1
|
Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, Railey AF, McIntyre KM, Mayberry DE, Rushton J, Pendell DL, Marsh TL. Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168649. [PMID: 37795016 PMCID: PMC10546065 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases in production and subsistence environments have the potential to negatively affect consumers, producers, and economies as a whole. A growing global demand for animal sourced food requires safe and efficient production systems. Understanding the burden of animal disease and the distribution of burden throughout a value chain informs policy that promotes safe consumption and efficient markets, as well as providing more effective pathways for investment. This paper surveys existing knowledge on the burden of animal disease across economic categories of production, prevention and treatment, animal welfare, and trade and regulation. Our scoping review covers 192 papers across peer-reviewed journals and reports published by organizations. We find there exists a gap in knowledge in evaluating what the global burdens of animal diseases are and how these burdens are distributed in value chains. We also point to a need for creating an analytical framework based on established methods that guides future evaluation of animal disease burden, which will provide improved access to information on animal health impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kappes
- The Lewin Group, Falls Church, VA, United States
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Takesure Tozooneyi
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Golam Shakil
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ashley F. Railey
- Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Modelling, Evidence and Policy Group, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institution of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dustin L. Pendell
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Thomas L. Marsh
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iles R, Choi Y, Kagundu S, Gatumu H. Estimating Willingness-to-Pay for a Livestock Vaccine Among the Marginalized: The Role of Reflective Thought in Discrete Choice Experiments. Prev Vet Med 2022; 201:105592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
3
|
Negash W, Dubie T. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: Seroprevalence and its associated risk factors in selected districts of Afar region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1671-1677. [PMID: 34255430 PMCID: PMC8464297 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pastoral and lowland areas of the country particularly in Afar region, studies suggested higher prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) than mid and highland agro-ecologies. Though CBPP is a prime constraint to cattle productivity in the region, research outputs pertaining to CBPP are unavailable compared to highland areas. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to determine seroprevalence of CBPP and assess risk factors in selected districts of Afar region. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle aged 6 months and above from February 2018 to January 2019 in selected districts of the region. A total of 420 blood samples were collected and sera were separated for further serologic analysis. Using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony (MmmSc) were detected at National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia. Data were analysed using Stata version 14.0. RESULT Of 420 samples tested by c-ELISA, 158 samples were found to be positive for CBPP providing an overall seroprevalence of 37.6%. Among the three risk factors considered (age, sex and district) assessed, only two (age and district) were found to be associated significantly with the disease (p < 0.05) at 95% CI and p-value less than 5% applying logistic regression. CONCLUSION The study has revealed a higher prevalence of CBPP over the study areas urging a coordinated act to be set in place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wossene Negash
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Teshager Dubie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farmers' preference and willingness to pay for a multivalent lumpy skin disease and Rift Valley fever novel vaccine: A discrete choice experiment in the Free State province, South Africa. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105293. [PMID: 33631510 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever and lumpy skin disease are infectious ruminant diseases that are endemic in most African countries. The most cost-effective method of prevention and control is through annual vaccination. However, unlike lumpy skin disease, annual vaccination against Rift Valley fever is not practiced by many farmers due to its sporadic occurrences and shortcoming of the existing vaccines. This necessitates development of novel vaccines that would provide dual protection against a Rift Valley fever and a more prevalent disease. In this study, a discrete choice experiment was undertaken to guide vaccine development by examining the value smallholder livestock farmers place on different vaccine attributes and related attribute levels. The attributes considered are target-species, thermotolerance, nature of the vaccine, efficacy and price. The study was carried out with 164 smallholder livestock farmers in the Free State province. Results indicate that thermostaility is not a major deciding attribute to smallholder farmer's choice of vaccine. Farmers prefer multivalent vaccines, which are highly efficacious with about 90-100 % efficacy levels. Farmers were found to be heterogeneous in preference. The heterogeneity is explained by socio-economic factors such as type of livestock owned, income level, gender and perceived disease risk. Farmers were also willing to pay for preferred attribute levels. However, for less favourable levels such as multispecies, female farmers were willing to accept a lower compensation than males. These findings present a favourable potential for development of a novel multivalent vaccine and also provide vaccine research and development scientists with evidence based knowledge for development of vaccines that cater for the needs of smallholder farmers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Information sharing and willingness-to-pay for CBPP vaccine in rural Kenya. Vaccine 2019; 37:1659-1666. [PMID: 30782491 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The study estimates cattle owners' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine in Samburu county, Kenya. Of particular policy relevance, the study presents findings on WTP for i) improved access to vaccines and ii) timely access to disease-risk information. The mean price for a CBPP vaccine was estimated at KES 66 (USD 0.64). This price relates to a CBPP vaccine that requires a 1.8 h commute, cattle owners' receipt of timely information that the CBPP disease risk is low-moderate and the vaccine lowers the risk of either tail-drop or post-vaccine abortion. The conditional WTP for mean travel duration and high-risk information are similar at KES 53.9 and KES 51.5. The marginal effect on demand for a 1 h additional travel duration and provision of CBPP disease risk information was estimated as a 1.5 per cent reduction and 2.3 increase. The results of this study indicate that cattle owners value greater levels of knowledge concerning the changing risk profile of CBPP in their community and improved access to CBPP vaccination services. Enhanced engagement with cattle owners concerning CBPP would likely result in a greater utilisation of available CBPP vaccines, conditional on the perceived CBPP disease risk.
Collapse
|
6
|
Suleiman A, Jackson E, Rushton J. Perceptions, circumstances and motivators affecting the implementation of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia control programmes in Nigerian Fulani pastoral herds. Prev Vet Med 2017; 149:67-74. [PMID: 29290302 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious disease of cattle which substantially contributes to poor productivity of the sub-Saharan pastoral livestock sector. In Nigeria and most of the West African countries, limited public funding for CBPP control have necessitated farmers to bear a bigger burden of managing the disease. Understanding the factors influencing decision of farmers to implement disease control programmes is therefore a key element in informing future policies aimed at improving CBPP management. This study explored perceptions of Nigerian Fulani pastoral herdsmen on the responsibility for cattle healthcare, and identified their circumstances and motivations in implementing CBPP management programmes. Field data were collected from 191 pastoral farmers using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. The results indicated that younger farmers were more likely than their older counterpart to accept the responsibility for CBPP management (p<0.01). This may signal future prospects for improved CBPP management where upcoming farmers could be encouraged to implement CBPP control programmes and uphold the costs. 13.6% of the farmers had no intention of implementing any CBPP control programme on farm, while 81.2% either had a positive intention or implemented at least one programme aimed at controlling CBPP. Intention to implement CBPP control programmes was significantly associated with educational attainment of farmers (p<0.01) and their access to CBPP control services offered by trained veterinarians (p<0.01). Farmers with negative attitudes towards implementing CBPP control programmes could be motivated to change their perspectives by advice from trusted sources and improved access to veterinary services. Conversely, farmers with positive attitudes towards implementing CBPP control programmes were more likely to be motivated by affordable veterinary services and advocacy on specific CBPP control programmes. As such, the former group of farmers will be more likely to benefit from programmes which focus on providing credible information from trusted sources, such as extension agents, veterinarians or successful peers. On the contrary, interventions targeting the latter group of farmers should prioritize cost-effective delivery of improved CBPP control technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Suleiman
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Main Campus, Zaria, Nigeria; National Consultant Livestock Livelihoods, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 7B Government House Road, Old GRA, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
| | - Elizabeth Jackson
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Senior Lecturer in Supply Chain Management & Logistics, School of Information Systems, Curtin Business School, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kairu-Wanyoike S, Taylor N, Heffernan C, Kiara H. Micro-economic analysis of the potential impact of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and its control by vaccination in Narok district of Kenya. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
8
|
Ssematimba A, Jores J, Mariner JC. Mathematical modelling of the transmission dynamics of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia reveals minimal target profiles for improved vaccines and diagnostic assays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116730. [PMID: 25668725 PMCID: PMC4323249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a cattle disease that has hampered the development of the livestock sector in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, vaccination with a live vaccine strain is its recommended control measure although unofficial antimicrobial use is widely practiced. Here, modelling techniques are used to assess the potential impact of early elimination of infected cattle via accurate diagnosis on CBPP dynamics. A herd-level stochastic epidemiological model explicitly incorporating test sensitivity and specificity is developed. Interventions by annual vaccination, annual testing and elimination and a combination of both are implemented in a stepwise manner and their effectiveness compared by running 1000 simulations per intervention over ten years. The model predicts that among the simulated interventions, the ones likely to eliminate the disease from an isolated herd all involved annual vaccination of more than 75% of the animals with a vaccine that protects for at least 18 months combined with annual testing (and elimination of positive reactors) of 75% of the animals every six months after vaccination. The highest probability of disease elimination was 97.5% and this could occur within a median of 2.3 years. Generally, our model predicts that regular testing and elimination of positive reactors using improved tests will play a significant role in minimizing CBPP burden especially in the current situation where improved vaccines are yet to be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos Ssematimba
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Joerg Jores
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey C. Mariner
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Rd. North Grafton, MA, United States of America 01536
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Willingness to pay for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccination in Narok South District of Kenya. Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:130-42. [PMID: 24774477 PMCID: PMC4062942 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
About two-thirds of farmers in Narok South District of Kenya were willing to pay while one-third needed compensation to accept the preferred vaccine and vaccination. The WTP for preferred vaccine and vaccination was high but since there was high level of uncertainty, further WTP studies are needed. Willingness to pay for preferred vaccine and vaccination attributes and for the entire profiles was influenced by various farmer demographics and household characteristics. Vaccination against CBPP was economically worthwhile using all programmes investigated.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an economically important trans-boundary cattle disease which affects food security and livelihoods. A conjoint analysis–contingent valuation was carried out on 190 households in Narok South District of Kenya to measure willingness to pay (WTP) and demand for CBPP vaccine and vaccination as well as factors affecting WTP. The mean WTP was calculated at Kenya Shillings (KSh) 212.48 (USD 3.03) for vaccination using a vaccine with the characteristics that were preferred by the farmers (preferred vaccine and vaccination) and KSh −71.45 (USD −1.02) for the currently used vaccine and vaccination. The proportion of farmers willing to pay an amount greater than zero was 66.7% and 34.4% for the preferred and current vaccine and vaccination respectively. About one third (33.3%) of farmers would need to be compensated an average amount of KSh 1162.62 (USD 13.68) per animal to allow their cattle to be vaccinated against CBPP using the preferred vaccine and vaccination. About two-thirds (65.6%) of farmers would need to be compensated an average amount of KSh 853.72 (USD 12.20) per animal to allow their cattle to be vaccinated against CBPP using the current vaccine and vaccination. The total amount of compensation would be KSh 61.39 million (USD 0.88 million) for the preferred vaccine and vaccination and KSh 90.15 million (USD 1.29 million) for the current vaccine and vaccination. Demand curves drawn from individual WTP demonstrated that only 59% and 27% of cattle owners with a WTP greater than zero were willing to pay a benchmark cost of KSh 34.60 for the preferred and current vaccine respectively. WTP was negatively influenced by the attitude about household economic situation (p = 0.0078), presence of cross breeds in the herd (p < 0.0001) and years since CBPP had been experienced in the herd (p = 0.0375). It was positively influenced by education (p = 0.0251) and the practice of treating against CBPP (p = 0.0432). The benefit cost ratio (BCR) for CBPP vaccination was 2.9–6.1 depending on the vaccination programme. In conclusion, although a proportion of farmers was willing to pay, participation levels may be lower than those required to interrupt transmission of CBPP. Households with characteristics that influence WTP negatively need persuasion to participate in CBPP vaccination. It is economically worthwhile to vaccinate against CBPP. A benefit cost analysis (BCA) using aggregated WTP as benefits can be used as an alternative method to the traditional BCA which uses avoided production losses (new revenue) and costs saved as benefits.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kairu-Wanyoike SW, Kiara H, Heffernan C, Kaitibie S, Gitau GK, McKeever D, Taylor NM. Control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices in Narok district of Kenya. Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:143-56. [PMID: 24768437 PMCID: PMC4062945 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pastoralists had traditional disease coping mechanisms. Some pastoralists had no knowledge of any prevention method and others would not know what to do or would do nothing in the event of an outbreak. Pastoralists perceived vaccination to be the solution to CBPP but vaccination was irregular. Vaccination exhibited adverse post-vaccination reactions and consequently 25.2% of pastoralists may resist subsequent vaccinations against CBPP. Pastoralists preferred CBPP vaccination at certain times of the year and that it is combined with other vaccinations.
CBPP is an important transboundary disease in sub-Saharan Africa whose control is urgent. Participatory data collection involving 52 focus group discussions in 37 village clusters and key informant interviews, a cross-sectional study involving 232 households and a post-vaccination follow up involving 203 households was carried out in 2006–2007 in Narok South district of Kenya. This was to investigate knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices (KAPP) associated with control of CBPP as well as the adverse post-vaccination reactions in animals in order to advice the control policy. The community perceived trans-boundary CBPP threat to their cattle. They had traditional disease coping mechanisms and were conversant with CBPP prevention and control with 49.8% (95%CI: 42.8–56.7%) giving priority to CBPP control. However, 12.9% (95%CI: 9.0–18.1%) of pastoralists had no knowledge of any prevention method and 10.0% (95%CI: 6.5–14.7%) would not know what to do or would do nothing in the event of an outbreak. Although 43.5% (95%CI: 37.1–50.2%) of pastoralists were treating CBPP cases with antimicrobials, 62.5% (95%CI: 52.1–71.7%) of them doubted the effectiveness of the treatments. Pastoralists perceived vaccination to be the solution to CBPP but vaccination was irregular due to unavailability of the vaccine. Vaccination was mainly to control outbreaks rather than preventive and exhibited adverse post-vaccination reactions among 70.4% (95%CI: 63.6–76.5%) of herds and 3.8% (95%CI: 3.5–4.2%) of animals. Consequently, nearly 25.2% (95%CI: 18.5–33.2%) of pastoralists may resist subsequent vaccinations against CBPP. Pastoralists preferred CBPP vaccination at certain times of the year and that it is combined with other vaccinations. In conclusion, pastoralists were not fully aware of the preventive measures and interventions and post-vaccination reactions may discourage subsequent CBPP vaccinations. Consequently there is need for monitoring and management of post vaccination reactions and awareness creation on CBPP prevention and interventions and their merits and demerits. CBPP vaccine was largely unavailable to the pastoralists and the preference of the pastoralists was for vaccination at specified times and vaccine combinations which makes it necessary to avail the vaccine in conformity with the pastoralists preferences. In addition, planning vaccinations should involve pastoralists and neighbouring countries. As the results cannot be generalized, further studies on CBPP control methods and their effectiveness are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W Kairu-Wanyoike
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 217, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - H Kiara
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - C Heffernan
- University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 217, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - S Kaitibie
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - G K Gitau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - D McKeever
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
| | - N M Taylor
- University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 217, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|