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Akram N, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. The Immune Response to the Myxozoan Parasite Myxobolus cerebralis in Salmonids: A Review on Whirling Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17392. [PMID: 38139218 PMCID: PMC10743445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonids are affected by the economically significant whirling disease (WD) caused by the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis. In the past, it was endemic to Eurasia, but it has now spread to different regions of North America, Europe, New Zealand, and South Africa. Among salmonids, rainbow trout is considered the most highly susceptible host. Upon entering to the host's body, the parasite invades the spine and cranium, resulting in whirling behaviour, a blackened tail, and destruction of cartilage. The disease is characterized by the infiltration of numerous inflammatory cells, primarily lymphocytes and macrophages, with the onset of fibrous tissue infiltration. Several efforts have been undertaken to investigate the role of various immune modulatory molecules and immune regulatory genes using advanced molecular methods including flow cytometry and transcriptional techniques. Investigation of the molecular and cellular responses, the role of STAT3 in Th17 cell differentiation, and the inhibitory actions of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) on interferons and interleukins, as well as the role of natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (Nramp) in WD have significantly contributed to our understanding of the immune regulation mechanism in salmonids against M. cerebralis. This review thoroughly highlights previous research and discusses potential future directions for understanding the molecular immune response of salmonids and the possible development of prophylactic approaches against WD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (N.A.)
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Páez DJ, LaDeau SL, Breyta R, Kurath G, Naish KA, Ferguson PFB. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus specialization in a multihost salmonid system. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1841-1853. [PMID: 32908589 PMCID: PMC7463311 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens interact and evolve in communities where more than one host species is present, yet our understanding of host-pathogen specialization is mostly informed by laboratory studies with single species. Managing diseases in the wild, however, requires understanding how host-pathogen specialization affects hosts in diverse communities. Juvenile salmonid mortality in hatcheries caused by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has important implications for salmonid conservation programs. Here, we evaluate evidence for IHNV specialization on three salmonid hosts and assess how this influences intra- and interspecific transmission in hatchery-reared salmonids. We expect that while more generalist viral lineages should pose an equal risk of infection across host types, viral specialization will increase intraspecific transmission. We used Bayesian models and data from 24 hatcheries in the Columbia River Basin to reconstruct the exposure history of hatcheries with two IHNV lineages, MD and UC, allowing us to estimate the probability of juvenile infection with these lineages in three salmonid host types. Our results show that lineage MD is specialized on steelhead trout and perhaps rainbow trout (both Oncorhynchus mykiss), whereas lineage UC displayed a generalist phenotype across steelhead trout, rainbow trout, and Chinook salmon. Furthermore, our results suggest the presence of specialist-generalist trade-offs because, while lineage UC had moderate probabilities of infection across host types, lineage MD had a small probability of infection in its nonadapted host type, Chinook salmon. Thus, in addition to quantifying probabilities of infection of socially and economically important salmonid hosts with different IHNV lineages, our results provide insights into the trade-offs that viral lineages incur in multihost communities. Our results suggest that knowledge of the specialist/generalist strategies of circulating viral lineages could be useful in salmonid conservation programs to control disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Páez
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabama
| | | | - Rachel Breyta
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Kerry A. Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
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Occurrence of two novel actinospore types (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) in fish farms in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1757-1764. [PMID: 29713902 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of oligochaetes in the life cycles of fresh water myxozoan parasites in Brazil. In a fish farm in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, we examined 192 oligochaetes and found that two (1%) released Aurantiactinomyxon type actinospores. We identified infected oligochaetes by morphology: both were Pristina synclites, from family Naididae. This is the first report of the involvement of this species in the life cycle of myxozoans. Small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of Aurantiactinomyxon type 1 (1882 nt) and Aurantiactinomyxon type 2 (1900 nt) did not match any previously sequenced myxozoan in the NCBI database, with the highest BLAST search similarities of 83% with Myxobolus batalhensis MF361090 and 93% with Henneguya maculosus KF296344, respectively, and the two aurantiactinomyxons were only 75% similar to each other (over ~ 1900 bases). Phylogenetic analyses showed that Aurantiactinomyxon type 1 had closest affinities with myxozoans from fish hosts in Order Characiformes, and Aurantiactinomyxon type 2 had affinities with myxozoans from fish of Order Siluriformes.
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Ivan LN, Brenden TO, Standish IF, Faisal M. Individual-based model evaluation of using vaccinated hatchery fish to minimize disease spread in wild fish populations. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lori N. Ivan
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences; College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Travis O. Brenden
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences; College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Isaac F. Standish
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences; College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
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Carraro L, Mari L, Hartikainen H, Strepparava N, Wahli T, Jokela J, Gatto M, Rinaldo A, Bertuzzo E. An epidemiological model for proliferative kidney disease in salmonid populations. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:487. [PMID: 27596616 PMCID: PMC5011885 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) affects salmonid populations in European and North-American rivers. It is caused by the endoparasitic myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, which exploits freshwater bryozoans and salmonids as hosts. Incidence and severity of PKD in brown trout populations have recently increased rapidly, causing a decline in fish catches and local extinctions in many river systems. PKD incidence and fish mortality are known to be enhanced by warmer water temperatures. Therefore, environmental change is feared to increase the severity of PKD outbreaks and extend the disease range to higher latitude and altitude regions. We present the first mathematical model regarding the epidemiology of PKD, including the complex life-cycle of its causative agent across multiple hosts. Methods A dynamical model of PKD epidemiology in riverine host populations is developed. The model accounts for local demographic and epidemiological dynamics of bryozoans and fish, explicitly incorporates the role of temperature, and couples intra-seasonal and inter-seasonal dynamics. The former are described in a continuous-time domain, the latter in a discrete-time domain. Stability and sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the key processes controlling parasite invasion and persistence. Results Stability analysis shows that, for realistic parameter ranges, a disease-free system is highly invasible, which implies that the introduction of the parasite in a susceptible community is very likely to trigger a disease outbreak. Sensitivity analysis shows that, when the disease is endemic, the impact of PKD outbreaks is mostly controlled by the rates of disease development in the fish population. Conclusions The developed mathematical model helps further our understanding of the modes of transmission of PKD in wild salmonid populations, and provides the basis for the design of interventions or mitigation strategies. It can also be used to project changes in disease severity and prevalence because of temperature regime shifts, and to guide field and laboratory experiments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1759-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carraro
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Hanna Hartikainen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Strepparava
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Universität Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Universität Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Rinaldo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertuzzo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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