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Nitrogen Removal from Mature Landfill Leachate via Anammox Based Processes: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mature landfill leachate is a complex and highly polluted effluent with a large amount of ammonia nitrogen, toxic components and low biodegradability. Its COD/N and BOD5/COD ratios are low, which is not suitable for traditional nitrification and denitrification processes. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) is an innovative biological denitrification process, relying on anammox bacteria to form stable biofilms or granules. It has been extensively used in nitrogen removal of mature landfill leachate due to its high efficiency, low cost and sludge yield. This paper reviewed recent advances of anammox based processes for mature landfill leachate treatment. The state of the art anammox process for mature landfill leachate is systematically described, mainly including partial nitrification–anammox, partial nitrification–anammox coupled denitrification. At the same time, the microbiological analysis of the process operation was given. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has the merit of saving the carbon source and aeration energy, while its practical application is mainly limited by an unstable influent condition, operational control and seasonal temperature variation. To improve process efficiency, it is suggested to develop some novel denitrification processes coupled with anammox to reduce the inhibition of anammox bacteria by mature landfill leachate, and to find cheap new carbon sources (methane, waste fruits) to improve the biological denitrification efficiency of the anammox system.
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Madeira CL, de Araújo JC. Inhibition of anammox activity by municipal and industrial wastewater pollutants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149449. [PMID: 34371406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of the anammox process for nitrogen removal has gained popularity across the world due to its low energy consumption and waste generation. Anammox reactors have been used to treat ammonium-rich effluents such as chemical, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, livestock, and coke oven wastewater. Recently, full-scale installations have been implemented for municipal wastewater treatment. The efficiency of biological processes is susceptible to inhibitory effects of pollutants present in wastewater. Considering the increasing number of emerging contaminants detected in wastewater, the impacts of the different types of pollutants on anammox bacteria must be understood. This review presents a compilation of the studies assessing the inhibitory effects of different wastewater pollutants towards anammox activity. The pollutants were classified as antibiotics, aromatics, azoles, surfactants, microplastics, organic solvents, humic substances, biodegradable organic matter, or metals and metallic nanoparticles. The interactions between the pollutants and anammox bacteria have been described, as well as the interactions between different pollutants leading to synergistic effects. We also reviewed the effects of pollutants on distinct species of anammox bacteria, and the main toxicity mechanisms leading to irreversible loss of anammox activity have been identified. Finally, we provided an analysis of strategies to overcome the inhibitory effects of wastewater pollutants on the nitrogen removal performance. We believe this review will contribute with essential information to assist the operation and design of anammox reactors treating different types of wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leite Madeira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Calábria de Araújo
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Ronzón Bravo JJ, de María Cuervo-López F, Andrade Torres A, Arteaga-Vázquez MA, Martínez Hernández S. Physiological stabilization, community characterization, and nitrogen degradation dynamics in an anammox consortium from estuarine sediments. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:636-644. [PMID: 33073480 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anammox is a cost-effective and sustainable process for nitrogen removal; however, the production of a physiologically stable inoculum is a critical point in the start-up process. In this work, estuarine sediments were used as incubation seeds to obtain cultures with stable anammox activity. Assays were performed in batch cultures fed with stoichiometric amounts of ammonium and nitrite, analyzing physiological response variables and the microbial community. Estuarine sediments showed a stable anammox process after 90 days, consuming ammonium and nitrite simultaneously with concomitant generation of N2 and nitrate in stoichiometric amounts. In kinetic assays, substrates were fully consumed after 210 hr, exhibiting N2 and nitrate yields of 0.85 and 0.10, respectively. The microbial community analysis using PCR-DGGE indicated the presence of uncultured anammox bacteria and members of the genus Candidatus Jettenia. The results evidenced the achievement of anammox cultures, although their start-up and kinetic characteristics were less favorable than those recorded in man-made systems. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Estuarine sediments were used as incubation seeds to obtain cultures with stable anammox activity. The sediments were fed with stoichiometric amounts of ammonium and nitrite, analyzing the physiological response variables and the microbial community. Sediments showed a stable anammox process after 90 days, converting the substrates into N2 and nitrate according to stoichiometry. Anammox cultures were achieved although their start-up and kinetic characteristics were less favorable than those recorded in man-made systems. Microbial community analysis using PCR-DGGE indicated the presence of uncultured anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium and members of genus Candidatus Jettenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime J Ronzón Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Antonio Andrade Torres
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Mario A Arteaga-Vázquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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Chen F, Li X, Yuan Y, Huang Y. An efficient way to enhance the total nitrogen removal efficiency of the Anammox process by S 0-based short-cut autotrophic denitrification. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 81:214-224. [PMID: 30975324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to reduce the amount of NO3--N generated by the Anammox process, and alleviate the competition between denitrification and Anammox for NO2--N in a single reactor, the preference of S0 for reacting with coexisting NO2--N and NO3--N in the sulfur autotrophic denitrifying (SADN) process and the coupling effect of short-cut SADN and the Anammox process were studied. The results showed that S0 preferentially reacted with NO3- to produce NO2--N, and then reacted with NO2--N when NO3--N was insufficient, which could effectively alleviate the competition between SADN bacteria (SADNB) and Anammox bacteria (AnAOB) for NO2--N. After 170 days of operation, coupling between short-cut S0-SADN and the Anammox process was first successfully achieved. SADNB converted the NO3--N generated by the Anammox process into NO2--N, which was once again available to AnAOB. The total nitrogen removal efficiency eventually stabilized at over 95%, and the effluent NO3--N was controlled within 10 mg/L, when high NH4+-N wastewater was treated by the Anammox process. Microbial community analysis further showed that Candidatus Brocadia and Thiobacillus were the functional microorganisms for AnAOB and SADNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yong Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
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Peng S, Han X, Song F, Zhang L, Wei C, Lu P, Zhang D. Inhibition of benzene, toluene, phenol and benzoate in single and combination on Anammox activity: implication to the denitrification–Anammox synergy. Biodegradation 2018; 29:567-577. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-018-9853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Denitrification synergized with ANAMMOX for the anaerobic degradation of benzene: performance and microbial community structure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4315-4325. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Carvajal-Arroyo JM, Puyol D, Li G, Sierra-Álvarez R, Field JA. The role of pH on the resistance of resting- and active anammox bacteria to NO2- inhibition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1949-56. [PMID: 24771200 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) uses nitrite as terminal electron acceptor. The nitrite can cause inhibition to the bacteria that catalyze the anammox reaction. The literature shows a great divergence on the levels of NO2 (-) causing inhibition. Moreover, the conditions influencing the resistance of anammox bacteria to NO2 (-) inhibitory effect are not well understood. This work investigated the effect of the pH and the concentration of nitrite on the activity and metabolism of anammox granular sludge under different physiological conditions. Batch activity tests in a range of pH values were carried out in which either actively metabolizing cells or resting cells were exposed to nitrite in the presence or absence of the electron donating substrate ammonium, respectively. The response of the bacteria was evaluated by analyzing the specific anammox activity, the accumulation of nitric oxide, and the evolution of the ATP content in the biomass. Additionally, the effect of the pH on the tolerance of the biomass to single substrate feeding interruptions was evaluated in continuous anammox bioreactors. The results show that the influence of the pH on the NO2 (-) inhibition of anammox bacteria is greater under non-metabolizing conditions than during active metabolism. The exposure of resting cells to NO2 (-) (100 mg N L(-1) ) at pH values below 7.2 caused complete inhibition of the anammox activity. The inhibition was accompanied by accumulation of the intermediate, nitric oxide, in the gas phase. In contrast, just mild inhibition was observed for resting cells exposed to the same NO2 (-) concentration at pH values higher than 7.5 or any of the pH values tested in assays with actively metabolizing cells. ATP initially increased and subsequently decreased in time after resting cells were exposed to NO2 (-) suggesting an active response of the cells to nitrite stress. Furthermore, bioreactors operated at pH lower than 6.8 had greater sensitivity to NO2 (-) during an ammonium feed interruption than a bioreactor operated at pH 7.1. The results suggest that the ability of resting cells to tolerate NO2 (-) inhibition is seriously impeded at mildly acidic pH values; whereas actively metabolizing biomass is resistant to NO2 (-) toxicity over a wide range of pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Carvajal-Arroyo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, Arizona.
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Jemaat Z, Suárez-Ojeda ME, Pérez J, Carrera J. Sequentially alternating pollutant scenarios of phenolic compounds in a continuous aerobic granular sludge reactor performing simultaneous partial nitritation and o-cresol biodegradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 161:354-361. [PMID: 24727695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Industrial wastewater treatment plants must operate properly during the transient-state conditions often found in the industrial production. This study presents the performance of simultaneous partial nitritation and o-cresol biodegradation in a continuous aerobic granular reactor under sequentially alternating pollutant (SAP) scenarios. Three SAP scenarios were imposed during the operation of the granular reactor. In each one, a secondary recalcitrant compound (either p-nitrophenol (PNP), phenol or 2-chlorophenol (2CP)) were added for a short period of time to the regular influent containing only ammonium and o-cresol. Partial nitritation and o-cresol biodegradation were not inhibited by the presence of PNP or phenol and both compounds were fully biodegraded. On the contrary, the presence of 2CP strongly inhibited both processes within 2days. However, the reactor was recovered in a few days. These findings demonstrate that treatment of complex industrial wastewaters with variable influent composition is feasible in a continuous aerobic granular reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkifly Jemaat
- GENOCOV research group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Suárez-Ojeda
- GENOCOV research group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Pérez
- GENOCOV research group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julián Carrera
- GENOCOV research group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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Jemaat Z, Suárez-Ojeda ME, Pérez J, Carrera J. Partial nitritation and o-cresol removal with aerobic granular biomass in a continuous airlift reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:354-362. [PMID: 24140352 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Several chemical industries produce wastewaters containing both, ammonium and phenolic compounds. As an alternative to treat this kind of complex industrial wastewaters, this study presents the simultaneous partial nitritation and o-cresol biodegradation in a continuous airlift reactor using aerobic granular biomass. An aerobic granular sludge was developed in the airlift reactor for treating a high-strength ammonium wastewater containing 950 ± 25 mg N-NH4(+) L(-1). Then, the airlift reactor was bioaugmented with a p-nitrophenol-degrading activated sludge and o-cresol was added progressively to the ammonium feed to achieve 100 mg L(-1). The results showed that stable partial nitritation and full biodegradation of o-cresol were simultaneously maintained obtaining a suitable effluent for a subsequent anammox reactor. Moreover, two o-cresol shock-load events with concentrations of 300 and 1000 mg L(-1) were applied to assess the capabilities of the system. Despite these shock load events, the partial nitritation process was kept stable and o-cresol was totally biodegraded. Fluorescence in situ hybridization technique was used to identify the heterotrophic bacteria related to o-cresol biodegradation and the ammonia oxidising bacteria along the granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkifly Jemaat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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