Production and characterization of cellulose from Leifsonia sp

Functionalization of bacterial cellulose: Exploring diverse applications and biomedical innovations: A review

The demand for the functionalization of additive materials based on bacterial cellulose (BC) is currently high due to their potential applications across various sectors. The preparation of BC-based additive materials typically involves two approaches: in situ and ex situ. In situ modifications entail the incorporation of additive materials, such as soluble and dispersed substances, which are non-toxic and not essential for bacterial cell growth during the production process. However, these materials can impact the yield and self-assembly of BC. In contrast, ex situ modification occurs subsequent to the formation of BC, where the additive materials are not only adsorbed on the surface but also impregnated into the BC pellicle, while the BC slurry was homogenized with other additive materials and gelling agents to create composite films using the casting method. This review will primarily focus on the in situ and ex situ functionalization of BC then sheds light on the pivotal role of functionalized BC in advancing biomedical technologies, wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, bone regeneration, and biosensors.

Bacterial nanocellulose production using Cantaloupe juice, statistical optimization and characterization

The bacterial nanocellulose has been used in a wide range of biomedical applications including carriers for drug delivery, blood vessels, artificial skin and wound dressing. The total of ten morphologically different bacterial strains were screened for their potential to produce bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). Among these isolates, Bacillus sp. strain SEE-3 exhibited potent ability to produce the bacterial nanocellulose. The crystallinity, particle size and morphology of the purified biosynthesized nanocellulose were characterized. The cellulose nanofibers possess a negatively charged surface of - 14.7 mV. The SEM images of the bacterial nanocellulose confirms the formation of fiber-shaped particles with diameters of 20.12‒47.36 nm. The TEM images show needle-shaped particles with diameters of 30‒40 nm and lengths of 560‒1400 nm. X-ray diffraction show that the obtained bacterial nanocellulose has crystallinity degree value of 79.58%. FTIR spectra revealed the characteristic bands of the cellulose crystalline structure. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed high thermal stability. Optimization of the bacterial nanocellulose production was achieved using Plackett-Burman and face centered central composite designs. Using the desirability function, the optimum conditions for maximum bacterial nanocellulose production was determined theoretically and verified experimentally. Maximum BNC production (20.31 g/L) by Bacillus sp. strain SEE-3 was obtained using medium volume; 100 mL/250 mL conical flask, inoculum size; 5%, v/v, citric acid; 1.5 g/L, yeast extract; 5 g/L, temperature; 37 °C, Na₂HPO₄; 3 g/L, an initial pH level of 5, Cantaloupe juice concentration of 81.27 percent and peptone 11.22 g/L.

Exploration of a novel and efficient source for production of bacterial nanocellulose, bioprocess optimization and characterization

The demand for bacterial nanocellulose is expected to rise in the coming years due to its wide usability in many applications. Hence, there is a continuing need to screen soil samples from various sources to isolate a strain with a high capacity for bacterial nanocellulose production. Bacillus sp. strain SEE-12, which was isolated from a soil sample collected from Barhiem, Menoufia governorate, Egypt, displayed high BNC production under submerged fermentation. Bacillus sp. strain SEE-12 was identified as Bacillus tequilensis strain SEE-12. In static cultures, BNC was obtained as a layer grown in the air liquid interface of the fermentation medium. The response surface methodology was used to optimise the process parameters. The highest BNC production (22.8 g/L) was obtained using 5 g/L peptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 50%, v/v Cantaloupe juice, 5 g/L Na₂HPO₄, 1.5 g/L citric acid, pH 5, medium volume of 100 mL/250 mL conical flask, inoculum size 5%, v/v, temperature 37 °C and incubation time 6 days. The BNC was purified and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Biochemistry, Synthesis, and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose: A Review

The potential of cellulose nanocomposites in the new-generation super-performing nanomaterials is huge, primarily in medical and environment sectors, and secondarily in food, paper, and cosmetic sectors. Despite substantial illumination on the molecular aspects of cellulose synthesis, various process features, namely, cellular export of the nascent polysaccharide chain and arrangement of cellulose fibrils into a quasi-crystalline configuration, remain obscure. To unleash its full potential, current knowledge on nanocellulose dispersion and disintegration of the fibrillar network and the organic/polymer chemistry needs expansion. Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis mechanism for scaled-up production, namely, the kinetics, pathogenicity, production cost, and product quality/consistency remain poorly understood. The bottom-up bacterial cellulose synthesis approach makes it an interesting area for still wider and promising high-end applications, primarily due to the nanosynthesis mechanism involved and the purity of the cellulose. This study attempts to identify the knowledge gap and potential wider applications of bacterial cellulose and bacterial nanocellulose. This review also highlights the manufacture of bacterial cellulose through low-cost substrates, that is, mainly waste from brewing, agriculture, food, and sugar industries as well as textile, lignocellulosic biorefineries, and pulp mills.

Bioprocess development for bacterial cellulose biosynthesis by novel Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolate along with characterization and antimicrobial assessment of fabricated membrane

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an ecofriendly biopolymer with diverse commercial applications. Its use is limited by the capacity of bacterial production strains and cost of the medium. Mining for novel organisms with well-optimized growth conditions will be important for the adoption of BC. In this study, a novel BC-producing strain was isolated from rotten fruit samples and identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum from 16S rRNA sequencing. Culture conditions were optimized for supporting maximal BC production using one variable at a time, Plackett–Burman design, and Box Behnken design approaches. Results indicated that a modified Yamanaka medium supported the highest BC yield (2.7 g/l), and that yeast extract, MgSO₄, and pH were the most significant variables influencing BC production. After optimizing the levels of these variables through Box Behnken design, BC yield was increased to 4.51 g/l. The drug delivery capacity of the produced BC membrane was evaluated through fabrication with sodium alginate and gentamycin antibiotic at four different concentrations. All membranes (normal and fabricated) were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mechanical properties. The antimicrobial activity of prepared composites was evaluated by using six human pathogens and revealed potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans, with no detected activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.

Use of Industrial Wastes as Sustainable Nutrient Sources for Bacterial Cellulose (BC) Production: Mechanism, Advances, and Future Perspectives

A novel nanomaterial, bacterial cellulose (BC), has become noteworthy recently due to its better physicochemical properties and biodegradability, which are desirable for various applications. Since cost is a significant limitation in the production of cellulose, current efforts are focused on the use of industrial waste as a cost-effective substrate for the synthesis of BC or microbial cellulose. The utilization of industrial wastes and byproduct streams as fermentation media could improve the cost-competitiveness of BC production. This paper examines the feasibility of using typical wastes generated by industry sectors as sources of nutrients (carbon and nitrogen) for the commercial-scale production of BC. Numerous preliminary findings in the literature data have revealed the potential to yield a high concentration of BC from various industrial wastes. These findings indicated the need to optimize culture conditions, aiming for improved large-scale production of BC from waste streams.

A Modified, Efficient and Sensitive pH Indicator Dye Method for the Screening of Acid-Producing Acetobacter Strains Having Potential Application in Bio-Cellulose Production

It is imperative that promising bacterial cellulose-producing bacteria mainly belongs to genera Acetobacter (acid-producing bacteria). In order to screen cellulose-producing Acetobacter, the isolated cultures from vinegar/rotten fruits were inoculated in Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium containing ethanol and CaCO₃. After the desired incubation, the positive cultures form a zone, which is observed around the bacterial growth, resulted from the solubilization of CaCO₃ by acetic acid produced from the oxidation of ethanol during fermentation. However, in this method, the clarity of the solubilized zone is not very sharp and distinct. In the present, investigation, an improved method for screening, of the microorganisms producing acetic acid has been developed. In this method, methyl red (MR) is incorporated as a pH indicator in HS medium containing ethanol and CaCO₃. Plates containing MR at alkaline pH are yellow and turn dark red at acidic pH. Thus, a distinctive, clear zone is formed around bacterial colonies producing acetic acid and is easy to differentiate between acid producers and non-producers. The present method is more rapid, accurate, and sensitive and can be successfully be used for the detection of acetic acid-producing bacteria particularly for the screening of potent cellulose producer Acetobacter sp.