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Haga IR, Shih BB, Tore G, Polo N, Ribeca P, Gombo-Ochir D, Shura G, Tserenchimed T, Enkhbold B, Purevtseren D, Ulziibat G, Damdinjav B, Yimer L, Bari FD, Gizaw D, Adedeji AJ, Atai RB, Adole JA, Dogonyaro BB, Kumarawadu PL, Batten C, Corla A, Freimanis GL, Tennakoon C, Law A, Lycett S, Downing T, Beard PM. Sequencing and Analysis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Whole Genomes Reveals a New Viral Subgroup in West and Central Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:557. [PMID: 38675899 PMCID: PMC11053774 DOI: 10.3390/v16040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the capripoxvirus (CPPV) genus of the Poxviridae family. LSDV is a rapidly emerging, high-consequence pathogen of cattle, recently spreading from Africa and the Middle East into Europe and Asia. We have sequenced the whole genome of historical LSDV isolates from the Pirbright Institute virus archive, and field isolates from recent disease outbreaks in Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Nigeria and Ethiopia. These genome sequences were compared to published genomes and classified into different subgroups. Two subgroups contained vaccine or vaccine-like samples ("Neethling-like" clade 1.1 and "Kenya-like" subgroup, clade 1.2.2). One subgroup was associated with outbreaks of LSD in the Middle East/Europe (clade 1.2.1) and a previously unreported subgroup originated from cases of LSD in west and central Africa (clade 1.2.3). Isolates were also identified that contained a mix of genes from both wildtype and vaccine samples (vaccine-like recombinants, grouped in clade 2). Whole genome sequencing and analysis of LSDV strains isolated from different regions of Africa, Europe and Asia have provided new knowledge of the drivers of LSDV emergence, and will inform future disease control strategies.
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Grants
- BB/R002606/1, BB/R008833/1, BB/X011038/1, BB/X011046/1, BB/CCG2250, BB/CCG1780/1, BBS/E/RL/230002C, BBS/E/RL/230002D, , BBS/E/I/00007039, /1, BB/IDG2250/1, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismar R. Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Barbara B. Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Gessica Tore
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5EQ, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Genomics and Enabling Data, Mathematics Institute, Zeeman Builing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Ronald Ross Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Maxwell Clerk Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Delgerzul Gombo-Ochir
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gansukh Shura
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Tsagaan Tserenchimed
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Bazarragchaa Enkhbold
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Dulam Purevtseren
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- General Authority for Veterinary Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia;
| | - Lama Yimer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte P.O. Box 395, Ethiopia;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Fufa D. Bari
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebata P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia;
| | - Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Rebecca Bitiyong Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | | | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Graham L. Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Tim Downing
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Philippa M. Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
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Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Africa, Europe, and Asia (2005-2022): Multiple Change Point Analysis and Time Series Forecast. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102203. [PMID: 36298758 PMCID: PMC9611638 DOI: 10.3390/v14102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LSD is an important transboundary disease affecting the cattle industry worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine trends and significant change points, and to forecast the number of LSD outbreak reports in Africa, Europe, and Asia. LSD outbreak report data (January 2005 to January 2022) from the World Organization for Animal Health were analyzed. We determined statistically significant change points in the data using binary segmentation, and forecast the number of LSD reports using auto-regressive moving average (ARIMA) and neural network auto-regressive (NNAR) models. Four significant change points were identified for each continent. The year between the third and fourth change points (2016-2019) in the African data was the period with the highest mean of number of LSD reports. All change points of LSD outbreaks in Europe corresponded with massive outbreaks during 2015-2017. Asia had the highest number of LSD reports in 2019 after the third detected change point in 2018. For the next three years (2022-2024), both ARIMA and NNAR forecast a rise in the number of LSD reports in Africa and a steady number in Europe. However, ARIMA predicts a stable number of outbreaks in Asia, whereas NNAR predicts an increase in 2023-2024. This study provides information that contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of LSD.
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Nuvey FS, Arkoazi J, Hattendorf J, Mensah GI, Addo KK, Fink G, Zinsstag J, Bonfoh B. Effectiveness and profitability of preventive veterinary interventions in controlling infectious diseases of ruminant livestock in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:332. [PMID: 36056387 PMCID: PMC9438146 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture in general, and livestock production in particular, serve as a livelihood source for many people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In many settings, lack of control of infectious diseases hampers livestock productivity, undermining the livelihood of rural populations. This scoping review sought to identify veterinary interventions previously evaluated as well as their relative effectiveness in controlling infectious livestock diseases. To be included, papers had to be written in English, German or French, and had to describe the effectiveness and/or profitability of preventive veterinary intervention(s) against anthrax, blackleg, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, goat pox, lumpy skin disease, pasteurellosis, peste des petits ruminants, and/or sheep pox in any SSA country. Of the 2748 publications initially screened, 84 met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Most of the studies (n = 73, 87%) evaluated the effectiveness and/or profitability of vaccination, applied exclusively, applied jointly with, or compared to strategies like deworming, antimicrobial treatment, surveillance, feed supplementation, culling and dipping in reducing morbidity and/or mortality to livestock diseases. The effectiveness and/or profitability of antimicrobial treatment (n = 5), test and slaughter (n = 5), and use of lay animal health workers (n = 1) applied exclusively, were evaluated in the other studies. Vaccination was largely found to be both effective and with positive return on investment. Ineffective vaccination was mainly due to loss of vaccine potency under unfavorable field conditions like adverse weather events, cold chain failure, and mismatch of circulating pathogen strain and the vaccines in use. In summary, vaccination is the most effective and profitable means of controlling infectious livestock diseases in SSA. However, to achieve effective control of these diseases, its implementation must integrate pathogen surveillance, and optimal vaccine delivery tools, to overcome the reported field challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Sena Nuvey
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jalil Arkoazi
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Kwasi Addo
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
| | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, BP 1303, Côte d'Ivoire
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Robertson ID, Hu C, Chen H, Guo A. Key issues affecting the current status of infectious diseases in Chinese cattle farms and their control through vaccination. Vaccine 2021; 39:4184-4189. [PMID: 34127292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases can have a major impact on the profitability of the cattle industry. To determine the occurrence of bovine infectious diseases in China and the adoption of vaccination to control them, a national-wide questionnaire and focus group meeting were performed. The questionnaire was administered to 189 farmers including 93 dairy farmers, 80 beef cattle farmers and 16 yak farmers. Since it is compulsory to vaccinate cattle against foot and mouth disease, the coverage of vaccination to this disease was the highest (100% of dairy and yak farms and 92.5% of beef farms). However, the implementation of vaccination against other diseases was vastly different between cattle types with less than 50% of farms adopting vaccination (except brucellosis vaccine in yak farms). In a focus group meeting of 36 cattle experts on the key issues affecting the frequency of infectious diseases in cattle and the vaccination practices adopted on Chinese cattle farms, the lack of effective vaccines against single or multiple pathogens, a lack of tools for the early and correct diagnosis of disease, difficulties in licensing novel vaccines and diagnostic agents, low efficiency in disseminating knowledge on diseases and control products to producers were identified as key issues. In conclusion, except for FMD, the control of most infectious diseases of cattle in China requires improving. Development of improved control measures and diagnostic tests along with the development and implementation of educational material for producers on cattle diseases should be given priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Ian D Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 6150, Australia.
| | - Changmin Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China.
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Jemberu WT, Molla W, Fentie T. A randomized controlled field trial assessing foot and mouth disease vaccine effectiveness in Gondar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105136. [PMID: 32977170 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which is endemic in many developing countries. Vaccination is the main tool for FMD control in resource limited endemic countries like Ethiopia. Vaccine quality, which is often questionable in developing countries, is a critical element for effective disease control. The present study was aimed at evaluating the field effectiveness of a trivalent FMD vaccine (containing serotypes O, A and SAT 2), produced and widely used in Ethiopia, in terms of preventing clinical infection and severe disease. A randomized controlled field trial design was employed in the study in which the attack rate of clinical FMD infection in vaccinated cattle was compared with the attack rate in unvaccinated controls in cattle population of 16 villages in Gondar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. The vaccine was administered as a single dose course in the face of an impending FMD outbreak and the trial groups were monitored for clinical infection until the end of the outbreak. The attack rate of clinical FMD 20 days post vaccination in the vaccinated cattle (34 %) was significantly lower than the attack rate in the unvaccinated controls (49 %) (p < 0.001). However, the effectiveness of the vaccine was only 31 % (95 %CI: 20-40 %). This vaccine effectiveness increased to 52 % ((95 %CI: 33-66 %) 42 days post vaccination. The proportion of severely affected cattle in the vaccinated group (5.7 %) was significantly lower than in the unvaccinated group (9.4 %) (p < 0.001), resulting in 39 % (95 %CI: 18-55 %) vaccine effectiveness against severe disease. Generally, the observed level of vaccine effectiveness was lower than the internationally recommended 75 % plus expected percentage of protection for a standard potency 3PD50/dose FMD vaccine. Moreover, the level of effectiveness was insufficient to provide herd immunity to control the disease at the population level. Nevertheless, given the significant difference in the incidence of clinical disease and severity between vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle, it might still be worth using the current vaccine to reduce production losses associated with the disease provided it is cost effective and affordable for the farmers. Factors that cause low effectiveness of the vaccine need to be identified and addressed for effective control of the disease at population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudu T Jemberu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196. Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196. Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaw Fentie
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196. Gondar, Ethiopia
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Hamdi J, Bamouh Z, Jazouli M, Boumart Z, Tadlaoui KO, Fihri OF, El Harrak M. Experimental evaluation of the cross-protection between Sheeppox and bovine Lumpy skin vaccines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8888. [PMID: 32483247 PMCID: PMC7264126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Capripoxvirus genus includes three agents: Sheeppox virus, Goatpox virus and Lumpy skin disease virus. Related diseases are of economic importance and present a major constraint to animals and animal products trade in addition to mortality and morbidity. Attenuated vaccines against these diseases are available, but afforded cross-protection is controversial in each specie. In this study, groups of sheep, goats and cattle were vaccinated with Romania SPPV vaccine and challenged with corresponding virulent strains. Sheep and cattle were also vaccinated with Neethling LSDV vaccine and challenged with both virulent SPPV and LSDV strains. Animals were monitored by clinical observation, rectal temperature as well as serological response. The study showed that sheep and goats vaccinated with Romania SPPV vaccine were fully protected against challenge with virulent SPPV and GTPV strains, respectively. However, small ruminants vaccinated with LSDV Neethling vaccine showed only partial protection against challenge with virulent SPPV strain. Cattle showed also only partial protection when vaccinated with Romania SPPV and were fully protected with Neethling LSDV vaccine. This study showed that SPPV and GTPV vaccines are closely related with cross-protection, while LSDV protects only cattle against the corresponding disease, which suggests that vaccination against LSDV should be carried out with homologous strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Hamdi
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Jazouli
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Zineb Boumart
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | | | - Mehdi El Harrak
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
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A real-time PCR screening assay for the universal detection of lumpy skin disease virus DNA. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:371. [PMID: 31262345 PMCID: PMC6604310 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The resurgence of lumpy skin disease virus isolates of different genotypic natures abolishes the accuracy of assays that target either vaccine or field strain genome. The aim of the present study was to develop a universal real-time PCR assay using TaqMan chemistry to cover field, vaccine, and recombinant strains of lumpy skin disease virus isolates. Results The PCR assay was designed based on a LSDV044 target region that offers a unique identification locus to facilitate the sensitive and specific detection of all isolates known to date. The efficiency of amplification, determined over five orders of magnitude, was 93%, with the standard deviation remaining in the range of 0.11–0.23. Evaluation of the assay repeatability on three different days revealed that the inter-run variability ranged from 0.83 to 1.22 over five repetitions across three runs. This new screening assay is proposed as a fast, efficient, and sensitive tool that can be employed in the basic or applied surveillance studies regardless of the genotype. Moreover, the assay can be used for the routine laboratory testing of animal samples during eradication programs for lumpy skin disease.
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