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Luo H, Li Y. Downstream Processing of Medicinal Mushroom Products. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:187-218. [PMID: 35192002 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi that consist of ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and imperfect fungi. They have been long used as tonic and traditional medicine in East Asia, Europe, and Africa. Contemporary pharmacological researches have revealed that they possess a wide spectrum of bioactivity due to their production of a variety of bioactive compounds. Some of them have entered into the market; some are ready for industrial trials and further commercialization, while others are in various stages of development. According to the purpose of usage, a variety of medicinal mushroom-based products have been developed, which could be roughly divided into three general categories, i.e., nutraceuticals/functional foods, nutriceuticals/dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Accordingly, the downstream processing of medicinal mushroom products varies greatly. Indeed, a major characteristic of medicinal mushroom is the wide variety of secondary metabolites, due to which a broad spectrum of separation techniques must be employed. In this chapter we will present an overview of the achievements in downstream processing technology for medicinal mushroom products. Examples of separation of products such as bioactive high-molecular-weight products like polysaccharides and low-molecular-weight products like triterpenoids are given. The application of some special separation strategy, e.g., chemical reaction-assisted separation for tackling some analogs with similar physicochemical properties from medicinal mushroom, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Yuan W, Jiang C, Wang Q, Fang Y, Wang J, Wang M, Xiao H. Biosynthesis of mushroom-derived type II ganoderic acids by engineered yeast. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7740. [PMID: 36517496 PMCID: PMC9748899 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II ganoderic acids (GAs) produced by the traditional medicinal mushroom Ganoderma are a group of triterpenoids with superior biological activities. However, challenges in the genetic manipulation of the native producer, low level of accumulation in the farmed mushroom, the vulnerabilities of the farming-based supply chain, and the elusive biosynthetic pathway have hindered the efficient production of type II GAs. Here, we assemble the genome of type II GAs accumulating G. lucidum accession, screen cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) identified from G. lucidum in baker's yeast, identify key missing CYPs involved in type II GAs biosynthesis, and investigate the catalytic reaction sequence of a promiscuous CYP. Then, we engineer baker's yeast for bioproduciton of GA-Y (3) and GA-Jb (4) and achieve their production at higher level than those from the farmed mushroom. Our findings facilitate the further deconvolution of the complex GA biosynthetic network and the development of microbial cell factories for producing GAs at commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Chenjian Jiang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Qin Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Yubo Fang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jin Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Meng Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Han Xiao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Wei B, Wu Y, Liu F, Su M, Liang H. One-pot simultaneous extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis to prepare glycyrrhetinic acid via ionic liquid-based two-phase systems. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Healthy function and high valued utilization of edible fungi. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang Q, Xu M, Zhao L, Wang F, Li Y, Shi G, Ding Z. Transcriptome dynamics and metabolite analysis revealed the candidate genes and regulatory mechanism of ganoderic acid biosynthesis during liquid superficial-static culture of Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:600-613. [PMID: 32975886 PMCID: PMC7936306 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acid (GA), an important secondary metabolite of Ganoderma lucidum, exhibited many significant pharmacological activities. In this study, the biosynthetic mechanism of GAs was investigated by comparing metabolites and transcriptome dynamics during liquid superficial‐static culture (LSSC) and submerged culture (SC). LSSC was a better method to produce GA because thirteen GAs were identified from mycelia by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS, and the content of all GAs was higher in LSSC than in SC. Ergosterol was accumulated during the SC process in G. lucidum. Transcriptome dynamics analysis revealed CYP5150L8 was the key gene regulating lanosterol flux into GA biosynthesis. Other sixteen CYP450 genes were significantly higher expressed during the culture time in LSSC and could be potential candidate genes associated with the biosynthesis of different GAs. In addition, six of the ten expressed genes in ergosterol biosynthetic pathway shown upregulated at some time points in SC. These results not only provide a fundamental information of the key genes in ergosterol and GA biosynthetic pathway, but also provide directions for future elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of GAs in G. lucidum and enabling us to promote the development and utilization of LSSC at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Xu J, Yue T, Yu X, Zhao P, Li T, Li N. Enhanced production of individual ganoderic acids by integrating Vitreoscilla haemoglobin expression and calcium ion induction in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma lingzhi. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1180-1187. [PMID: 30821132 PMCID: PMC6801144 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids produced by Ganoderma exhibit anticancer and antimetastatic activities. A novel approach by combining Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) expression and calcium ion induction was developed to enhance ganoderic acid (GA) production in liquid static cultures of G. lingzhi. The maximum contents of GA-O, GA-S and GA-Me were 1451.33 ± 67.50, 1431.23 ± 79.74 and 1283.81 ± 85.13 μg per 100 mg cell weight, respectively under the integrated approach, which are the highest contents as ever reported in Ganoderma. The contents of squalene and lanosterol were increased by 2.0- and 3.0-fold in this case compared with those in the control. The transcription levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase and cytochrome P450 CYP5150L8 were upregulated by 2.56-, 3.31-, 2.59- and 6.12-fold respectively. Additionally, the expression of VHb improved the ratio of type I to type II GA in liquid static cultivation of G. lingzhi. The transcription levels of cyp512a2, cyp512v2 and cyp512a13, candidate cytochrome P450 genes involved in oxidative modification of the lanostane skeleton in GA biosynthesis, were also increased by 2.28-, 2.65- and 3.54-fold in the VHb-expressing strain respectively. Our results illustrated that the approach described here efficiently improved GA production in G. lingzhi fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Tong‐Hui Yue
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of ScienceKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
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Feng N, Wei Y, Feng J, Tang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Han W. Preparative isolation of ganoderic acid S, ganoderic acid T and ganoderol B from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4283. [PMID: 29748985 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acid S, ganoderic acid T and ganoderal B are the main bioactive triterpenes of Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, mycelia of G. lucidum were obtained by two-stage fermentation and then extracted by ethanol and petroleum ether sequentially to obtain crude triterpenes. The crude sample was further purified by recycling high-speed counter-current chromatography with n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (7:12:11:5, v/v/v/v) as the optimized two-phase solvent system. A 16.4 mg aliquot of ganoderol B with a purity of 90.4% was separated from 300 mg of the crude sample in a single run. After employing the recycling elution mode of HSCCC with n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (6:10:8:4.5, v/v/v/v) for five cycles, 25.7 mg ganoderic acid T and 3.7 mg ganoderic acid S with purities of 97.8 and 83.0%, respectively, were obtained. The purities of three compounds were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and their chemical structures were identified by NMR and MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Feng
- Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Shanghai, China
| | - Yutian Wei
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjiu Tang
- Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Han
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Liu C, Jiao R, Yao L, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Tan R. Adsorption characteristics and preparative separation of chaetominine from Aspergillus fumigatus mycelia by macroporous resin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sucrose fed-batch strategy enhanced biomass, polysaccharide, and ganoderic acids production in fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum 5.26. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 39:37-44. [PMID: 26531749 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma, as a Chinese traditional medicine, has multiple bioactivities. However, industrial production was limited due to low yield during Ganoderma fermentation. In this work, sucrose was found to greatly enhance intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) content and specific extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production rate. The mechanism was studied by analyzing the activities of enzymes related to polysaccharide biosynthesis. The results revealed that sucrose regulated the activities of phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucose isomerase. When glucose and sucrose mixture was used as carbon source, biomass, polysaccharide and ganoderic acids (GAs) production was greatly enhanced. A sucrose fed-batch strategy was developed in 10-L bioreactor, and was scaled up to 300-L bioreactor. The biomass, EPS and IPS production was 25.5, 2.9 and 4.8 g/L, respectively, which was the highest biomass and IPS production in pilot scale. This study provides information for further understanding the regulation mechanism of Ganoderma polysaccharide biosynthesis. It demonstrates that sucrose fed-batch is a useful strategy for enhancing Ganoderma biomass, polysaccharide and GAs production.
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Effects of dietary supplementation of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and gut microflora and pH in broiler chicks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Liu RM, Li YB, Liang XF, Liu HZ, Xiao JH, Zhong JJ. Structurally related ganoderic acids induce apoptosis in human cervical cancer HeLa cells: Involvement of oxidative stress and antioxidant protective system. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:134-44. [PMID: 26282491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) produced by Ganoderma lucidum possess anticancer activities with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the role of oxidative stress in apoptotic process induced by GAs is still undefined. In this study, the effects of four structurally related GAs, i.e. GA-T, GA-Mk, and two deacetylated derivatives of GA-T (GA-T1 and GA-T2) on the antioxidant defense system and induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cells HeLa were investigated in vitro. Our results indicated that the tested GAs (5-40 μM) induced apoptotic cell death through mitochondrial membrane potential decrease and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Furthermore, GAs increased the generation of intracellular ROS and attenuated antioxidant defense system by decreasing glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. The above effects were remarkably blocked by the exogenous antioxidants, i.e. N-acetylcysteine, catalase and diphenyleneiodonium chloride. The potency of the four GAs toward induced apoptosis, generation of ROS and suppression of antioxidant defense system was in the order of: GA-T > GA-Mk ≈ GA-T1 > GA-T2 in HeLa cells. These findings suggest that GAs induced mitochondria-dependent cell apoptosis in HeLa cells are mediated via enhancing oxidative stress and depressing antioxidant defense. Additionally, the acetylation of hydroxyl groups in GAs may contribute to their pro-oxidant activities and cytotoxicity, which is helpful to the development of novel chemotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ming Liu
- Guizhou Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Ying-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Xiang-Feng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hui-Zhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Guizhou Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Screening of Ganoderma strains with high polysaccharides and ganoderic acid contents and optimization of the fermentation medium by statistical methods. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 37:1789-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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