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Li Y, Ding F, Hao M, Chen S, Jiang D, Fan P, Qian Y, Zhuo J, Wu J. The implications for potential marginal land resources of cassava across worldwide under climate change challenges. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15177. [PMID: 37704718 PMCID: PMC10499798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for energy plants is foreseen to grow as worldwide energy and climate policies promote the use of bioenergy for climate change mitigation. To avoid competing with food production, it's critical to assess future changes in marginal land availability for energy plant development. Using a machine learning method, boosted regression tree, this study modeled potential marginal land resources suitable for cassava under current and different climate change scenarios, based on cassava occurrence records and environmental covariates. The findings revealed that, currently, over 80% of the 1357.24 Mha of available marginal land for cassava cultivation is distributed in Africa and South America. Under three climate change scenarios, by 2030, worldwide suitable marginal land resources were predicted to grow by 39.71Mha, 66.21 Mha, and 39.31Mha for the RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively; by 2050, the potential marginal land suitable for cassava will increase by 38.98Mha, 83.02 Mha, and 55.43Mha, respectively; by 2080, the global marginal land resources were estimated to rise by 40.82 Mha, 99.74 Mha, and 21.87 Mha from now, respectively. Our results highlight the impacts of climate change on potential marginal land resources of cassava across worldwide, which provide the basis for assessing bioenergy potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Li
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
- Yunnan Institute of Land Resources Planning and Design, Kunming, 650216, China
| | - Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peiwei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yushu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jun Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jiajie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Liu Y, Zeng Q, Hu X, Xu Z, Pan C, Liu Q, Yu J, Wu S, Sun M, Liao M. Natural variant R246K in hemagglutinin increased zoonotic characteristics and renal inflammation in mice infected with H9N2 influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 279:109667. [PMID: 36804565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Considered a potential pandemic candidate, the widespread among poultry of H9N2 avian influenza viruses across Asia and North Africa pose an increasing threat to poultry and human health. The massive epidemic of H9N2 viruses has expanded the host range; however, the molecular basis and characteristic underlying the transmission to poultry and mammals remains unclear. Our previous study has proved that some natural mutations in the HA gene enhanced the binding ability of the H9N2 virus to α-2,6 SA receptors. Here, we systematically analyzed the impact of these natural mutations on zoonotic characteristics and the pathogenicity of H9N2 AIVs in poultry and mammals. Our study demonstrated that mutation R246K increased the replication in human lung epithelial cells in vitro. Mutation R246K increased the virus shedding of oropharyngeal swabs during early-stage infection in chickens. Moreover, mutation R246K displayed stronger pH stability and pathogenicity in mice. The strong renal tropism and inflammatory response may accelerate the pathogenicity. In summary, we found that natural variation R246K in HA of prevalent H9N2 in China promoted the transmissibility in chicken and accelerate the pathogenicity in mice, posing a great concern for zoonotic and pandemic emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qinghang Zeng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chungen Pan
- Haid Research Institute, Guangdong HaidGroup Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jieshi Yu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Minhua Sun
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ming Liao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Qian J, Wu Z, Zhu Y, Liu C. One Health: a holistic approach for food safety in livestock. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2022; 1:100015. [PMID: 39076604 PMCID: PMC11262287 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2023.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The food safety of livestock is a critical issue between animals and humans due to their complex interactions. Pathogens have the potential to spread at every stage of the animal food handling process, including breeding, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, marketing and consumption. In addition, application of the antibiotic usage in domestic animals is a controversial issue because, while they can combat food-borne zoonotic pathogens and promote animal growth and productivity, they can also lead to the transmission of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and antibiotic-resistant genes across species and habitats. Coevolution of microbiomes may occur in humans and animals as well which may alter the structure of the human microbiome through animal food consumption. One Health is a holistic approach to systematically understand the complex relationships among humans, animals and environments which may provide effective countermeasures to solve food safety problems aforementioned. This paper depicts the main pathogen spectrum of livestock and animal products, summarizes the flow of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes between humans and livestock along the food-chain production, and the correlation of their microbiome is reviewed as well to advocate for deeper interdisciplinary communication and collaboration among researchers in medicine, epidemiology, veterinary medicine and ecology to promote One Health approaches to address the global food safety challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zheyuan Wu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yongzhang Zhu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Determining the potential distribution of Oryctes monoceros and Oryctes rhinoceros by combining machine-learning with high-dimensional multidisciplinary environmental variables. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17439. [PMID: 36261485 PMCID: PMC9581929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The African coconut beetle Oryctes monoceros and Asiatic rhinoceros beetle O. rhinoceros have been associated with economic losses to plantations worldwide. Despite the amount of effort put in determining the potential geographic extent of these pests, their environmental suitability maps have not yet been well established. Using MaxEnt model, the potential distribution of the pests has been defined on a global scale. The results show that large areas of the globe, important for production of palms, are suitable for and potentially susceptible to these pests. The main determinants for O. monoceros distribution were; temperature annual range, followed by land cover, and precipitation seasonality. The major determinants for O. rhinoceros were; temperature annual range, followed by precipitation of wettest month, and elevation. The area under the curve values of 0.976 and 0.975, and True skill statistic values of 0.90 and 0.88, were obtained for O. monoceros and O. rhinoceros, respectively. The global simulated areas for O. rhinoceros (1279.00 × 104 km2) were more than that of O. monoceros (610.72 × 104 km2). Our findings inform decision-making and the development of quarantine measures against the two most important pests of palms.
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Ma T, Hao M, Chen S, Ding F. The current and future risk of spread of Leptotrombidium deliense and Leptotrombidium scutellare in mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156986. [PMID: 35772555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chigger mites Leptotrombidium deliense (L. deliense) and Leptotrombidium scutellare (L. scutellare) are two main vectors of mite-borne diseases in China. However, the associated environmental risk factors are poorly understood, and the potential geographic ranges of the two mite species are unknown. METHODS We combined an ensemble boosted regression tree modelling framework with contemporary records of mites and multiple environmental factors to explore the effects of environmental variables on both mites, as well as to predict the current and future environmental suitability distributions of both species. Additionally, the human population living in the potential spread risk zones of each species was also estimated across mainland China. RESULTS Our results indicated that climate, land cover, and elevation are significantly associated with the spatial distributions of the two mite species. The current environmental suitability distribution of L. deliense is mainly concentrated in southern China, and that of L. scutellare is mainly distributed in southern and eastern coastal areas. With climate warming, the geographical distribution of the two mites generally tends to expand to the north and northwest. In addition, we estimated that 305.1-447.6 and 398.3-430.7 million people will inhabit the future spread risk zones of L. deliense and L. scutellare, respectively, in mainland China. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide novel insights into understanding the current and future risks of spread of these two mite species and highlight the target zones for helping public health authorities better prepare for and respond to future changes in mite-borne disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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6
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Umar S, Anderson BD, Chen K, Wang G, Ma M, Gray GC. Metagenomic analysis of endemic viruses in oral secretions from Chinese pigs. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1982-1992. [PMID: 36047475 PMCID: PMC9514493 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pigs are unique reservoirs for virus ecology. Despite the increased use of improved biosecurity measures, pig viruses readily circulate in Chinese swine farms. Objectives The main objective of this study was to examine archived swine oral secretion samples with a panel of pan‐species viral assays such that we might better describe the viral ecology of swine endemic viruses in Chinese farms. Methodology Two hundred (n = 200) swine oral secretion samples, collected during 2015 and 2016 from healthy pigs on six swine farms in two provinces in China, were screened with molecular pan‐species assays for coronaviruses (CoVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), and paramyxoviruses (PMV). Samples were also screened for porcine circovirus (PCV) 3, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV). Results Among 200 swine oral secretion samples, 152 (76.0%) were found to have at least one viral detection. Thirty‐four samples (17%) were positive for more than one virus, including 24 (70.5%) with dual detection and 10 (29.5%) with triple detection. Seventy‐eight (39.0%) samples were positive for porcine AdVs, 22 (11.0%) were positive for porcine CoVs, 21 (10.5%) were positive for IAVs, 13 (6.5%) were positive for PCV, 7 (3.5%) were positive for PMV, six (3.0%) were positive for PRRSV and five (2.5%) were positive for porcine EV. Conclusion Our findings underscore the high prevalence of numerous viruses among production pigs in China and highlight the need for routine, periodic surveillance for novel virus emergence with the goal of protecting pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Umar
- Global Health Research Center Duke Kunshan University Kunshan Jiangsu China
| | - Benjamin D. Anderson
- Global Health Research Center Duke Kunshan University Kunshan Jiangsu China
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences Duke Kunshan University Kunshan Jiangsu China
| | - Kuanfu Chen
- Global Health Research Center Duke Kunshan University Kunshan Jiangsu China
| | - Guo‐Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Mai‐Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases University of Texas Galveston USA
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore
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Hao M, Aidoo OF, Qian Y, Wang D, Ding F, Ma T, Tettey E, Ninsin KD, Osabutey AF, Borgemeister C. Global potential distribution of Oryctes rhinoceros, as predicted by Boosted Regression Tree model. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Jiang D, Ma T, Hao M, Ding F, Sun K, Wang Q, Kang T, Wang D, Zhao S, Li M, Xie X, Fan P, Meng Z, Zhang S, Qian Y, Edwards J, Chen S, Li Y. Quantifying risk factors and potential geographic extent of African swine fever across the world. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267128. [PMID: 35446903 PMCID: PMC9022809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has spread to many countries in Africa, Europe and Asia in the past decades. However, the potential geographic extent of ASF infection is unknown. Here we combined a modeling framework with the assembled contemporary records of ASF cases and multiple covariates to predict the risk distribution of ASF at a global scale. Local spatial variations in ASF risk derived from domestic pigs is influenced strongly by livestock factors, while the risk of having ASF in wild boars is mainly associated with natural habitat covariates. The risk maps show that ASF is to be ubiquitous in many areas, with a higher risk in areas in the northern hemisphere. Nearly half of the world’s domestic pigs (1.388 billion) are in the high-risk zones. Our results provide a better understanding of the potential distribution beyond the current geographical scope of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jiang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Ma
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Ding
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tingting Kang
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Zhao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Geographic Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaolan Xie
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiwei Fan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Meng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shize Zhang
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yushu Qian
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Shuai Chen
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
Globally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in the field. Swine influenza can not only cause large economic losses for the pig industry but can also lead to epidemics or pandemics in the human population. We provide an overview of the pathogenic characteristics of the disease, diagnosis, risk factors for the occurrence on pig farms, impact on pigs and humans and methods to control it. This review is designed to promote understanding of the epidemiology of swine influenza which will benefit the control of the disease in both pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Recurrence and Driving Factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189535. [PMID: 34574459 PMCID: PMC8468393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important vector-borne zoonosis caused by Leishmania spp. that has been spreading in China. It has been posing a significant risk to public health in central China due to its recurrence in recent decades. Yet, the spatiotemporal patterns and the driving factors of VL in central China remain unclear at present. The purpose of this study was to analyse spatiotemporal distribution, explore driving factors, and provide novel insight into prevention and control countermeasures of the VL spreading in central China. Based on data of human VL cases from 2006 to 2019 obtained from the Chinese Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we depicted the map showing the spatiotemporal distribution of VL in central China. We further explored the driving factors contributing to the spread of VL through the general additive model (GAM) by combining maps of environmental, meteorological, and socioeconomic correlates. Most VL cases were reported in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, the number of which has been increasing every year in the last 14 years, from 3 new cases in 2006 to 101 new cases in 2019. The results of GAM revealed that environmental (i.e., changes in grasslands/forests), meteorological (i.e., temperature and relative humidity), and socioeconomic (i.e., population density) factors are significantly associated with the prevalence of VL in central China. Our results provide a better understanding regarding the current situation and the driving factors of VL in central China, assisting in developing the disease prevention and control strategies implemented by public health authorities.
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