pesciaroli
- FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.,UCM-UPM, Campus Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna], 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Casanova-Higes A, Andrés-Barranco S, Mainar-Jaime RC. Effect of the addition of protected sodium butyrate to the feed on Salmonella spp. infection dynamics in fattening pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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de la Cruz ML, Conrado I, Nault A, Perez A, Dominguez L, Alvarez J. Vaccination as a control strategy against Salmonella infection in pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:86-94. [PMID: 28340428 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Consumption or handling of improperly processed or cooked pork is considered one of the top sources for foodborne salmonellosis, a common cause of intestinal disease worldwide. Asymptomatic carrier pigs may contaminate pork at slaughtering; therefore, pre-harvest reduction of Salmonella load can contribute to reduce public health risk. Multiple studies have evaluated the impact of vaccination on controlling Salmonella in swine farms, but results are highly variable due to the heterogeneity in vaccines and vaccination protocols. Here, we report the results of an inclusive systematic review and a meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed scientific literature to provide updated knowledge on the potential effectiveness of Salmonella vaccination. A total of 126 articles describing the use of Salmonella vaccines in swine were identified, of which 44 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies (36/44) used live vaccines, and S. Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis were the predominant serotypes evaluated. Vaccine efficacy was most often measured through bacteriological isolation, and pooled estimates of vaccine efficacy were obtained as the difference in the percentage of positive animals when available. Attenuated and inactivated vaccines had similar efficacy [Risk Difference=-26.8% (-33.8, -19.71) and -29.5% (-44.4, -14.5), respectively]. No serotype effect was observed on the efficacy recorded for attenuated vaccines; however, a higher efficacy of inactivated vaccines against S. Choleraesuis was observed, though in a reduced sample. Results from the meta-analysis here demonstrate the impact that vaccination may have on the control of Salmonella in swine farms and could help in the design of programs to minimize the risk of transmission of certain serotypes through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L de la Cruz
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040Madrid, Spain
| | - I Conrado
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - A Nault
- Veterinary Medical Library, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - A Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - L Dominguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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12
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Tran THT, Everaert N, Bindelle J. Review on the effects of potential prebiotics on controlling intestinal enteropathogens Salmonella and Escherichia coli in pig production. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 102:17-32. [PMID: 28028851 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotypes (Salmonella sp.) are the second cause of bacterial foodborne zoonoses in humans after campylobacteriosis. Pork is the third most important cause for outbreak-associated salmonellosis, and colibacillosis is the most important disease in piglets and swine. Attachment to host cells, translocation of effector proteins into host cells, invasion and replication in tissues are the vital virulence steps of these pathogens that help them to thrive in the intestinal environment and invade tissues. Feed contamination is an important source for Salmonella infection in pig production. Many on-farm feeding strategies intervene to avoid the introduction of pathogens onto the farm by contaminated feeds or to reduce infection pressure when pathogens are present. Among the latter, prebiotics could be effective at protecting against these enteric bacterial pathogens. Nowadays, a wide range of molecules can potentially serve as prebiotics. Here, we summarize the prevalence of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli in pigs, understanding of the mechanisms by which pathogens can cause disease, the feed related to pathogen contamination in pigs and detail the mechanisms on which prebiotics are likely to act in order to fulfil their protective action against these pathogens in pig production. Many different mechanisms involve the inhibition of Salmonella and E. coli by prebiotics such as coating the host surface, modulation of intestinal ecology, downregulating the expression of adhesin factors or virulence genes, reinforcing the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H T Tran
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium.,AgricultureIsLife, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium.,AgricultureIsLife, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - J Bindelle
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium.,AgricultureIsLife, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
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14
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Lebel P, Letellier A, Longpré J, Laplante B, Yergeau E, Fravalo P. Feed presentation options in Swine early fattening mitigates Salmonella shedding and specifically modulates the faecal microbiota. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:30-39. [PMID: 27684482 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The object of this study was to determine the impact of only modifying the processing and/or particle size of pig feed on Salmonella shedding and faecal microbiota. METHODS AND RESULTS Pigs were fed a diet that varied only by their processing (pellet or mash) and their particle size (500, 750 or 1250 μm) for 21 days. Salmonella detection in faeces and seroconversion were determined. Faecal microbiota was assessed by Ion Torrent amplicon sequencing and real-time PCR. Significantly fewer pigs (P < 0·05) shed Salmonella in the groups fed mash 500 (1) and mash or pellet 1250 (5 each) compared to the commercial reference group (15) fed pellet 500. Both mash processing and large particle size raised the proportion and number of bacteria from the Bifidobacterium genus in the faecal microbiota of the pigs. Thirteen other taxa significantly varied (P < 0·0005) with feed presentation. CONCLUSION Mash processing and/or large particle size in pig feed reduces Salmonella shedding prevalence and promotes beneficial populations of digestive microbiota. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first to demonstrate a difference in Salmonella shedding through only modifying pig feed presentation and is the first to extensively describe modifications of faecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lebel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Avian Infectious Disease Research Centre (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Letellier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Avian Infectious Disease Research Centre (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Longpré
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Avian Infectious Disease Research Centre (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - B Laplante
- F. Ménard Inc., Ange-Gardien, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Yergeau
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
| | - P Fravalo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Avian Infectious Disease Research Centre (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for effectiveness of primary production interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Prev Vet Med 2016; 147:213-225. [PMID: 27993401 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (hereafter referred to as Salmonella) on beef and pork is an important cause of foodborne illness and death globally. A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce Salmonella prevalence or concentration in beef and pork was undertaken. A broad search was conducted in Scopus and CAB abstracts. Each citation was appraised using screening tools tested a priori. Level 1 relevance screening excluded irrelevant citations; level 2 confirmed relevance and categorized studies. Data were then extracted, and intervention categories were descriptively summarized. Meta-analysis was performed to provide a summary estimate of treatment effect where two or more studies investigated the same intervention in comparable populations. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the confidence in the estimated measures of intervention effect for data subgroups.
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16
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Young I, Wilhelm BJ, Cahill S, Nakagawa R, Desmarchelier P, Rajić A. A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Slaughter and Processing Interventions to Control Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Beef and Pork. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2196-2210. [PMID: 28104927 PMCID: PMC5238939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pork is one of the major food sources of human salmonellosis worldwide, while beef products have been implicated in numerous foodborne outbreaks. As a result, effective interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination during beef and pork processing are of interest to both regulators and industry. We conducted a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of literature investigating the efficacy of slaughter and processing interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Review steps included: a comprehensive search strategy; relevance screening of abstracts; relevance confirmation of articles; data extraction; risk-of-bias assessment; meta-analysis (where appropriate); and a weight-of-evidence assessment. A total of 191 relevant experimental studies were identified. Two controlled trials indicated that hot water and steam treatments are effective at reducing the prevalence of Salmonella on beef carcasses (relative risk [RR] = 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.58), while four trials found that pre-chill organic acid washes are effective at reducing Salmonella on pork carcasses (RR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.78), with high confidence in the estimates of effect. Four quasi-experimental studies found that post-exsanguination chemical washes were effective to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on cattle hides, with low confidence in the specific estimate of effect; moderate confidence was found for the effect estimates of scalding (RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.29) and singeing (RR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.52) of pork carcasses. The overall evidence supported enhanced reductions of Salmonella through a multiple-hurdle approach. In conclusion, various slaughter and processing interventions can contribute to reducing Salmonella on beef and pork carcasses, depending on the context of application; an appropriate combination should be selected, validated, and verified by establishment operators within their local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, POD 249, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Barbara J Wilhelm
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Cahill
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Rei Nakagawa
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrijana Rajić
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
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17
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Dang-Xuan S, Nguyen-Viet H, Unger F, Pham-Duc P, Grace D, Tran-Thi N, Barot M, Pham-Thi N, Makita K. Quantitative risk assessment of human salmonellosis in the smallholder pig value chains in urban of Vietnam. Int J Public Health 2016; 62:93-102. [PMID: 27837223 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-016-0921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify salmonellosis risk in humans through consumption of boiled pork in urban Hung Yen Province, Vietnam, using a quantitative microbial risk assessment. METHODS We collected 302 samples along the pork value chain in Hung Yen between April 2014 and February 2015. We developed a model in @Risk, based on microbiological, market, and household surveys on cooking, cross-contamination and consumption, and conducted sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Salmonella prevalence of pen floor swabs, slaughterhouse carcasses and cut pork were 33.3, 41.7 and 44.4%, respectively. The annual incidence rate of salmonellosis in humans was estimated to be 17.7% (90% CI 0.89-45.96). Parameters with the greatest influence risk were household pork handling practice followed by prevalence in pork sold in the central market. Wide confidence interval in the incidence estimate was mainly due to the variability in the degree of reduction in bacteria concentration by cooking, and pork consumption pattern. CONCLUSIONS The risk of salmonellosis in humans due to boiled pork consumption appears to be high. Control measures may include improving the safety of retailed pork and improving household hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinh Dang-Xuan
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuc Pham-Duc
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ngan Tran-Thi
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Max Barot
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Pham-Thi
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kohei Makita
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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18
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Meta-analysis, the statistical combination of results from multiple studies, can be used to summarize all of the available research on an intervention, etiology, descriptive, or diagnostic test accuracy question. Meta-analysis should be conducted as a component of a systematic review, to increase transparency in the selection of studies and to incorporate an evaluation of the risk of bias in the individual studies included in the meta-analysis. The process of meta-analysis may include a forest plot to graphically display the study results and the calculation of a weighted average summary effect size. Heterogeneity (differences in the effect size between studies) can be evaluated using formal statistics and the reasons for heterogeneity can be explored using sub-group analysis or meta-regression. Thus, meta-analysis may be a useful methodology for preharvest food safety research to aid in policy or clinical decision-making or to provide input to quantitative risk assessment or other models.
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19
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Andres VM, Davies RH. Biosecurity Measures to Control Salmonella and Other Infectious Agents in Pig Farms: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Andres
- Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - Rob H. Davies
- Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
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20
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Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM. Conducting systematic reviews of intervention questions II: Relevance screening, data extraction, assessing risk of bias, presenting the results and interpreting the findings. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 61 Suppl 1:39-51. [PMID: 24905995 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This is the fifth in a series of six articles describing systematic reviews in animal agriculture and veterinary medicine. The previous articles in this series overviewed the development of a review protocol and the initial steps in conducting a systematic review: identification of a structured question to be answered and conducting a comprehensive literature search to find potentially relevant original research to address the review question. This article describes relevance screening of literature identified in the search to determine which of the original research articles are relevant to the review question, data extraction from primary research studies, the use of standardized procedures to assess the risk of bias in the relevant research studies, presenting the results of the body of research identified and interpreting these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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Young I, Smith BA, Fazil A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of extreme weather events and other weather-related variables on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh surface waters. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:1-17. [PMID: 25719461 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to impact drinking water quality through multiple weather-related phenomena. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between various weather-related variables and the occurrence and concentration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh surface waters. We implemented a comprehensive search in four databases, screened 1,228 unique citations for relevance, extracted data from 107 relevant articles, and conducted random-effects meta-analysis on 16 key relationships. The average odds of identifying Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in fresh surface waters was 2.61 (95% CI = 1.63-4.21; I² = 16%) and 2.87 (95% CI = 1.76-4.67; I² = 0%) times higher, respectively, during and after extreme weather events compared to baseline conditions. Similarly, the average concentration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia identified under these conditions was also higher, by approximately 4.38 oocysts/100 L (95% CI = 2.01-9.54; I(2) = 0%) and 2.68 cysts/100 L (95% CI = 1.08-6.55; I² = 48%). Correlation relationships between other weather-related parameters and the density of these pathogens were frequently heterogeneous and indicated low to moderate effects. Meta-regression analyses identified different study-level factors that influenced the variability in these relationships. The results can be used as direct inputs for quantitative microbial risk assessment. Future research is warranted to investigate these effects and potential mitigation strategies in different settings and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 206, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5B2 E-mail:
| | - Ben A Smith
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 206, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5B2 E-mail:
| | - Aamir Fazil
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 206, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5B2 E-mail:
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22
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Young I, Gropp K, Fazil A, Smith BA. Knowledge synthesis to support risk assessment of climate change impacts on food and water safety: A case study of the effects of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters and harvest waters. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Young I, Waddell L, Sanchez J, Wilhelm B, McEwen SA, Rajić A. The application of knowledge synthesis methods in agri-food public health: recent advancements, challenges and opportunities. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:339-55. [PMID: 24485274 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge synthesis refers to the integration of findings from individual research studies on a given topic or question into the global knowledge base. The application of knowledge synthesis methods, particularly systematic reviews and meta-analysis, has increased considerably in the agri-food public health sector over the past decade and this trend is expected to continue. The objectives of our review were: (1) to describe the most promising knowledge synthesis methods and their applicability in agri-food public health, and (2) to summarize the recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the use of systematic review and meta-analysis methods in this sector. We performed a structured review of knowledge synthesis literature from various disciplines to address the first objective, and used comprehensive insights and experiences in applying these methods in the agri-food public health sector to inform the second objective. We describe five knowledge synthesis methods that can be used to address various agri-food public health questions or topics under different conditions and contexts. Scoping reviews describe the main characteristics and knowledge gaps in a broad research field and can be used to evaluate opportunities for prioritizing focused questions for related systematic reviews. Structured rapid reviews are streamlined systematic reviews conducted within a short timeframe to inform urgent decision-making. Mixed-method and qualitative reviews synthesize diverse sources of contextual knowledge (e.g. socio-cognitive, economic, and feasibility considerations). Systematic reviews are a structured and transparent method used to summarize and synthesize literature on a clearly-defined question, and meta-analysis is the statistical combination of data from multiple individual studies. We briefly describe and discuss key advancements in the use of systematic reviews and meta-analysis, including: risk-of-bias assessments; an overall quality-of-evidence approach; engagement of stakeholders; Bayesian, multivariate, and network meta-analysis; and synthesis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. We also highlight several challenges and opportunities in the conduct of systematic reviews (e.g. inclusion of grey literature, minimizing language bias, and optimizing search strategies) and meta-analysis (e.g. inclusion of observational studies and approaches to address the insufficient reporting of data and significant heterogeneity). Many of these developments have yet to be comprehensively applied and evaluated in an agri-food public health context, and more research is needed in this area. There is a need to strengthen knowledge synthesis capacity and infrastructure at the regional, national, and international levels in this sector to ensure that the best available knowledge is used to inform future decision-making about agri-food public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5B2; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Lisa Waddell
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5B2; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Barbara Wilhelm
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Scott A McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Andrijana Rajić
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1; Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma 00153, Italy
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24
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Foss DL, Agin TS, Bade D, Dearwester DA, Jolie R, Keich RL, Lohse RM, Reed M, Rosey EL, Schneider PA, Taylor LP, Willy MS. Protective immunity to Salmonella enterica is partially serogroup specific. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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