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Stanisz M, Stanisz BJ, Cielecka-Piontek J. A Comprehensive Review on Deep Eutectic Solvents: Their Current Status and Potential for Extracting Active Compounds from Adaptogenic Plants. Molecules 2024; 29:4767. [PMID: 39407698 PMCID: PMC11478271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29194767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted attention from researchers as novel compounds for extracting active substances because of their negligible toxicity, polarity, and ability to be tailored depending on the experiment. In this review, we discuss deep eutectic solvents as a promising medium for the extraction of adaptogenic compounds. In comparison to traditional methods, extraction with the use of DESs is a great alternative to the excessive usage of harmful organic solvents. It can be conducted in mild conditions, and DESs can be designed with different precursors, enhancing their versatility. Adaptogenic herbs have a long medicinal history, especially in Eastern Asia. They exhibit unique properties through the active compounds in their structures, including saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and alkaloids. Therefore, they demonstrate a wide range of pharmaceutical effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer abilities. Since ancient times, many different adaptogenic herbs have been discovered and are well known, including Panax ginseng, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Schisandra chinensis. Active compounds can be extracted using standard methods, such as hydrolyzation, maceration, and conventional reflux extraction. However, due to the limitations of classical processing technologies, there has been a need to develop new and eco-friendly methods. We focus on the types of solvents, extraction efficiency, properties, and applications of the obtained active compounds. This review highlights the potential of DESs as eco-friendly alternatives for extracting bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Stanisz
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Kolejowa 2, PL, 62-064 Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata J. Stanisz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, PL, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, PL, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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Domingues L, Duarte ARC, Jesus AR. How Can Deep Eutectic Systems Promote Greener Processes in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:221. [PMID: 38399436 PMCID: PMC10892015 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemists in the medicinal chemistry field are constantly searching for alternatives towards more sustainable and eco-friendly processes for the design and synthesis of drug candidates. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most polluting industries, having a high E-factor, which is driving the adoption of more sustainable processes not only for new drug candidates, but also in the production of well-established active pharmaceutical ingredients. Deep eutectic systems (DESs) have emerged as a greener alternative to ionic liquids, and their potential to substitute traditional organic solvents in drug discovery has raised interest among scientists. With the use of DESs as alternative solvents, the processes become more attractive in terms of eco-friendliness and recyclability. Furthermore, they might be more effective through making the process simpler, faster, and with maximum efficiency. This review will be focused on the role and application of deep eutectic systems in drug discovery, using biocatalytic processes and traditional organic chemical reactions, as new environmentally benign alternative solvents. Furthermore, herein we also show that DESs, if used in the pharmaceutical industry, may have a significant effect on lowering production costs and decreasing the impact of this industry on the quality of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Rita Jesus
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (L.D.); (A.R.C.D.)
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Tobar-Delgado E, Mejía-España D, Osorio-Mora O, Serna-Cock L. Rutin: Family Farming Products' Extraction Sources, Industrial Applications and Current Trends in Biological Activity Protection. Molecules 2023; 28:5864. [PMID: 37570834 PMCID: PMC10421072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the bioactivity of rutin, a dietary flavonol naturally found in several plant species. Despite widespread knowledge of its numerous health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects, industrial use of rutin is still limited due to its low solubility in aqueous media, the characteristic bitter and astringent taste of phenolic compounds and its susceptibility to degradation during processing. To expand its applications and preserve its biological activity, novel encapsulation systems have been developed. This review presents updated research on the extraction sources and methodologies of rutin from fruit and vegetable products commonly found in a regular diet and grown using family farming approaches. Additionally, this review covers quantitative analysis techniques, encapsulation methods utilizing nanoparticles, colloidal and heterodisperse systems, as well as industrial applications of rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tobar-Delgado
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Administración, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera. 32 Chapinero, Palmira 763533, Colombia
| | - Diego Mejía-España
- Grupo de Investigación GAIDA, Departamento de Procesos Industriales, Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Pasto 522020, Colombia
| | - Oswaldo Osorio-Mora
- Grupo de Investigación GAIDA, Departamento de Procesos Industriales, Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Pasto 522020, Colombia
| | - Liliana Serna-Cock
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Administración, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera. 32 Chapinero, Palmira 763533, Colombia
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Li M, Rao C, Ye X, Wang M, Yang B, Wang C, Guo L, Xiong Y, Cui X. Applications for natural deep eutectic solvents in Chinese herbal medicines. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1104096. [PMID: 36699048 PMCID: PMC9868165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1104096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs), with a wide range of bioactive components, are considered to be an important source for new drug discovery. However, the process to isolate and obtain those bioactive components to develop new drugs always consumes a large amount of organic solvents with high toxicity and non-biodegradability. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), a new type of green and designable solvents composed of primary plant-based metabolites, have been used as eco-friendly substitutes for traditional organic solvents in various fields. Due to the advantages of easy preparation, low production cost, low toxicity, and eco-friendliness, NADES have been also applied as extraction solvents, media, and drug delivery agents in CHMs in recent years. Besides, the special properties of NADES have been contributed to elucidating the traditional processing (also named Paozhi in Chinese) theory of CHMs, especially processing with honey. In this paper, the development process, preparation, classification, and applications for NADES in CHMs have been reviewed. Prospects in the future applications and challenges have been discussed to better understand the possibilities of the new solvents in the drug development and other uses of CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Rao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Leiden University–European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands,SU Biomedicine BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Boyuan Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Chengxiao Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liqun Guo
- Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,Leiden University–European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Yin Xiong, ; Xiuming Cui,
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Yin Xiong, ; Xiuming Cui,
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Combination of Enzymes and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Powerful Toolbox for Organic Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020516. [PMID: 36677575 PMCID: PMC9863131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, a wide spectrum of applications and advantages in the use of deep eutectic solvents for promoting organic reactions has been well established among the scientific community. Among these synthetic methodologies, in recent years, various examples of biocatalyzed processes have been reported, making use of eutectic mixtures as reaction media, as an improvement in terms of selectivity and sustainability. This review aims to show the newly reported protocols in the field, subdivided by reaction class as a 'toolbox' guide for organic synthesis.
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Elaboration and Characterization of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs): Application in the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from pitaya. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238310. [PMID: 36500405 PMCID: PMC9739405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) with lactic acid, glycine, ammonium acetate, sodium acetate, and choline chloride were prepared with and without the addition of water. NADES formation was evaluated using FTIR and Raman, where hydrogen bonds were identified between the hydroxyl group of lactic acid and the amino and carboxyl groups of glycine. Acetate and ammonium ions were also identified as forming bonds with lactic acid. The addition of water did not cause changes in the vibrational modes of the FTIR and Raman spectra but contributed to a reduction in NADES viscosity and density. Viscosity ranged from 0.335 to 0.017 Pa s-1, and density ranged from 1.159 to 0.785 g mL-1. The best results for the extraction of phenolic compounds from pitaya (dragon fruit) were achieved with an organic solvent (450. 41 mg 100 g-1 dry bases-db) in comparison to NADESs lactic acid:glycine (193.18 mg 100 g-1 db) and lactic acid:ammonium acetate (186.08 mg 100 g-1 db). The antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained with the NADESs was not statistically different from that of the extract obtained with organic solvents.
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Adsorption of flavonoids with glycosides: design and synthesis of chitosan-functionalized microspheres. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ciardi M, Ianni F, Sardella R, Di Bona S, Cossignani L, Germani R, Tiecco M, Clementi C. Effective and Selective Extraction of Quercetin from Onion ( Allium cepa L.) Skin Waste Using Water Dilutions of Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216465. [PMID: 34771995 PMCID: PMC8585411 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are experiencing growing interest as substitutes of polluting organic solvents for their low or absent toxicity and volatility. Moreover, they can be formed with natural bioavailable and biodegradable molecules; they are synthesized in absence of hazardous solvents. DESs are, inter alia, successfully used for the extraction/preconcentration of biofunctional molecules from complex vegetal matrices. Onion skin is a highly abundant waste material which represents a reservoir of molecules endowed with valuable biological properties such as quercetin and its glycosylated forms. An efficient extraction of these molecules from dry onion skin from "Dorata di Parma" cultivar was obtained with water dilution of acid-based DESs. Glycolic acid (with betaine 2/1 molar ratio and L-Proline 3/1 molar ratio as counterparts) and of p-toluensulphonic acid (with benzyltrimethylammonium methanesulfonate 1/1 molar ratio)-based DESs exhibited more than 3-fold higher extraction efficiency than methanol (14.79 µg/mL, 18.56 µg/mL, 14.83 µg/mL vs. 5.84 µg/mL, respectively). The extracted quercetin was also recovered efficaciously (81% of recovery) from the original extraction mixture. The proposed extraction protocol revealed to be green, efficacious and selective for the extraction of quercetin from onion skin and it could be useful for the development of other extraction procedures from other biological matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ciardi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotecnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.B.); (R.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.I.); (R.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.I.); (R.S.); (L.C.)
- Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Bona
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotecnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.B.); (R.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Lina Cossignani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.I.); (R.S.); (L.C.)
- Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Raimondo Germani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotecnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.B.); (R.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Matteo Tiecco
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotecnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.B.); (R.G.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Catia Clementi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotecnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.B.); (R.G.); (C.C.)
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Kang X, Deng L, Quan T, Gao M, Zhang K, Xia Z, Gao D. Selective extraction of quinolizidine alkaloids from Sophora flavescens Aiton root using tailor-made deep eutectic solvents and magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lanjekar KJ, Rathod VK. Green extraction of Glycyrrhizic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra using choline chloride based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bjelić A, Hočevar B, Grilc M, Novak U, Likozar B. A review of sustainable lignocellulose biorefining applying (natural) deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for separations, catalysis and enzymatic biotransformation processes. REV CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2019-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Conventional biorefinery processes are complex, engineered and energy-intensive, where biomass fractionation, a key functional step for the production of biomass-derived chemical substances, demands industrial organic solvents and harsh, environmentally harmful reaction conditions. There is a timely, clear and unmet economic need for a systematic, robust and affordable conversion method technology to become greener, sustainable and cost-effective. In this perspective, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been envisaged as the most advanced novel polar liquids that are entirely made of natural, molecular compounds that are capable of an association via hydrogen bonding interactions. DES has quickly emerged in various application functions thanks to a formulations’ simple preparation. These molecules themselves are biobased, renewable, biodegradable and eco-friendly. The present experimental review is providing the state of the art topical overview of trends regarding the employment of DESs in investigated biorefinery-related techniques. This review covers DESs for lignocellulosic component isolation, applications as (co)catalysts and their functionality range in biocatalysis. Furthermore, a special section of the DESs recyclability is included. For DESs to unlock numerous new (reactive) possibilities in future biorefineries, the critical estimation of its complexity in the reaction, separation, or fractionation medium should be addressed more in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bjelić
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , 1001 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Brigita Hočevar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , 1001 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Miha Grilc
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , 1001 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Uroš Novak
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , 1001 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , 1001 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Zang YY, Yang S, Xu YQ, Chen ZG, Wu T. Carrier-Free Immobilization of Rutin Degrading Enzyme Extracted From Fusarium spp. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:470. [PMID: 32671022 PMCID: PMC7332768 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a strain with rutin degrading enzyme (RDE) activity was screened from moldy tartary buckwheat and subsequently identified as Fusarium spp. The structure and enzyme characteristics of CLEA-RDE formed by immobilization via cross-linking were then investigated. Further, the optimal catalysis conditions of CLEA-RDE in natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) serving as hydrolysis solvents were also investigated. The results of SEM and spectrum indicated that CLEA-RDE became more stable than free-RDE due to the cross-linking. Interestingly, CLEA-RDE showed a wider range of pH adaptation and higher tolerance to low temperatures (20 – 30°C) and hydrophobic environments. The results of orthogonal experiments revealed that the optimal condition for rutin hydrolysis was under pH 5.0 and 40oC with the degradation rate of 10.65 mg min−1 L−1. The preparation of CLEA-RDE without a carrier-based immobilization method reduces the loss of enzyme activity, improves the stability of the enzyme and can be applied to the investigation of immobilization of various enzymes, thus providing a referred idea for the improvement of catalysts in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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