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Merlo R, Rodríguez-Chávez Á, Gómez-Castañeda PE, Rojas-Jaramillo A, Petro JL, Kreider RB, Bonilla DA. Profiling the Physical Performance of Young Boxers with Unsupervised Machine Learning: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:131. [PMID: 37505618 PMCID: PMC10384265 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City is the location with the largest number of boxers in Mexico; in fact, it is the first city in the country to open a Technological Baccalaureate in Education and Sports Promotion with a pugilism orientation. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the physical-functional profile of applicants for admission to the baccalaureate in sports. A total of 227 young athletes (44F; 183M; 15.65 (1.79) years; 63.66 (14.98) kg; >3 years of boxing experience) participated in this study. Body mass (BM), maximal isometric handgrip (HG) strength, the height of the countermovement jump (CMJ), the velocity of straight boxing punches (PV), and the rear hand punch impact force (PIF) were measured. The young boxers were profiled using unsupervised machine learning algorithms, and the probability of superiority (ρ) was calculated as the effect size of the differences. K-Medoids clustering resulted in two sex-independent significantly different groups: Profile 1 (n = 118) and Profile 2 (n = 109). Except for BM, Profile 2 was statistically higher (p < 0.001) with a clear distinction in terms of superiority on PIF (ρ = 0.118), the PIF-to-BM ratio (ρ = 0.017), the PIF-to-HG ratio (ρ = 0.079) and the PIF-to-BM+HG ratio (ρ = 0.008). In general, strength levels explained most of the data variation; therefore, it is reasonable to recommend the implementation of tests aimed at assessing the levels of isometric and applied strength in boxing gestures. The identification of these physical-functional profiles might help to differentiate training programs during sports specialization of young boxing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Merlo
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Leon 37530, Mexico
- Colegio Profesional de Licenciados en Entrenamiento Deportivo (CPLED), Mexico City 03650, Mexico
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Chávez
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Leon 37530, Mexico
| | - Pedro E Gómez-Castañeda
- Colegio Profesional de Licenciados en Entrenamiento Deportivo (CPLED), Mexico City 03650, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Entrenadores Deportivos, Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte, Mexico City 08400, Mexico
| | - Andrés Rojas-Jaramillo
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación CINDA, Instituto Departamental de Deportes de Antioquia (INDEPORTES), Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Diego A Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
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Gatt IT, Allen T, Wheat J. Effects of using rigid tape with bandaging techniques on wrist joint motion during boxing shots in elite male athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 61:82-90. [PMID: 36965458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of bandaging techniques on wrist motion on impact during different shot types in elite male boxers. DESIGN Repeated-measures study. SETTING Field Experiment PARTICIPANTS: Two shot types, straight and bent arm, were assessed with 18 elite male boxers wearing either bandage only or bandage plus tape. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Wrist motions and time to peak wrist angles, on impact, were measured with an electromagnetic tracking system. RESULTS Wrist motion on impact occurred concurrently in flexion and ulnar deviation for both shot types. For both motions, significant (p < 0.001) effects for bandaging techniques (η2 = 0.580-0.729) and shot types (η2 = 0.165-0.280) were observed. For straight and bent arm shots, wrist motion on impact occurred within 50% and 40% respectively of total active wrist motion for bandage only compared to within 20% and 15% for bandage plus tape. Time to peak wrist angle on impact increased significantly (p < 0.001) for both shot types when adding tape to bandage. CONCLUSIONS Adding tape provided an additional 25-30% reduction in wrist motion compared to bandage only, with a 1.2-1.4 increase in time to peak wrist angle, on impact for both shot types. This information could assist various individuals and organisations towards better hand-wrist protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Gatt
- Physiotherapy Department, English Institute of Sport, Sheffield, UK; Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, UK.
| | - Tom Allen
- Sports Engineering Research Team, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Jon Wheat
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
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Performance Level and Strike Type during Ground and Pound Determine Impact Characteristics and Net Force Variability. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120205. [PMID: 36548502 PMCID: PMC9785771 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of strike impact is important for optimal training, conditioning and tactical use. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate ground and pound strikes, in terms of net force variability, across genders and performance levels. Eighty-one participants, professional men (n = 8, 37 ± 6 years, 195 ± 7 cm, 113 ± 27 kg), advanced men (n = 47, 26 ± 8 years, 180 ± 7 cm, 76 ± 11 kg), and advanced women (n = 26, 21 ± 1 years, 167 ± 6 cm, 61 ± 7 kg) performed three strikes from a kneeling position into a force plate on the ground. The elbow strike resulted in the highest impulse and the palm strike in the highest peak force for all three categories. These results support the recommendation that has previously been made to teach the palm strike to beginners and advanced tactical and combat athletes. The direct punch and elbow strike net force were characterized by a double peak curve, where the first peak variability explained 70.2-84% of the net force. The second peak was pronounced in professional men during elbow strikes, which explained 16% of net force variability. The strike type determines the impact net force and its characteristics, where palm strike is typical by highest peak impact tolerance and elbow strike by double force peak with high net force impulse.
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Lahkar BK, Muller A, Dumas R, Reveret L, Robert T. Accuracy of a markerless motion capture system in estimating upper extremity kinematics during boxing. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:939980. [PMID: 35958668 PMCID: PMC9357930 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.939980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinematic analysis of the upper extremity can be useful to assess the performance and skill levels of athletes during combat sports such as boxing. Although marker-based approach is widely used to obtain kinematic data, it is not suitable for “in the field” activities, i.e., when performed outside the laboratory environment. Markerless video-based systems along with deep learning-based pose estimation algorithms show great potential for estimating skeletal kinematics. However, applicability of these systems in assessing upper-limb kinematics remains unexplored in highly dynamic activities. This study aimed to assess kinematics of the upper limb estimated with a markerless motion capture system (2D video cameras along with commercially available pose estimation software Theia3D) compared to those measured with marker-based system during “in the field” boxing. A total of three elite boxers equipped with retroreflective markers were instructed to perform specific sequences of shadow boxing trials. Their movements were simultaneously recorded with 12 optoelectronic and 10 video cameras, providing synchronized data to be processed further for comparison. Comparative assessment showed higher differences in 3D joint center positions at the elbow (more than 3 cm) compared to the shoulder and wrist (<2.5 cm). In the case of joint angles, relatively weaker agreement was observed along internal/external rotation. The shoulder joint revealed better performance across all the joints. Segment velocities displayed good-to-excellent agreement across all the segments. Overall, segment velocities exhibited better performance compared to joint angles. The findings indicate that, given the practicality of markerless motion capture system, it can be a promising alternative to analyze sports-performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhrigu K. Lahkar
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR_T9406, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Muller
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR_T9406, Lyon, France
| | - Raphaël Dumas
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR_T9406, Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Reveret
- INRIA Grenoble Rhone-Alpes, LJK, UMR 5224, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR_T9406, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Thomas Robert
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Analysis of the Contact Area for Three Types of Upper Limb Strikes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7020050. [PMID: 35736021 PMCID: PMC9224799 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance in strike combat sports is mostly evaluated through the values of the net force, acceleration, or speed to improve efficient training procedures and/or to assess the injury. There are limited data on the upper limb striking area, which can be a useful variable for contact pressure assessment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the contact area of the upper limb in three different strike technique positions. A total of 38 men and 38 women (n = 76, 27.3 ± 8.5 years of age, 73.9 ± 13.8 kg of body weight, 173.3 ± 8.4 cm of body height) performed a static simulation of punch with a fist, palm strike, and elbow strike, where three segments of the right upper limb were scanned. The analysis of 684 images showed a correlation (r = 0.634) between weight and punch technique position in men and significant differences in elbow strike (p < 0.001) and palm strike (p < 0.0001) between women and men. In both groups, the palm demonstrated the largest area and the elbow the smallest one. These data may be used to evaluate strike contact pressure in future studies in forensic biomechanics and assessment of injury in combat sports and self-defense.
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LÓPEZ-LAVAL I, CIRER-SASTRE R, LOS ARCOS-LÓPEZ DE PARIZA J, CORBI F, CALLEJA-GONZÁLEZ J, SITKO S. Concurrent validity and reliability of an accelerometer to assess punching velocity in boxers. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chottidao M, Kuo CH, Tsai SC, Hwang IS, Lin JJ, Tsai YS. A Comparison of Plyometric and Jump Rope Training Programs for Improving Punching Performance in Junior Amateur Boxers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:878527. [PMID: 35685089 PMCID: PMC9171322 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.878527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving lower extremity sports performance may contribute to punching performance in boxers. We compared the effects of two typical boxing routines for developing lower extremity sports performance and subsequent punching performance. Twenty-four high school amateur boxers between the ages of 12 and 18 performed training at least 3 days per week. All Athletes had 3–5 years of experience in boxing training. The participants separated into two groups to receive an 8-week plyometric or jump rope training program. They performed each training program for 30 min on 3 days/week. Lower extremity sports performance in countermovement jump (leg stiffness, jump power, and rate of force development) and jab-cross punching performance (punch velocity, punch force, reaction time, movement time, and ground reaction force) were assessed at pre-and post-training. The data were analyzed using a two-way mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) (group × time). Both training programs improved the rate of force development in countermovement jump, the reaction time of punch, the peak ground reaction force of the rear leg during the jab punch, and the velocity of the jab punch. There were no group differences and interaction effects in all variables analyzed. It is concluded that 8 weeks of plyometric and rope jumping programs had a similar impact on improving lower extremity strength and punching performance. Both training programs may improve muscle strength and power, rate of force development, and reaction time. These improvements may contribute to lower extremity strength for driving a punch at the target with excellent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monchai Chottidao
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Chwen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Jenq Lin
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yung-Shen Tsai,
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Quinzi F, Rosellini G, Sbriccoli P. Lower Limb Maximal Power Predicts Punching Speed in Different Static and Dynamic Attacking Techniques in Karate. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1353-1359. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effect of CrossFit Training on Physical Fitness of Kickboxers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084526. [PMID: 35457394 PMCID: PMC9030818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Kickboxing is a combat sport that is complex in technique, tactics, and movement structure, and requires an adequate level of motor skills as a foundation for activities during competitions. General physical fitness, defined as the effect of the externalization of motor skills, is the basis for athletic training regardless of the sport. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of modified training based on the principles of CrossFit on the development of general physical fitness in a group of kickboxers compared to a control group. Methods: The study was experimental in nature and was conducted in a group of 60 kickboxers, divided into experimental and control groups. Participants were selected by purposive sampling, and the criteria were training experience, sports skill level (minimum class 1 athletes), and consent to participate in the experiment. The intervention in the study group involved the introduction of CrossFit-based training into a conventional kickboxing training program. General and special physical fitness of the athletes were diagnosed. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in general fitness in terms of abdominal strength (p < 0.001), pull-ups (p < 0.001), dynamometric measurement of handgrip force (p < 0.001) (kg), clap push-ups (p < 0.001), standing long jump (p < 0.001), shuttle run (p < 0.001), sit-and-reach (p < 0.001), and tapping (p < 0.001). Furthermore, changes in special fitness were also demonstrated for the special kickboxing fitness test (SKFT) (p < 0.02), the total number of punches (p < 0.001), punching speed (p < 0.001), and hip turning speed (p < 0.001). There was also a correlation between characteristics of general fitness and special fitness (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The experimental training program based on the principles of CrossFit training had a positive effect on the general and special kickboxing physical fitness.
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Monitored needle acceleration in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of solid pancreatic masses improves sample quality and diagnostic accuracy: a randomized trial. Endoscopy 2022; 54:389-393. [PMID: 33940637 DOI: 10.1055/a-1497-6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is recommended for the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses. We aimed to evaluate whether a high needle movement acceleration value during puncture increases diagnostic accuracy. METHODS : EUS-FNA needle acceleration was measured using a PocketLab accelerometer connected by Bluetooth to a smartphone. Two passes (fast and slow, with higher and lower than 1g [9.8 m/s2] needle acceleration values, respectively) were performed in a random order. The sample cellularity and quality were measured using semiquantitative scales. RESULTS : 51 patients were included (32 women; mean age 63). The mean (standard deviation [SD]) acceleration values were 1.59g (0.66g) for the fast pass and 0.32g (0.19g) for the slow pass (P < 0.001). The fast pass yielded significantly higher levels of EUS-FNA accuracy (84.3 % vs. 68.6 %; P = 0.02) and adequate quality scores (94.1 % vs. 76.5 %; P = 0.007). High cellularity scores were seen with similar frequencies (15.7 % vs. 11.8 %; P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS : A higher than 1g EUS-FNA needle acceleration may increase the diagnostic accuracy and specimen quality from solid pancreatic lesions.
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Khasanshin I, Osipov A. Using an artificial neural network to develop an optimal model of straight punch in boxing and training in punch techniques based on this model and real-time feedback. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259457. [PMID: 34843506 PMCID: PMC8629283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The work was aimed to develop an optimal model of a straight punch in boxing based on an artificial neural network (ANN) in the form of a multilayer perceptron, as well as to develop a technique for improving the technique of punches in boxing based on feedback, when each punch delivered by a boxer was compared with the optimal model. The architecture of the neural network optimal punch model included an input layer of 600 nodes-the values of absolute accelerations and angular velocities, four hidden ones, as well as a binary output layer (the best and not the best punch). To measure accelerations and angular velocities, inertial measuring devices were attached to the boxers' wrists. Highly qualified participated in the data set for the development of the optimal model. The best punches were chosen according to the criteria of strength and speed. The punch force was determined using a boxing pad with the function of measuring the punch force. In order to be able to compare punches, a unified parameter was developed, called the punch quality, which is equal to the product of the effective force and the punch speed. To study the effects of biofeedback, the boxing pads were equipped with five LEDs. The more LEDs were turned on, the more the punch corresponded to the optimal model. As a result of the study, an almost linear relationship was found between the quality of the punch of entry-level boxers and the optimal model. The use of feedback allowed for an increase in the quality of punches from 11 to 25%, which is on average twice as high as in the group where the feedback method was not used. Studies have shown that it is possible to develop an optimal punch model. According to the degree of compliance with this model, you can evaluate and train boxers in the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilshat Khasanshin
- Department of Data Analysis and Machine Learning/Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Osipov
- Department of Data Analysis and Machine Learning/Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Rydzik Ł, Ambroży T. Physical Fitness and the Level of Technical and Tactical Training of Kickboxers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063088. [PMID: 33802817 PMCID: PMC8002533 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Kickboxing is a dynamically progressing combat sport based on various techniques of punches and kicks. The high level of physical fitness underlies the optimal development of technique in the competitors. The objective of this study was the assessment of the level of fitness of kickboxers and the relationships between fitness and technical and tactical training. Methods: The study included 20 kickboxers aged 18–32 demonstrating the highest level of sporting performance. Their body mass ranged from 75 to 92 kg and their height from 175 to 187 cm. The selection of the group was intentional, and the criteria included training experience and the sports level assessed by the observation of the authors and opinion of the coach. The level of fitness was evaluated with the use of selected trials of International Committee on the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests and Eurofit tests. Aerobic capacity was tested and indicators of efficiency, activeness and effectiveness of attacks were calculated. Results: A significant correlation between the indicators of technical and tactical training and results of fitness tests was shown. Conclusions: There exists a correlation between efficiency, activeness and effectiveness of attacks and the speed of upper limbs, explosive strength, static strength of a hand, agility, VO2max and abdominal muscle strength.
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Application of an Artificial Neural Network to Automate the Measurement of Kinematic Characteristics of Punches in Boxing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the automation of measuring the speed of punches of boxers during shadow boxing using inertial measurement units (IMUs) based on an artificial neural network (ANN). In boxing, for the effective development of an athlete, constant control of the punch speed is required. However, even when using modern means of measuring kinematic parameters, it is necessary to record the circumstances under which the punch was performed: The type of punch (jab, cross, hook, or uppercut) and the type of activity (shadow boxing, single punch, or series of punches). Therefore, to eliminate errors and accelerate the process, that is, automate measurements, the use of an ANN in the form of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is proposed. During the experiments, IMUs were installed on the boxers’ wrists. The input parameters of the ANN were the absolute acceleration and angular velocity. The experiment was conducted for three groups of boxers with different levels of training. The developed model showed a high level of punch recognition for all groups, and it can be concluded that the use of the ANN significantly accelerates the collection of data on the kinetic characteristics of boxers’ punches and allows this process to be automated.
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Dinu D, Louis J. Biomechanical Analysis of the Cross, Hook, and Uppercut in Junior vs. Elite Boxers: Implications for Training and Talent Identification. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:598861. [PMID: 33345181 PMCID: PMC7739747 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.598861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Punching in boxing requires a combination of force and velocity of the acting arm, originating from an optimal synchronization of the different body segments. However, it is not well-understood what kinematic parameters of the punching execution influence boxing performance the most. This study aimed to investigate the differences in punching execution between 15 potential Olympic medalist boxers (Elite group) and 8 younger well trained boxers (Junior group). Each athlete was equipped with an instrumented suit composed of 17 inertial measurement units (IMU) and were asked to perform several series of 3 standardized punch types (cross, hook, and uppercut) with maximal force. Linear velocity, stability, and punch forces were computed from the different sensors. Our findings show that Elite boxers systematically produced more force and at a higher velocity for the three punch types compared to Juniors. Further analysis revealed differences in joint contributions between Elite and Juniors, Juniors presenting a higher contribution of the shoulder for the three punch types. Finally ground reaction force imbalance between the front and rear foot was revealed in the cross only, in all boxers (60.6 ± 24.9 vs. 39.4 ± 24.9% and 54.1 ± 7.1 vs. 45.9 ± 7.1%, p ≤ 0.05, for the front vs. rear foot in Elite and Juniors, respectively) but not different between groups. These results have important implications for practitioners involved in the talent identification process, longitudinal follow-up, and training of boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dinu
- French National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Sport, Expertise and Performance Lab, Paris, France
| | - Julien Louis
- French National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Sport, Expertise and Performance Lab, Paris, France.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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15
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Bennett LL, Stephen SJ, Bernick C, Shan G, Banks SJ. Sex Moderates the Relationship That Number of Professional Fights Has With Cognition and Brain Volumes. Front Neurol 2020; 11:574458. [PMID: 33250844 PMCID: PMC7673387 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.574458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Incidence of concussions and report of symptoms are greater among women across sports. While structural brain changes and cognitive declines are associated with repetitive head impact (RHI), the role of sex is not well-understood. This study aimed to determine if there is a moderating effect of sex on the relationship the number of professional fights has with cognitive functioning and regional brain volumes in a cohort of boxers, mixed martial artists, and martial artists. Methods: A total of 55 women were matched with 55 men based on age, years of education, ethnicity, and fighting style. Cognition was assessed via the CNS Vital Signs computerized cognitive battery and supplemental measures. Structural brain scans, demographic data, and number of professional fights (NoPF) were also considered. The matched pairs were compared via analysis of covariance, accounting for total brain volume. Within-subject moderation models were utilized to assess the moderating effect of sex on the relationship between NoPF and brain volumes and cognitive performance. Results: Men were observed to have poorer performance on measures of psychomotor speed when compared to women. On a series of analyses assessing the role of sex as a moderator of the relationship between NoPF and regional brain volumes/cognitive performance, a significant moderation effect was observed across multiple measures of cognitive functioning, such that men had poorer performance. Differences in numerous regional brain volumes were also observed, such that the relationship between NoPF and brain volumes was steeper among men. Conclusion: Sex was observed to be an important moderator in the relationship between NoPF, aspects of cognitive functioning, and volumes of numerous brain regions, suggesting that sex differences in neuroanatomic and cognitive response to RHI deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Bennett
- Neuropsychologist, Pickup Family Neurosciences Institute, Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Newport Beach, CA, United States
| | - Steve J Stephen
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Charles Bernick
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Guogen Shan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Sarah J Banks
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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16
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Haralabidis N, Saxby DJ, Pizzolato C, Needham L, Cazzola D, Minahan C. Fusing Accelerometry with Videography to Monitor the Effect of Fatigue on Punching Performance in Elite Boxers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5749. [PMID: 33050436 PMCID: PMC7601017 DOI: 10.3390/s20205749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and motion capture technology are accepted instruments to measure spatiotemporal variables during punching performance and to study the externally observable effects of fatigue. This study aimed to develop a computational framework enabling three-dimensional inverse dynamics analysis through the tracking of punching kinematics obtained from inertial measurement units and uniplanar videography. The framework was applied to six elite male boxers performing a boxing-specific punch fatigue protocol. OpenPose was used to label left side upper-limb landmarks from which sagittal plane kinematics were computed. Custom-made inertial measurement units were embedded into the boxing gloves, and three-dimensional punch accelerations were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping to evaluate the effects of both fatigue and laterality. Tracking simulations of a sub-set of left-handed punches were formulated as optimal control problems and converted to nonlinear programming problems for solution with a trapezoid collocation method. The laterality analysis revealed the dominant side fatigued more than the non-dominant, while tracking simulations revealed shoulder abduction and elevation moments increased across the fatigue protocol. In future, such advanced simulation and analysis could be performed in ecologically valid contexts, whereby multiple inertial measurement units and video cameras might be used to model a more complete set of dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos Haralabidis
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - David John Saxby
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia; (D.J.S.); (C.P.); (C.M.)
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Claudio Pizzolato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia; (D.J.S.); (C.P.); (C.M.)
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Laurie Needham
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Dario Cazzola
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Clare Minahan
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia; (D.J.S.); (C.P.); (C.M.)
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17
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Whitford MD, Freymiller GA, Higham TE, Clark RW. The Effects of Temperature on the Kinematics of Rattlesnake Predatory Strikes in Both Captive and Field Environments. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obaa025. [PMID: 33791566 PMCID: PMC7671150 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of predator-prey interactions between endotherms and ectotherms can be heavily influenced by environmental temperature, owing to the difference in how body temperature affects locomotor performance. However, as elastic energy storage mechanisms can allow ectotherms to maintain high levels of performance at cooler body temperatures, detailed analyses of kinematics are necessary to fully understand how changes in temperature might alter endotherm-ectotherm predator-prey interactions. Viperid snakes are widely distributed ectothermic mesopredators that interact with endotherms both as predator and prey. Although there are numerous studies on the kinematics of viper strikes, surprisingly few have analyzed how this rapid movement is affected by temperature. Here we studied the effects of temperature on the predatory strike performance of rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.), abundant new world vipers, using both field and captive experimental contexts. We found that the effects of temperature on predatory strike performance are limited, with warmer snakes achieving slightly higher maximum strike acceleration, but similar maximum velocity. Our results suggest that, unlike defensive strikes to predators, rattlesnakes may not attempt to maximize strike speed when attacking prey, and thus the outcomes of predatory strikes may not be heavily influenced by changes in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Whitford
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Ecology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - G A Freymiller
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - T E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - R W Clark
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Chiricahua Desert Museum, Rodeo, NM, USA
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18
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Beránek V, Votápek P, Stastny P. Force and velocity of impact during upper limb strikes in combat sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Biomech 2020:1-19. [PMID: 32677587 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1778075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Upper limb strikes are frequent movements in combat sports and self-defence systems, in which numerous types of strikes can be applied. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarise and compare the mechanical consequences of different types of upper limb strikes among various sports disciplines. A literature search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science, with the following search formula: (impact force) AND (strike) AND (taekwondo) OR (karate) OR (self-defence) OR (combat sport) OR (boxing). The search resulted in 28 studies describing 9 kinds of strikes, where straight punches and reverse punches have larger mean impact forces than the kung fu punch (p < 0.001) and that a palm strike had a lower strike velocity (p < 0.001) than a reverse punch, straight punch, or junzuki punch. The highest recorded mean force was found for a straight punch (3427 N). Athletes in mixed martial arts, trainers of self-defence or tactical coaches can expect that straight punches and reverse punches should be performed at high speeds (over 10 m/s) and provide similar or larger impacts than other upper limb strikes; therefore, those punches should favour a combat athlete to win a competition or succeed in self-defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Beránek
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Rescue Services, Diagnostic Fields and Public Health, Faculty of Health Care Studies, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Votápek
- Department of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Molinaro L, Taborri J, Montecchiani M, Rossi S. Assessing the Effects of Kata and Kumite Techniques on Physical Performance in Elite Karatekas. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3186. [PMID: 32503343 PMCID: PMC7309074 DOI: 10.3390/s20113186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing physical performance of elite karatekas and non-karatekas. More specifically, effects of kumite and kata technique on joint mobility, body stability, and jumping ability were assessed by enrolling twenty-four karatekas and by comparing the results with 18 non-karatekas healthy subjects. Sensor system was composed by a single inertial sensor and optical bars. Karatekas are generally characterized by better motor performance with respect nonkaratekas, considering all the examined factors, i.e., mobility, stability, and jumping. In addition, the two techniques lead to a differentiation in joint mobility; in particular, kumite athletes are characterized by a greater shoulder extension and, in general, by a greater value of preferred velocity to perform joint movements. Conversely, kata athletes are characterized by a greater mobility of the ankle joint. By focusing on jumping skills, kata technique leads to an increase of the concentric phase when performing squat jump. Finally, kata athletes showed better stability inclosed eyes condition. The outcomes reported here can be useful for optimizing coaching programs for both beginners and karatekas based on the specific selected technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Molinaro
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
- Motustech – Sport & Health Technology c/o Marilab, 00121 Ostia Lido, Rome, Italy
| | - Juri Taborri
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Massimo Montecchiani
- FIAMME ORO – Polizia di Stato, 00148 Rome, Italy;
- FIJLKAM – Italian Federation of Judo, Wrestling, Karate and Martial Arts, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
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20
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Mechanism of Coup and Contrecoup Injuries Induced by a Knock-Out Punch. MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL APPLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/mca25020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary Objective: The interaction of cerebrospinal fluid with the brain parenchyma in an impact scenario is studied. Research Design: A computational fluid-structure interaction model is used to simulate the interaction of cerebrospinal fluid with a comprehensive brain model. Methods and Procedures: The method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics is used to simulate the fluid flow, induced by the impact, simultaneously with finite element analysis to solve the large deformations in the brain model. Main Outcomes and Results: Mechanism of injury resulting in concussion is demonstrated. The locations with the highest stress values on the brain parenchyma are shown. Conclusions: Our simulations found that the damage to the brain resulting from the contrecoup injury is more severe than that resulting from the coup injury. Additionally, we show that the contrecoup injury does not always appear on the side opposite from where impact occurs.
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21
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Gatt IT, Allen T, Wheat J. Accuracy and repeatability of wrist joint angles in boxing using an electromagnetic tracking system. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-019-0313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe hand-wrist region is reported as the most common injury site in boxing. Boxers are at risk due to the amount of wrist motions when impacting training equipment or their opponents, yet we know relatively little about these motions. This paper describes a new method for quantifying wrist motion in boxing using an electromagnetic tracking system. Surrogate testing procedure utilising a polyamide hand and forearm shape, and in vivo testing procedure utilising 29 elite boxers, were used to assess the accuracy and repeatability of the system. 2D kinematic analysis was used to calculate wrist angles using photogrammetry, whilst the data from the electromagnetic tracking system was processed with visual 3D software. The electromagnetic tracking system agreed with the video-based system (paired t tests) in both the surrogate (< 0.2°) and quasi-static testing (< 6°). Both systems showed a good intraclass coefficient of reliability (ICCs > 0.9). In the punch testing, for both repeated jab and hook shots, the electromagnetic tracking system showed good reliability (ICCs > 0.8) and substantial reliability (ICCs > 0.6) for flexion–extension and radial-ulnar deviation angles, respectively. The results indicate that wrist kinematics during punching activities can be measured using an electromagnetic tracking system.
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22
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El-Oujaji S, Provot T, Bourgain M, Dinu D. Difference of stability between two elite boxing groups: a preliminary study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1714989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. El-Oujaji
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, EA 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance INSEP, Paris, France
| | - T. Provot
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges-Charpak, EA 4494, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 151, boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - M. Bourgain
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges-Charpak, EA 4494, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 151, boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - D. Dinu
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, EA 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance INSEP, Paris, France
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23
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Worsey MT, Espinosa HG, Shepherd JB, Thiel DV. Inertial Sensors for Performance Analysis in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7010028. [PMID: 30669590 PMCID: PMC6359075 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of technology into training and competition sport settings is becoming more commonplace. Inertial sensors are one technology being used for performance monitoring. Within combat sports, there is an emerging trend to use this type of technology; however, the use and selection of this technology for combat sports has not been reviewed. To address this gap, a systematic literature review for combat sport athlete performance analysis was conducted. A total of 36 records were included for review, demonstrating that inertial measurements were predominately used for measuring strike quality. The methodology for both selecting and implementing technology appeared ad-hoc, with no guidelines for appropriately analysing the results. This review summarises a framework of best practice for selecting and implementing inertial sensor technology for evaluating combat sport performance. It is envisaged that this review will act as a guide for future research into applying technology to combat sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew To Worsey
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Hugo G Espinosa
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Jonathan B Shepherd
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - David V Thiel
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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24
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Francis J, Stamper I, Heikenfeld J, Gomez EF. Digital nanoliter to milliliter flow rate sensor with in vivo demonstration for continuous sweat rate measurement. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 19:178-185. [PMID: 30525141 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00968f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic flow rate sensors have constraints in both detection limits and dynamic range, and are not often easily integrated into lab-on-chip or wearable sensing systems. We constructed a flow rate sensor that easily couples to the outlet of a microfluidic channel, and measures the flow rate by temporarily shorting periodic droplets generated between two electrodes. The device was tested in a dynamic range as low as 25 nL min-1 and as high as 900 000 nL min-1 (36 000× range). It was tested to continuously operate up to ∼200 hours. The device is also simple to fabricate, requiring inexpensive parts, and is small enough to be integrated into wearable devices. The required input pressure is as low as 370 Pascals. An ultra-low flow rate application was demonstrated for wearable sweat biosensing where sweat generation rates (nL min-1 per gland) were accurately measured in human subjects. The digital nanoliter device provides real-time flow rates for sweat rates and may have other applications for low flow rates in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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25
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Stanley E, Thomson E, Smith G, Lamb KL. An analysis of the three-dimensional kinetics and kinematics of maximal effort punches among amateur boxers. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Stanley
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Edward Thomson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Grace Smith
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Kevin L. Lamb
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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