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Morrison-Lanjouw S, Spijker R, Mughini-Gras L, Coutinho R, Chaber A, Leeflang M. A systematic review of the intercontinental movement of unregulated African meat imports into and through European border checkpoints. One Health 2023; 17:100599. [PMID: 37545542 PMCID: PMC10400923 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for biosurveillance of unregulated African meat imports at border points of entry in destination markets. This is underscored by recent pandemics linked to exotic wildlife products. Our objective was to catalog the quantity of meat that is informally transported from Africa into and through Europe often without any veterinary or sanitary checks. We searched and included peer-reviewed studies that contained data on the intercontinental movement of unregulated meat from the African continent. This was followed by an investigation of the reported contamination of such meat. We included fifteen airport studies with limited data on this topic. The references included in this review describe the quantity of meat found at border inspection posts and the presence of pathogens. Disease-causing pathogens were found to be present, and the results are organized into bacteria, virus, and parasite categories. The species of animal meat found in this review were linked to CITES-protected species some of which are known reservoir hosts for infectious diseases. This represents a potential and unquantified human health risk to populations along the supply chain, and a loss to biodiversity in supply countries. Meat samples described in this review were primarily found opportunistically by Customs officials, indicating that any estimate of the total quantities passing undetected through border checkpoints must remain tentative, and cannot rule out the possibility that it is indeed considerably higher. We propose a template for future studies regarding African meat imports at border points of entry. The result of this review illustrates a gap in knowledge and lacunae regarding the amount of unregulated African meat imports worldwide, the pathogens it may contain, and the resulting biodiversity loss that occurs from the intercontinental movement of this meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Morrison-Lanjouw
- University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU/Julius Center), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Spijker
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Amsterdam Public Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L. Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R.A. Coutinho
- University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU/Julius Center), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A.L. Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M. Leeflang
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bastianetto E, de Oliveira DAA, McManus C, Bagolin DDJ, Leite RC, de Melo CB. Genetic material from buffalo and cattle: crucial importance in the formalization of bilateral trade between India and Brazil. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200031. [PMID: 33791024 PMCID: PMC7995262 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade in live animals between India and Brazil dates from the late nineteenth century when European travellers traded animals of Indian origin for display in zoos. Considering the origin of coffee and sugar cane, as well as the expertise related to mineral evaluation, we need to consider that India was involved in important economic cycles of Brazil, even indirectly. This virtuous flow of trade has been maintained and intensified throughout modern history, especially after these two nations gained political independence from their colonisers, thereby becoming independent in mercantile affairs. This paper addresses the main points related to the use of animals of Indian origin in Brazil. We revisit some of the historical aspects of the process of colonisation of Brazil, as well as the importation of animals from India. The restrictions imposed on this process due to the occurrence of diseases in cattle and buffalo in India will be examined. At the end of the text, emphasis will be given to the risks of introducing exotic diseases into Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bastianetto
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Concepta McManus
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Jansen W, Müller A, Grabowski NT, Kehrenberg C, Muylkens B, Al Dahouk S. Foodborne diseases do not respect borders: Zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria in food products of animal origin illegally imported into the European Union. Vet J 2019; 244:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pereira JG, Soares VM, de Souza FG, Tadielo LE, Dos Santos EAR, Brum MCS, Henzel A, Duval EH, Spilki FR, da Silva WP. Hepatitis A Virus, Hepatitis E Virus, and Rotavirus in Foods of Animal Origin Traded at the Borders of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:365-372. [PMID: 30206760 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E (HEV), and rotavirus (RV) in fresh and processed meat traded on the border of Brazil with Argentina and Uruguay. In total, 159 samples of raw and processed foods of animal origin were collected in Paso de los Libres, Argentina (n = 53 raw meat, n = 24 processed meat) and Rivera, Uruguay (n = 55 raw meat, n = 18 processed meat), or were seized by the Brazilian International Agricultural Surveillance System-VIGIAGRO (Brazil-Argentina border) (n = 8 raw meat, n = 1 bush meat). All samples were tested for the presence of HAV, HEV, and RV genomes. HAV genes were detected in 18.23% of samples and RV genes in 23.89%. No HEV-positive samples were detected. HAV was also detected in two of the VIGIAGRO samples. Processed meats from Argentina and Uruguay had a higher rate of HAV and RV than raw meat (P > 0.05). The median HAV in the Argentinian and Uruguayan samples was 6.9 × 104 and 3.5 × 103 copies/g, respectively. The presence of RV viral genes in raw meats from Argentina was significant, and this was not observed in processed meats. The presence of HAV and RV genes in a significant portion of products from Argentina and Uruguay is a potential source of human infection. This also indicates precarious conditions of acquisition, processing, and manipulation, which could be improved by improved regulation of food across borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Gonçalves Pereira
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Campus de Botucatu, Rua Prof. Walter Maurício Correa, SN, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618681, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão. Avenida Eliseu Maciel, SN, Capão do Leão, RS, CEP 96010900, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Mendonça Soares
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana. BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97501970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gil de Souza
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93525075, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Ereno Tadielo
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana. BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97501970, Brazil
| | | | - Mário Celso Sperotto Brum
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana. BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97501970, Brazil
| | - Andreia Henzel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93525075, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Hallal Duval
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão. Avenida Eliseu Maciel, SN, Capão do Leão, RS, CEP 96010900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93525075, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão. Avenida Eliseu Maciel, SN, Capão do Leão, RS, CEP 96010900, Brazil.
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Pereira JG, Soares VM, Tadielo LE, dos Santos EAR, Lopes GV, da Cruz Payão Pellegrini D, Duval EH, da Silva WP. Foods introduced into Brazil through the border with Argentina and Uruguay: Pathogen detection and evaluation of hygienic-sanitary quality. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 283:22-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jaja IF, Green E, Muchenje V. Aerobic Mesophilic, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus Counts of Raw Meat from the Formal and Informal Meat Sectors in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040819. [PMID: 29690529 PMCID: PMC5923861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne disease (FBD) is a global public health concern, and foods from animal sources have been associated with outbreaks of food-related illness. In this study, animal carcasses from the two abattoirs (HT1 and HT2) in the formal meat sector (FMS) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (INMS) were examined at two stages of slaughter (before washing and after washing) for aerobic colony counts (ACC) and total viable count (TCC), as well as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus count. At each stage, carcasses were sampled by swabbing at the neck, brisket, flank, and rump. ACC for beef, mutton, and pork carcasses at HT1 and HT2 before washing were between 2.5–5.8, 2.2–4.7, and 2.7–3.7 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively, and TCC count before washing was highest on the neck of cattle (6.3 ± 2.4) and after washing was highest on the perineal of sheep (5.7 ± 6.9). In the INMS, TCC count was highest on the brisket (6.9 ± 3.2) and in the neck (5.5 ± 2.4). Higher ACC values of 6.2–6.7 mean log CFU/cm2 were obtained in the INMS. The highest count for E. coli (4.2 mean log CFU/cm2) after washing was in the neck, while the highest count for S. aureus (4.0 mean log CFU/cm2) was in the flank. All bacteria count in the INMS exceeded acceptable limits, and washing did not significantly reduce microbial load in meat in the FMS and INMS. Bacteria count in the FMS and INMS exceeded acceptable standards. However, meat processed in the INMS poses a more significant risk of FBD to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Voster Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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Pereira JG, Soares VM, Santos EAR, Tadielo LE, Pellegrini DCP, Duval EH, Silva WP. Profile of the Illegal Import of Products of Animal Origin to Brazilian Cities at the Border with Argentina and Uruguay. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1605-1612. [PMID: 28853626 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
International food transit is a risk to public and animal health when not subject to legal importation sanitation procedures. Due to the extensive border area, illegal food import in Brazil is a common practice, especially in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a state that borders with Argentina and Uruguay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of Brazilians living in cities in RS that border with Argentina (BR-AR) or Uruguay (BR-UR) regarding the practice of illegal import of products of animal origin and to determine associations between the population characteristics and illegal import. A questionnaire with information related to the personal profile, habits of acquisition of imported food, and knowledge of health risks deriving from the consumption of the imported products was elaborated. The questionnaire was administered in six cities in RS (three cities bordering Argentina and three cities bordering Uruguay) and responses were obtained from 744 individuals. The variables city, sex, level of education, and knowledge were subjected to the chi-square test to verify the association between these variables and food import. Part of the interviewees admitted to illegally importing products of animal origin at both BR-AR (65.17%) and BR-UR (76.28%) borders. Dairy products were the main imported goods, followed by raw and processed meat. The study revealed that illegal import is common at the frontier region of RS, especially that of products of animal origin, dairy, and raw and processed meat. Although illegal importation occurs at all the cities under study, it was higher at the BR-UR border. Also, knowledge of the health risks influences the decision to import food or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Pereira
- 1 Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Avenida Eliseu Maciel, s/n, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 96010900.,2 Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 97501970
| | - V M Soares
- 2 Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 97501970
| | - E A R Santos
- 2 Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 97501970
| | - L E Tadielo
- 2 Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 97501970
| | - D C P Pellegrini
- 2 Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 97501970
| | - E H Duval
- 1 Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Avenida Eliseu Maciel, s/n, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 96010900
| | - W P Silva
- 1 Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Avenida Eliseu Maciel, s/n, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 96010900
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Ciolacu L, Stessl B, Bolocan AS, Oniciuc EA, Wagner M, Rychli K, Nicolau AI. Tracking Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria in Raw and Ready-to-Eat Food Illegally Sold at the Eastern EU Border. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:148-55. [PMID: 26741503 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Food illegally brought into the European Union, mainly in the personal luggage of travelers, represents a potential threat to consumers' health. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of five pathogens in food brought into the European Union by Moldavian citizens as personal goods and illegally sold in Romania in the vicinity of the border. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes was 7.5% and 8%, while Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. were absent in all samples. L. monocytogenes sequence type 2, 9, 121, and 155, highly prevalent among foodstuffs worldwide, was also present among isolates from ready-to-eat food illegally sold in Romania, even at the same date of sampling, indicating cross-contamination during food handling. S. aureus spa types t449, t304, and t524 were most often isolated from raw-milk cheeses contaminated with 10(3)-10(5) colony-forming units per gram, evidencing a contamination at herd level or unhygienic conditions during processing. S. aureus t011 and t3625, both included in the livestock-associated CC398, were isolated from pork lard and poultry meat. This study shows that cross-border trade from nonmember states represents a neglected route of transmission of foodborne pathogens into the European Union that could lead to sporadic or family-associated cases of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Ciolacu
- 1 Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati , Galati, Romania .,2 Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- 2 Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrei Sorin Bolocan
- 1 Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati , Galati, Romania
| | - Elena Alexandra Oniciuc
- 1 Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati , Galati, Romania
| | - Martin Wagner
- 2 Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Rychli
- 2 Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Anca Ioana Nicolau
- 1 Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati , Galati, Romania
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Eidt MJ, Sá MEPD, McManus CM, Melo CBD. INTERCEPTAÇÕES DE PRODUTOS DE ORIGEM ANIMAL EM FRONTEIRAS TERRESTRES NO BRASIL. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i323894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
<title>Resumo</title><p>Agentes infecciosos e doenças dos animais podem atravessar fronteiras terrestres e contribuir para a alteração do estado sanitário de países. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi, através de um estudo retrospectivo, identificar os principais produtos de origem animal interceptados e apreendidos em três unidades de vigilância agropecuária (Uvagros/MAPA) localizadas em fronteiras terrestres (secas) na região Norte do Brasil: Assis Brasil e Epitaciolândia, no Acre, e Pacaraima, em Roraima, respectivamente fronteiras com o Peru, Bolívia e Venezuela. Os principais produtos interceptados e apreendidos no trânsito internacional de veículos e passageiros em duas das três unidades foram laticínios, pescados, carnes, embutidos, de uso veterinário e para uso na alimentação animal (ração, medicamentos e insumos) e apícolas. Devem ser melhor avaliadas as possibilidades de introdução de agentes infecciosos e de doenças que podem ameaçar o Brasil, considerando os tipos de produtos apreendidos, considerando o estado sanitário dos países aqui estudados, em face da natureza clandestina do trânsito dos animais e seus produtos por estas fronteiras terrestres.</p>
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Janice Eidt
- Universidade de Brasília, Brazil; Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brazil
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