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Rakha AH. Reflections on augmented reality codes for teaching fundamental defensive techniques to boxing beginners. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301728. [PMID: 38603715 PMCID: PMC11008871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AR technology allows users to interact with virtual objects in real-world settings. Immersive AR experiences can enhance creativity and possibilities. Learners can explore real-life situations in a safe, controlled environment, understand abstract concepts and solve problems. This study investigates whether AR-codes affect boxing beginners' performance in some fundamental defensive techniques. An experimental and control group were created to implement a quasi-experimental design. By using the ASSURE instructional design model, AR technology was incorporated into the educational program and delivered in flipped classroom method to the experimental group. Comparatively, the control group is taught a program using a teacher's command style. A post-measurement of defensive boxing skills was conducted for both groups. Participants were 60 boxing beginners aged 12 to 14 who had enrolled in Port Fouad Sports Club's 2023/2024 training season in Port Said, Egypt. Randomly, participants were divided into control and experimental groups. They were homogenized and equivalent in terms of age, height, weight, IQ, physical fitness, and skill level. According to the study results, the experimental group performed better in post-measurements than the control group. The AR Codes technology had a large effect size on the learning of boxing defensive skills under study. Consequently, it is necessary to use AR Codes technology as an educational resource to enhance the learning process, integrate it with active learning strategies, and use it to teach defensive boxing skills and apply them to offensive and counterattack skills, thereby improving the learning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hassan Rakha
- Faculty of Physical Education for (Men–Girls), Department of Curriculum and Teaching Methods of Physical Education, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt
- Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology, College of Education, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Prasetyo YT, Cahigas MML, Patrick E, Rodney M, Nadlifatin R, Persada SF. Indonesian martial artists' preferences in martial arts schools: Sustaining business competitiveness through conjoint analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301229. [PMID: 38578778 PMCID: PMC10997075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The popularity of martial arts in the present times has become apparent, therefore, it is necessary to explore martial artists' preferences and the schools' competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to assess martial artists' preferences concerning the services offered by martial arts schools. Conjoint analysis was utilized to analyze the responses of fifty-five (55) martial artists based on the seven (7) martial arts schools' attributes. The results showed that the type of martial arts was found to be the most important attribute (30.449%) followed by distance (27.970%), price range (22.706%), social environment (11.097%), class preference (5.080%), goal (1.562%), and schedule (1.135%). Furthermore, Muay Thai or Kickboxing was the most preferred martial art, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) was the second priority, next was Taekwondo, then Karate, and finally Boxing. In addition, the martial artists' preferred distance was less than 8 km, and a monthly training cost of 150,000 to 450,000 IDR (10 to 20 USD). Martial artists liked attending open classes, treated martial arts as a hobby, and favored attending classes once or twice weekly. With the lack of conjoint-related studies in the martial arts industry, the findings contributed to academicians and addressed issues of inadequate studies. Most importantly, the researchers presented managerial implications to leverage marketing techniques and develop the business operations of martial arts schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogi Tri Prasetyo
- International Bachelor Program in Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Maela Madel L. Cahigas
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapua University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eugene Patrick
- Department of International Business Engineering, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Michael Rodney
- Department of International Business Engineering, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Reny Nadlifatin
- Department of Information Systems, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Satria Fadil Persada
- Entrepreneurship Department, BINUS Business School Undergraduate Program, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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3
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Kong Y, Duan Z. Boxing behavior recognition based on artificial intelligence convolutional neural network with sports psychology assistant. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7640. [PMID: 38561402 PMCID: PMC10984940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to deeply understand the psychological state of boxers before the competition, and explore an efficient boxing action classification and recognition model supported by artificial intelligence (AI) technology through these psychological characteristics. Firstly, this study systematically measures the key psychological dimensions of boxers, such as anxiety level, self-confidence, team identity, and opponent attitude, through psychological scale survey to obtain detailed psychological data. Then, based on these data, this study innovatively constructs a boxing action classification and recognition model based on BERT fusion 3D-ResNet, which not only comprehensively considers psychological information, but also carefully considers action characteristics to improve the classification accuracy of boxing actions. The performance evaluation shows that the model proposed in this study is significantly superior to the traditional model in terms of loss value, accuracy and F1 value, and the accuracy reaches 96.86%. Therefore, through the comprehensive application of psychology and deep learning, this study successfully constructs a boxing action classification and recognition model that can fully understand the psychological state of boxers, which provides strong support for the psychological training and action classification of boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Kong
- School of Science of Physical Culture and Sports, Kunsan University, Kunsan, 54150, Korea
| | - Zhiyuan Duan
- School of Science of Physical Culture and Sports, Kunsan University, Kunsan, 54150, Korea.
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Wallis WEG, Al-Alem Q, Lorimer H, Smail OJ, Williams GKR, Bond B. The acute influence of amateur boxing on dynamic cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:993-1003. [PMID: 37768343 PMCID: PMC10879355 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of head impacts, sustained over the course of three rounds of amateur boxing, on indices of cerebrovascular function. METHODS Eighteen university amateur boxers (six female) completed three experimental trials in a randomised order; (1) three rounds of boxing (BOX), (2) an equivalent bout of pad boxing (where no blows to the head were sustained; PAD), and (3) a time-matched seated control trial (CON). Indices of cerebrovascular function were determined immediately before and 45 min after each trial. Specifically, dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) was determined by considering the relationship between changes in cerebral blood velocity and mean arterial pressure during 5 min of squat-stand manoeuvres at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz. Cerebrovascular reactivity was determined using serial breath holding and hyperventilation attempts. RESULTS Participants received an average of 40 ± 16 punches to the head during the BOX trial. Diastolic, mean and systolic dCA phase during squat stand manoeuvres at 0.05 Hz was lower after BOX compared to pre BOX (P ≤ 0.02, effect size (d) ≥ 0.74). No other alterations in dCA outcomes were observed at 0.05 or 0.10 Hz. The number of head impacts received during the BOX trial was associated with the change in systolic phase (r = 0.50, P = 0.03). No differences in cerebrovascular reactivity to breath holding or hyperventilation were observed. CONCLUSIONS A typical bout of amateur boxing (i.e., three rounds) can subtly alter cerebral pressure-flow dynamics, and the magnitude of this change may be related to head impact exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E G Wallis
- Exeter Head Impacts, Brain Injury and Trauma (ExHIBIT) research group, Sport and Health Sciences, Baring Court, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Q Al-Alem
- Exeter Head Impacts, Brain Injury and Trauma (ExHIBIT) research group, Sport and Health Sciences, Baring Court, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - H Lorimer
- Exeter Head Impacts, Brain Injury and Trauma (ExHIBIT) research group, Sport and Health Sciences, Baring Court, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - O J Smail
- Exeter Head Impacts, Brain Injury and Trauma (ExHIBIT) research group, Sport and Health Sciences, Baring Court, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - G K R Williams
- Exeter Head Impacts, Brain Injury and Trauma (ExHIBIT) research group, Sport and Health Sciences, Baring Court, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - B Bond
- Exeter Head Impacts, Brain Injury and Trauma (ExHIBIT) research group, Sport and Health Sciences, Baring Court, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
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Lu TL, He CS, Suzuki K, Lu CC, Wang CY, Fang SH. Concurrent Ingestion of Alkaline Water and L-Glutamine Enhanced Salivary α-Amylase Activity and Testosterone Concentration in Boxing Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:454. [PMID: 38337738 PMCID: PMC10857026 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Athletes often take sport supplements to reduce fatigue and immune disturbances during or after training. This study evaluated the acute effects of concurrent ingestion of alkaline water and L-glutamine on the salivary immunity and hormone responses of boxers after training. Twelve male boxing athletes were recruited in this study. During regular training, the participants were randomly divided into three groups and asked to consume 400 mL of alkaline water (Group A), 0.15 g/kg body weight of L-glutamine with 400 mL of water (Group G), and 0.15 g/kg of L-glutamine with 400 mL of alkaline water (Group A+G) at the same time each day for three consecutive weeks. Before and immediately after the training, saliva, heart rates, and the rate of perceived exertion were investigated. The activity of α-amylase and concentrations of lactoferrin, immunoglobulin A (IgA), testosterone, and cortisol in saliva were measured. The results showed that the ratio of α-amylase activity/total protein (TP) significantly increased after training in Group A+G but not in Group A or G, whereas the ratios of lactoferrin/TP and IgA/TP were unaffected in all three groups. The concentrations of salivary testosterone after training increased significantly in Group A+G but not in Group A or G, whereas the salivary cortisol concentrations were unaltered in all groups. In conclusion, concurrent ingestion of 400 mL of alkaline water and 0.15 g/kg of L-glutamine before training enhanced the salivary α-amylase activity and testosterone concentration of boxers, which would be beneficial for post-exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Lin Lu
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan; (T.-L.L.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Cheng-Shiun He
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong 621301, Taiwan;
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan;
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan; (T.-L.L.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Chung-Yuan Wang
- Department of Combat Sports, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan; (T.-L.L.); (C.-C.L.)
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Blacker DJ, Fazio R, Tucak C, Beranek P, Pollard C, Shelley T, Rajandran S, Holbeche G, Turner M, Cruickshank T. FIGHT-PD: A feasibility study of periodized boxing training for Parkinson disease. PM R 2024; 16:36-46. [PMID: 37071916 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boxing training has become a popular form of exercise for people with Parkinson disease (PD). There is a dearth of high-quality feasibility, safety, and efficacy data on boxing training for PD. Feasibility of Instituting Graduated High-intensity Training (FIGHT-PD) aimed to examine these features in a periodized boxing training program featuring high-intensity physical and cognitive demands. OBJECTIVE To conduct a feasibility study, aiming to address deficiencies in the current knowledge base and to provide data for future studies. DESIGN Single-arm, open-label feasibility. SETTING University department and medical research institute. PARTICIPANTS Ten people with early stage PD without contraindications to intense exercise, identified from a database of participants interested in boxing training. INTERVENTIONS A 15-week exercise program with three 1-hour sessions per week, with each session including warmup and then rounds of noncontact boxing using a training device. Three distinct blocks of 5 weeks including active rest. Boxers Development: focus on training technique Boxers Cardio: increasing intensity, including high-intensity interval training Boxers Brain: focus on cognitively challenging dual task training MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Process, resource, and management measures including recruitment and retention rates, timelines and costs, and compliance with prescribed exercise targets. Clinical outcomes were safety (adverse events), training intensity (using heart rate and perceived exertion monitoring), tolerability (pain, fatigue, and sleep scores), and pre- and postprogram Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III). RESULTS Among 10 participants from a pool of 82 (recruitment rate = 12%), there were no withdrawals; 348/360 workouts were completed (adherence = 97.7%); 4/348 (1.1%) workouts were missed due to minor injury. Nine of 10 participants showed improvement in UPDRS motor score. CONCLUSIONS FIGHT-PD provides a depth of feasibility and safety data, methodological detail, and preliminary results that is not described elsewhere and could provide a useful basis for future studies of boxing training for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Blacker
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Dept of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Raimondo Fazio
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Claire Tucak
- Department of Physiotherapy, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Phillip Beranek
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Georgina Holbeche
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Mitchell Turner
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Travis Cruickshank
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
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Eginyan G, Williams AM, Joseph KS, Lam T. Trunk muscle activity and kinematics during boxing and battle rope exercise in people with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2024; 47:135-142. [PMID: 34874241 PMCID: PMC10795558 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2021.2005993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Recovery of seated balance is a rehabilitation priority for people with motor-complete spinal cord injury (mcSCI). Previous research has demonstrated that people with mcSCI can voluntarily engage their trunk muscles during different exercise programs that have the potential to improve seated balance control. Boxing and battle rope exercises could offer another opportunity to improve seated balance for people with mcSCI, but it is unknown if this type of exercise engages trunk musculature and challenges seated balance. OBJECTIVE To describe the movement patterns of people with mcSCI compared to controls by characterizing the muscle activation patterns and kinematics of the trunk and upper-body during boxing and battle rope exercise. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 4 males with mcSCI between C7-T9, and 4 able-bodied controls. METHODS Participants performed different boxing and battle rope exercises while kinematics and electromyography (EMG) from the trunk and arms were recorded. OUTCOME MEASURES Trunk EMG amplitude, trunk and arm joint angles, and trunk curvature. RESULTS Boxing and battle ropes elicited higher relative EMG activity in people with mcSCI compared to controls (P < 0.001). Participants with mcSCI had similar upper-limb kinematics during the exercises to controls, but demonstrated reduced trunk rotation and increased trunk curvature. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that boxing and battle rope can elicit trunk activity in people with mcSCI, though they may adopt increased trunk curvatures. Future research should explore if such exercise programs may improve seated balance in people with mcSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gevorg Eginyan
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Physical Activity Research Centre (PARC), International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison M.M. Williams
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Physical Activity Research Centre (PARC), International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Konrad S. Joseph
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Physical Activity Research Centre (PARC), International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tania Lam
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Physical Activity Research Centre (PARC), International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Fetchko TJ, Hart GJ, Aderman MJ, Ross JD, Malvasi SR, Roach MH, Cameron KL, Rooks TF. Measurement of Head Kinematics Using Instrumented Mouthguards During Introductory Boxing Courses in U.S. Military Academy Cadets. Mil Med 2023; 188:584-589. [PMID: 37948285 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of wearable impact sensor devices to quantitatively measure head impact exposure remains largely unstudied in military-style martial arts training and combat sports, particularly at the beginner levels. The baseline frequency and severity of head impact exposure during introductory military-style martial arts trainings, such as combatives training, is valuable information for developing future programs of instruction and exposure monitoring programs. The purpose of this study was to describe head impact exposures experienced during introductory combatives training (a boxing course) at U.S. Military Academy. METHODS This study used instrumented mouthguards to measure head impact exposure in U.S. Military Academy cadets during a compulsory boxing course. Summary exposures from a preliminary dataset are presented. RESULTS Twenty-two male subjects (19.9 ± 1.1 years, 86.6 ± 11.7 kg) participated in 205 analyzed player-bouts (full contact sparring sessions) with 809 video verified impacts (average 3.9 impacts per player-bout). The mean peak linear acceleration was 16.5 ±7.1 G, with a maximum of 70.8 G. There was a right-skewed distribution, with 640/809 (79.1%) events falling between 10 and 20 G. The mean peak angular acceleration was 1.52 ± 0.96 krad/s2, with a maximum of 8.85 krad/s2. CONCLUSIONS Compared to other high-risk sports at Service Academies, head impacts from beginner boxing were of similar magnitude to those reported for Service Academy football and slightly lower than those reported for Service Academy rugby. Based on these preliminary data, the risk profile for introductory military-style martial arts training, such as boxing or combatives, may be similar to other contact sports like football and rugby, but further research is required to confirm these findings and understand the effects of the exposures in a shorter duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Fetchko
- Injury Biomechanics and Protection Group, United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Novosel, AL 36362, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY 10996, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald J Hart
- Department of Physical Education, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Michael J Aderman
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Jeremy D Ross
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Steven R Malvasi
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Megan H Roach
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Kenneth L Cameron
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Tyler F Rooks
- Injury Biomechanics and Protection Group, United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Novosel, AL 36362, USA
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Worz C. ASCP Foundation Is Vaccinating Older People Through USA Boxing Partnership. Sr Care Pharm 2023; 38:350-351. [PMID: 37612849 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2023.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
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Jones CM, Austin K, Augustus SN, Nicholas KJ, Yu X, Baker C, Chan EYK, Loosemore M, Ghajari M. An Instrumented Mouthguard for Real-Time Measurement of Head Kinematics under a Large Range of Sport Specific Accelerations. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7068. [PMID: 37631606 PMCID: PMC10457941 DOI: 10.3390/s23167068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head impacts in sports can produce brain injuries. The accurate quantification of head kinematics through instrumented mouthguards (iMG) can help identify underlying brain motion during injurious impacts. The aim of the current study is to assess the validity of an iMG across a large range of linear and rotational accelerations to allow for on-field head impact monitoring. METHODS Drop tests of an instrumented helmeted anthropometric testing device (ATD) were performed across a range of impact magnitudes and locations, with iMG measures collected concurrently. ATD and iMG kinematics were also fed forward to high-fidelity brain models to predict maximal principal strain. RESULTS The impacts produced a wide range of head kinematics (16-171 g, 1330-10,164 rad/s2 and 11.3-41.5 rad/s) and durations (6-18 ms), representing impacts in rugby and boxing. Comparison of the peak values across ATD and iMG indicated high levels of agreement, with a total concordance correlation coefficient of 0.97 for peak impact kinematics and 0.97 for predicted brain strain. We also found good agreement between iMG and ATD measured time-series kinematic data, with the highest normalized root mean squared error for rotational velocity (5.47 ± 2.61%) and the lowest for rotational acceleration (1.24 ± 0.86%). Our results confirm that the iMG can reliably measure laboratory-based head kinematics under a large range of accelerations and is suitable for future on-field validity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M. Jones
- Sports and Wellbeing Analytics, Swansea SA7 0AJ, UK; (K.A.)
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Health (ISEH), Division Surgery Interventional Science, University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK
| | - Kieran Austin
- Sports and Wellbeing Analytics, Swansea SA7 0AJ, UK; (K.A.)
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK
| | - Simon N. Augustus
- Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University London, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | | | - Xiancheng Yu
- HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (X.Y.)
| | - Claire Baker
- HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (X.Y.)
| | - Emily Yik Kwan Chan
- HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (X.Y.)
| | - Mike Loosemore
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Health (ISEH), Division Surgery Interventional Science, University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester M11 3BS, UK
| | - Mazdak Ghajari
- HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (X.Y.)
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Pfaff ER, Girvin AT, Crosskey M, Gangireddy S, Master H, Wei WQ, Kerchberger VE, Weiner M, Harris PA, Basford M, Lunt C, Chute CG, Moffitt RA, Haendel M. De-black- boxing health AI: demonstrating reproducible machine learning computable phenotypes using the N3C-RECOVER Long COVID model in the All of Us data repository. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2023; 30:1305-1312. [PMID: 37218289 PMCID: PMC10280348 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML)-driven computable phenotypes are among the most challenging to share and reproduce. Despite this difficulty, the urgent public health considerations around Long COVID make it especially important to ensure the rigor and reproducibility of Long COVID phenotyping algorithms such that they can be made available to a broad audience of researchers. As part of the NIH Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative, researchers with the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) devised and trained an ML-based phenotype to identify patients highly probable to have Long COVID. Supported by RECOVER, N3C and NIH's All of Us study partnered to reproduce the output of N3C's trained model in the All of Us data enclave, demonstrating model extensibility in multiple environments. This case study in ML-based phenotype reuse illustrates how open-source software best practices and cross-site collaboration can de-black-box phenotyping algorithms, prevent unnecessary rework, and promote open science in informatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Pfaff
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Srushti Gangireddy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hiral Master
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - V Eric Kerchberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark Weiner
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Paul A Harris
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Melissa Basford
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chris Lunt
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher G Chute
- Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing. Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard A Moffitt
- Departments of Hematology and Medical Oncology and Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa Haendel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Kruszewski A. From Ancient Patterns of Hand-to-Hand Combat to a Unique Therapy of the Future. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3553. [PMID: 36834248 PMCID: PMC9960953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this publication is to provide generalized knowledge of the area of changes that took place over past centuries in relation to health, social and cultural conditions. In Greek mythology, it was necessary to nurture both body and spirit to be a perfect human being. This link between the concepts of physical beauty and goodness can be also found in later works dedicated to ancient Greek history. Particularly in Greek myths, and in Greek education in general, it was believed that both physical and spiritual excellence were necessary to raise men to achieve their true form. Some of the main forms of implementing this idea were hand-to-hand combat exercises (wrestling, boxing and pankration). Ideas characteristic of the world of ancient Greece, in a general sense, can be observed in the culture of the Far East. The main difference is the fact that these principles did not survive in Western culture as a result of transformation into a consumer society focused on the rejection of moral principles. The brutalisation of the forms of the Roman Games meant that the ideals of the ancient world were forgotten for more than 1500 years. The modern Olympic Games were resurrected in the 19th century. Inspired by the ancient Greek cult of health of body and spirit, they gave rise to a movement known as Olympism. In the Olympic Charter written by Coubertin, Olympism was called "a philosophy of life exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind". The combat sports disciplines have had their place there since the beginning of the modern Olympic Games. The evolution of hand-to-hand combat disciplines, including numerous scientific studies indicating a very broad impact in the area of health, led to this type of physical activity being reached for as an essential element in supporting the health-promoting behaviour of society. Nowadays, physical activity in the area of exercise with elements of hand-to-hand combat, combat sports, or martial arts is an indissoluble link in the prevention and treatment of 21st century diseases. For Parkinson's disease patients, drug treatment is an essential resource for continuing to function in society, but it will not be completely effective without supporting the treatment with appropriate and attractive physical activity (e.g., "Rock Steady Boxing"). Of similar importance is the prevention of dangerous falls, which are common in this population as well as among the elderly or those affected by other diseases of civilisation. Implementing the principles and techniques of safe falling in the teaching of the young population significantly increases the likelihood of applying appropriate responses to these individuals in adulthood and old age. Actions that should be taken now for prevention can be implemented through social programmes, such as "Active today for a healthy future".
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kruszewski
- Department of Individual Sports, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Ponnu J. B- BOXing against UV rays: The BBX11-HY5 feedback loop regulates plant ultraviolet B tolerance. Plant Physiol 2022; 189:1904-1905. [PMID: 35639739 PMCID: PMC9343007 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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14
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Gallacher J, Pickering J, Bayer A, Heslop L, Morgan G, Watkins A, Martin R, Elwood P. Amateur Boxing and Dementia: Cognitive Impairment Within the 35-Year Caerphilly Cohort Study. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:329-333. [PMID: 35470341 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the long-term effects of amateur boxing in a representative population sample of men. DESIGN The sample was examined every 5 years for 35 years. Cognition was assessed repeatedly from the third examination. Previous boxing experience and dementia were assessed at the fifth examination, and dementia assessed subsequently through medical records. SETTING AND ASSESSMENT OF RICK FACTORS The Caerphilly Prospective Study investigates risk factors for a range of chronic diseases of diseases. These include life style and behavior, together with biological factors relevant to vascular disease. PARTICIPANTS 1123 adult men aged 45 to 59 years at baseline, followed for 35 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive impairment. RESULTS A report by a subject of having boxed "seriously" when younger was associated with a 2-fold increase in cognitive impairment [odds ratio (OR) = 2.27; 95% confidence intervals = 1.18-4.38]. For amnestic (Alzheimer-like) impairment, this rises to OR = 2.78 (95% confidence limits 1.37-5.65). Having boxed is associated with an "advancement" in the onset of the dementia (4.8 years; 95% confidence limits 0.9-8.8 years). CONCLUSIONS Amateur boxing is associated with an increased risk and an earlier onset of cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gallacher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Pickering
- Division of Population Medicine, PRIME Centre Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Bayer
- Division of Population Medicine, PRIME Centre Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Heslop
- Division of Population Medicine, PRIME Centre Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Angela Watkins
- Division of Population Medicine, PRIME Centre Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri Martin
- Cwm Taf University Health Board, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Elwood
- Division of Population Medicine, PRIME Centre Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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15
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Ozan M, Buzdağli Y, Baygutalp NK, Yüce N, Baygutalp F, Bakan E. Serum BDNF and Selenium Levels in Elite Athletes Exposed to Blows. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58050608. [PMID: 35630025 PMCID: PMC9145651 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the combined acute and long-term effects of exposure to blows and exercise on serum BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and selenium levels. Materials and Methods: Serum BDNF and selenium levels were determined in 40 male elite athletes before and after vigorous exercise (training match) with a probability of exposure to blows and in 10 sedentary men subjected to exercise (Astrand running protocol). Results: Serum BDNF levels were found 11.50 ± 3.50 ng/mL before exercise and 14.02 ± 3.15 ng/mL after exercise in the athlete group (p = 0.02), and 12.18 ± 4.55 ng/ mL and 11.74 ± 2.48 ng/ mL before and after exercise in the sedentary group, respectively (p = 0.873). Serum BDNF (pre-exercise, baseline) levels were slightly lower in the athlete group than those in the sedentary group (11.50 ± 3.50 and 12.18 ± 4.55 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.796). Pre-exercise serum selenium levels in athletes were significantly higher compared to those of sedentary participants (130.53 ± 36.79 and 95.51 ± 20.57 µg/L, respectively, p = 0.011). There was no difference in selenium levels after exercise (124.01 ± 29.96 µg/L) compared to pre-exercise (130.53 ± 36.79 µg/L) in the athlete group (p = 0.386). Similarly, there was no difference in selenium levels after exercise (113.28 ± 25.51 µg/L) compared to pre-exercise (95.51 ± 20.57 µg/L) in the sedentary group (p = 0.251). Conclusions: BDNF results show that even if athletes are exposed to blows, they may be protected from the long-term effects of blows thanks to the protective effect of their non-sedentary lifestyle. Regular exercise may have a protective effect on maintaining serum selenium levels in athletes even exposed to blows chronically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ozan
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey;
| | - Yusuf Buzdağli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey;
| | - Nurcan Kılıç Baygutalp
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-442-2315231
| | - Neslihan Yüce
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey;
| | - Fatih Baygutalp
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey;
| | - Ebubekir Bakan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı 04100, Turkey;
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16
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Dunn EC, Humberstone CE, Franchini E, Iredale KF, Blazevich AJ. Relationships Between Punch Impact Force and Upper- and Lower-Body Muscular Strength and Power in Highly Trained Amateur Boxers. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1019-1025. [PMID: 32218063 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dunn, EC, Humberstone, CE, Franchini, E, Iredale, KF, and Blazevich, AJ. Relationships between punch impact force and upper- and lower-body muscular strength and power in highly trained amateur boxers. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1019-1025, 2022-This study examined the relationship between upper- and lower-body strength and power characteristics and punch performance in 28 highly trained male amateur boxers. Punch performance was assessed with a custom-built punch integrator using a 3-minute maximal effort punch test that contained straight- and bent-arm punches from the lead and rear hands. Peak punch force and force-time variables including impulse and rate of force development (RFD; calculated to various points) were assessed. Force, power, and RFD of the upper and lower body were assessed with countermovement bench throw, isometric bench push, countermovement jump (CMJ), and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) tests. Correlation and regression analyses revealed significant (p < 0.05) relationships between peak punch force and forces measured in CMJ and IMTP tests. In addition, peak punch force was moderately and significantly correlated to body mass, but RFD in the lower body was not. Moreover, no meaningful relationships between punch performance characteristics and any upper-body strength or power parameter were identified. The results of this study show that lower-body strength but not RFD had a moderate to strong positive and significant correlation to peak punch force production. Although upper-body strength and power are expected to be important in boxing, they did not discriminate between boxers who punched with higher or lower peak force nor were they correlated to peak punch force. Training that improves lower-body strength without increasing total body mass (to maintain weight category) may positively influence punch capacity in highly trained amateur boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Dunn
- Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport Combat Center, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; and
| | - Clare E Humberstone
- Australian Institute of Sport Combat Center, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; and
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Australian Institute of Sport Combat Center, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; and
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Fiona Iredale
- Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Choi K, Kim B, Choi J. Evaluating Olympic Pictograms Using Fuzzy TOPSIS-Focus on Judo, Taekwondo, Boxing, and Wrestling. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19073934. [PMID: 35409614 PMCID: PMC8997524 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary to evaluate whether Olympic pictograms are designed accurately and are easy to understand, so that they fulfill their intended functions and roles. Olympic pictograms are used to facilitate smooth communication at this large sporting event. However, viewers often find it challenging to understand the actual sport represented by the pictogram. This study evaluates the ranking of comprehensibility of the pictograms for judo, taekwondo, boxing, and wrestling used in six games, from the 27th Sydney Olympics in 2000 to the 32nd Tokyo Olympics in 2021. The evaluation was done using the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method, a multi-criteria decision-making methodology commonly used in economics and other fields. Data collection was conducted from 10 May to 30 June 2021 for 44 general public and seven experts. The results are as follows. First, the pictograms from the 2008 Beijing Olympics ranked first in three sports: taekwondo, boxing, and wrestling, but there were no pictograms that consistently ranked first or sixth in all sports. Second, the sensitivity analysis result shows the possibility that the ranking would be reversed if the weight of the evaluation factors were changed. This study is expected to contribute to developing pictograms that can adequately convey the appropriate information regarding Olympic sports in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungho Choi
- Department of Radiological Science, Research Institute of Health Statistics, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea;
| | - Bongseok Kim
- Department of Sports Coaching, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea;
| | - Jinhee Choi
- Department of Fashion Business, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea
- Correspondence:
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18
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Finlay MJ. World Heavyweight Championship boxing: The past 30+ years of the male division. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263038. [PMID: 35073382 PMCID: PMC8786172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from the past 30+ years of the male boxing World Heavyweight Championship (n = 182 bouts) was obtained. The USA were the most represented and produced more champions than any other nation, followed by the UK, Ukraine and Russia. Denmark (100%), Ukraine (85.4%) and the UK (67.3%) produced the greatest ‘success rates’ in World Heavyweight Championship contests. Where possible, comparisons between bout winners and losers were also made. Winners were significantly taller (p < 0.001, d = 0.35) and had a greater reach (p = 0.003, d = 0.23) when compared to losers. Championship bouts were settled by the following methods: a form of knockout (101), points decision (57), retirement (14), draw (3), disqualification (3), technical decision (1), whilst 3 no contests were omitted from the analysis. Total punches thrown and landed, and jabs and power punches thrown and landed were consistently significantly greater (p < 0.005, d = 0.27–0.73) in winners, compared to losers. Winners were more accurate compared to their losing counterparts by ~ 8 percentage points. The data presented in the present study clearly show some anthropometric advantages of championship bout winners, compared to their unsuccessful counterparts, and that winners are more active and accurate when compared to losers. The punch output data, albeit very basic, may be useful in informing tactical strategy and preparation of heavyweight prospects. Likewise, the data in the present study may be an interesting resource for professional boxing enthusiasts. Future research should seek to replicate the analysis in the present study across other weight divisions to explore any potential differences between weight classes. Additionally, extending the analysis to female boxing may provide interesting comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell James Finlay
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Domingos J, de Lima ALS, Steenbakkers-van der Pol T, Godinho C, Bloem BR, de Vries NM. Boxing with and without Kicking Techniques for People with Parkinson's Disease: An Explorative Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Parkinsons Dis 2022; 12:2585-2593. [PMID: 36245387 PMCID: PMC9837687 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Parkinson's disease (PD) benefit from boxing exercise. Adding kicking variations to the boxing may provide additional benefit to improve balance. However, the benefits and adherence to such trainings is unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore the feasibility, safety, and benefits on balance of boxing training combined with kicking techniques in comparison to boxing without kicking in PD. METHODS Participants were randomized to group-based boxing training with kicking techniques (BK) or to group-based boxing alone training (BO). Both groups trained for one hour, once a week, for a period of 10 weeks. Participants were assessed at baseline and ten weeks post-intervention for difference in balance, fear of falling, balance confidence, walking ability, and quality of life. RESULTS Twenty-nine people with PD (median age 64 years; median disease duration 5 years) participated. Both interventions were feasible and acceptable for all participants. No adverse events occurred. Most participants (BK 80%; BO 75%) were satisfied with the training. We found no significant between group difference on either the primary (Mini-BEST) or secondary outcomes. The within group comparison showed that balance improved in both groups after the intervention (BK 22.60 (2.7) to 25.33 (2.64) p = 0.02; BO 23.09 (3.44) to 25.80 (2.39); p = 0.01 on the Mini BEST test). CONCLUSION Both types of boxing seem to be feasible and safe. Adding kicking techniques to boxing does not improve balance significantly more than boxing alone. Incorporation of kicking may be a valuable addition to the exercise therapy repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Domingos
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Grupo de Patologia Médica, Nutrição e Exercício Clínico (PaMNEC) do Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Ligia Silva de Lima
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Steenbakkers-van der Pol
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catarina Godinho
- Grupo de Patologia Médica, Nutrição e Exercício Clínico (PaMNEC) do Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke M. de Vries
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Yaryura Montero JG, Zanatta Scattolini J, García Fascio H, García JS, Romero Reyna GH, Ferrero CI. Jejunal perforation secondary to kick during kick- boxing practice: laparoscopic management. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 82:448-451. [PMID: 35639069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Small bowel injury in a sports setting is a rare occurrence with a paucity of reported cases. A 30-year old male patient consulted for generalized abdominal pain subsequent to secondary blunt abdominal trauma during kick-boxing practice. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a moderate amount of free fluid in both the parietocolic space and the rectovesical pouch, with perihepatic pneumoperitoneum. Emergency laparoscopy was indicated and a closure of small bowel defect was performed. Diagnosis of small bowel injuries is difficult, resulting in delayed treatment and increased mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José S García
- Departamento de Cirugía General, Sanatorio Allende, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos I Ferrero
- Departamento de Cirugía General, Sanatorio Allende, Córdoba, Argentina
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21
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Menzel T, Potthast W. Validation of a Novel Boxing Monitoring System to Detect and Analyse the Centre of Pressure Movement on the Boxer's Fist. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21248394. [PMID: 34960487 PMCID: PMC8703349 DOI: 10.3390/s21248394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The examination of force distribution and centre of pressure (CoP) displacement is a common method to analyse motion, load, and load distribution in biomechanical research. In contrast to gait analysis, the force progression in boxing punches is a new field of investigation. The centre of pressure displacement and distribution of forces on the surface of the fist during a boxing punch is of great interest and crucial to understanding the effect of the punch on the biological structures of the hand as well as the technical biomechanical aspects of the punching action. This paper presents a new method to display the CoP progression on the boxer’s fist Therefore, this study presents the validation of the developed novel boxing monitoring system in terms of CoP displacement. In addition, the CoP progression of different punching techniques in boxing is analysed on the athlete’s fist. The accuracy of the examination method of the CoP course was validated against the gold standard of a Kistler force plate. High correlations were detected between the developed sensor system and the force plate CoP with a Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.93 to 0.97. The information obtained throughout the experimental study is of great importance in order to gain further knowledge into the technical execution of boxing punches as well as to provide a novel measuring method for determining CoP on the surface of the fist, to improve the understanding of the etiology of boxing-related hand injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Menzel
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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22
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Lee J. Co-opting Laws to Influence Prevailing Medical and Legal Thinking: "Off-Label" Conceptual Use of One-Punch Laws and Boxing. J Law Med 2021; 28:1066-1081. [PMID: 34907686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The law shapes the disposition and actions of persons, and what is acceptable and ethical in a community. However, laws in society can potentially be co-opted to influence medical and legal thought in other areas, using an "off-label" conceptual interpretation. For example, medical authorities have recognised the dangers of blows to the head in boxing, with some being fatal. Elsewhere, recent criminal law target assaults causing death by one punch. These laws, alongside coronial inquests, can be helpful in shifting the outlook on boxing, its risks, and fatalities. The cause of both forms of deaths usually involves traumatic brain injuries. This article analyses the contexts surrounding one-punch laws, and some legal proceedings and coroners' inquests, to seek alternative perspectives and the medical and ethical implications of such laws. The discussions also refer to legislation, and socio-legal and medical ethics debates in the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee
- Safeguarding Office, Salesians of Don Bosco, Australia-Pacific Province
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23
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Khasanshin I, Osipov A. Using an artificial neural network to develop an optimal model of straight punch in boxing and training in punch techniques based on this model and real-time feedback. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259457. [PMID: 34843506 PMCID: PMC8629283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The work was aimed to develop an optimal model of a straight punch in boxing based on an artificial neural network (ANN) in the form of a multilayer perceptron, as well as to develop a technique for improving the technique of punches in boxing based on feedback, when each punch delivered by a boxer was compared with the optimal model. The architecture of the neural network optimal punch model included an input layer of 600 nodes-the values of absolute accelerations and angular velocities, four hidden ones, as well as a binary output layer (the best and not the best punch). To measure accelerations and angular velocities, inertial measuring devices were attached to the boxers' wrists. Highly qualified participated in the data set for the development of the optimal model. The best punches were chosen according to the criteria of strength and speed. The punch force was determined using a boxing pad with the function of measuring the punch force. In order to be able to compare punches, a unified parameter was developed, called the punch quality, which is equal to the product of the effective force and the punch speed. To study the effects of biofeedback, the boxing pads were equipped with five LEDs. The more LEDs were turned on, the more the punch corresponded to the optimal model. As a result of the study, an almost linear relationship was found between the quality of the punch of entry-level boxers and the optimal model. The use of feedback allowed for an increase in the quality of punches from 11 to 25%, which is on average twice as high as in the group where the feedback method was not used. Studies have shown that it is possible to develop an optimal punch model. According to the degree of compliance with this model, you can evaluate and train boxers in the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilshat Khasanshin
- Department of Data Analysis and Machine Learning/Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Osipov
- Department of Data Analysis and Machine Learning/Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Menzel T, Potthast W. Application of a Validated Innovative Smart Wearable for Performance Analysis by Experienced and Non-Experienced Athletes in Boxing. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21237882. [PMID: 34883881 PMCID: PMC8659887 DOI: 10.3390/s21237882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An athlete's sporting performance depends to a large extent on the technical execution of the athletic motion in order to achieve maximum effectiveness in physical performance. Performance analysis provides an important means of classifying and quantifying athletic prowess in terms of the significant performance aspects of the sport to provide objective feedback. This study aimed to analyze technical execution in terms of punch trajectory, force, velocity and time, considering the expert-novice paradigm by investigating the technical execution of 31 experienced and non-experienced athletes for the four main punching techniques of the cross, jab, uppercut and hook strike. The kinetic and kinematic data were collected by means of a boxing monitoring system developed and validated for in-field use. The research revealed significant correlation for executed punching trajectory and punch force in intragroup comparison and significant differences in intergroup comparison. No significant differences were detected for punch velocity in either inter- or intra-group paradigms. This study, through use of the sensor system, aligns with the results of existing publications conducted in laboratory conditions, in the assessment of punch force, punch speed and punch time and thus extends the state of research by use of a smart wearable in field method.
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Ahmed AS, Divani G, Akheela MK. ' Boxing glove' clot in a smoking left atrium. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e244374. [PMID: 34764104 PMCID: PMC8587618 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahamed Shaheer Ahmed
- Department of Cardiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Divani
- Department of Cardiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mohamed Kassim Akheela
- Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Finlay MJ, Page RM, Greig M, Bridge CA. The association between competitor level and the physical preparation practices of amateur boxers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257907. [PMID: 34570828 PMCID: PMC8475992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical training, testing, and monitoring are three key constitutes of athlete physical performance; however, there is a currently a lack of information on the prevalence of such methods in amateur boxing. This study aimed to explore the physical preparation practices of senior elite (SEB) and senior development (SDB) amateur boxers, and to determine whether these practices were discriminated by competitor level. One hundred and one amateur boxers (SEB n = 59, SDB n = 42) were surveyed on their understanding, perceptions and application of physical training, monitoring, and testing practices. SEB were associated with strength/power training (SEB 78%, SDB 50%, P = 0.005), monitor of training intensities (SEB 68%, SDB 40%, P = 0.006), and performing regular fitness testing (SEB 76%, SDB 50%, P = 0.006), compared to SDB. Likewise, SEB were twice as likely (56%) to have their physical preparation managed by a strength and conditioning (S&C) coach or sport scientist, compared to SDB (26%; P = 0.005). For the first time, these data demonstrate the extent to which competitor level is associated with preparatory practices in amateur boxing. Cost was identified as the main barrier in implementing several forms of scientific support in SDB. These data serve as a framework to enhance preparatory practices across different competitor levels in amateur boxing. This might include boxer and coach education on the benefits to a more scientific approach, and the use of cost-effective methods to develop, monitor and assess amateur boxers physical performance. This may be of particular importance where boxers are not funded, such as the SDB in the current study. However, this work may also be used to emphasise the importance of strength/power training, physical fitness testing and monitoring at the elite level of amateur boxing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell James Finlay
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Sports Injury Research Group, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard Michael Page
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Sports Injury Research Group, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Greig
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Sports Injury Research Group, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Alan Bridge
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Sports Injury Research Group, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Horbinski C, Zumpf KB, McCortney K, Eoannou D. Longitudinal observational study of boxing therapy in Parkinson's disease, including adverse impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:326. [PMID: 34429075 PMCID: PMC8382938 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease whose incidence is increasing with an aging population. One of the most serious manifestations of PD is gait instability, leading to falls and subsequent complications that can be debilitating, even fatal. Boxing therapy (BT) uses gait and balance exercises to improve ambulation in people with PD, though its efficacy has not yet been fully proven. METHODS In the current longitudinal observational study, 98 participants with idiopathic PD underwent twice-weekly BT sessions. Primary outcome was self-reported falls per month; secondary outcomes were quantitative and semi-quantitative gait and balance performance evaluations. Statistical methods included segmented generalized estimating equation with an independent correlation structure, binomial distribution, and log link. RESULTS The average number of self-reported falls per month per participant decreased by 87%, from 0.86 ± 3.58 prior to BT, to 0.11 ± 0.26 during BT. During the lockdown imposed by COVID-19, this increased to 0.26 ± 0.48 falls per month. Females and those > 65 years old reported the greatest increase in falls during the lockdown period. Post-lockdown resumption of BT resulted in another decline in falls, to 0.14 ± 0.33. Quantitative performance metrics, including standing from a seated position and standing on one leg, largely mirrored the pattern of falls pre-and post-lockdown. CONCLUSIONS BT may be an effective option for many PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Northwestern University, SQ6-518, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60630, USA.
| | - Katelyn B Zumpf
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen McCortney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Lindi-Sugino R, Hartl R, Klezl Z. Cervical arthroplasty in a professional kick- boxing fighter, 7 years follow-up. Acta Ortop Mex 2021; 35:282-285. [PMID: 34921539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinal surgery in professional athletes is a topic of much discussion. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is the standard procedure used by surgeons, and other techniques used to treat athletes includes foraminotomies, laminoplasties and total disc replacement. Total disc replacement is an unusual technique used to treat athletes in general and is becoming a more important issue in full contact sports. This case report illustrates a 34 years old professional fighter that suffered a cervical injury that evolved with cervical axial pain and irradiated pain and numbness. She was submitted to total disc replacement (TDR) at the C5-6 level, returning to competitive sports after and with a seven-year follow-up. To the date she remains symptom free and besides having an anterior foramen, the spine was able to keep movement at that level. TDR may be a safe and trustworthy technique when treating elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lindi-Sugino
- Spine Surgery Department, Instituto Vita, Spine Surgery Department, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Hartl
- Neurosurgery Department, New York-Presbyterian, New York, USA
| | - Z Klezl
- Spine Surgery Department, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, England
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Haralabidis N, Saxby DJ, Pizzolato C, Needham L, Cazzola D, Minahan C. Fusing Accelerometry with Videography to Monitor the Effect of Fatigue on Punching Performance in Elite Boxers. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E5749. [PMID: 33050436 PMCID: PMC7601017 DOI: 10.3390/s20205749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and motion capture technology are accepted instruments to measure spatiotemporal variables during punching performance and to study the externally observable effects of fatigue. This study aimed to develop a computational framework enabling three-dimensional inverse dynamics analysis through the tracking of punching kinematics obtained from inertial measurement units and uniplanar videography. The framework was applied to six elite male boxers performing a boxing-specific punch fatigue protocol. OpenPose was used to label left side upper-limb landmarks from which sagittal plane kinematics were computed. Custom-made inertial measurement units were embedded into the boxing gloves, and three-dimensional punch accelerations were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping to evaluate the effects of both fatigue and laterality. Tracking simulations of a sub-set of left-handed punches were formulated as optimal control problems and converted to nonlinear programming problems for solution with a trapezoid collocation method. The laterality analysis revealed the dominant side fatigued more than the non-dominant, while tracking simulations revealed shoulder abduction and elevation moments increased across the fatigue protocol. In future, such advanced simulation and analysis could be performed in ecologically valid contexts, whereby multiple inertial measurement units and video cameras might be used to model a more complete set of dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos Haralabidis
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - David John Saxby
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia; (D.J.S.); (C.P.); (C.M.)
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Claudio Pizzolato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia; (D.J.S.); (C.P.); (C.M.)
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Laurie Needham
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Dario Cazzola
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Clare Minahan
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, 4222 Gold Coast, Australia; (D.J.S.); (C.P.); (C.M.)
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Freckelton I. Concussion, Defamation and the Ringside Doctor. J Law Med 2019; 27:55-65. [PMID: 31682342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ringside doctors play a vital public health role in protecting fighters from the deleterious effects of concussive and other injuries which are reasonably foreseeable from the contests in which they engage. This column reviews a landmark action for defamation taken by a ringside doctor against a media organisation that published a critique of his performance of his role in a high-profile boxing bout in Sydney, Australia. It reviews the judgment of McCallum J in O'Neill v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Ltd (No 2) [2019] NSWSC 655 (O'Neill) and reflects on the broader significance of the decision for the role played by ringside doctors while boxing and other martial arts contests continue to be permitted by law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Freckelton
- Barrister, Crockett Chambers, Melbourne; Professorial Fellow of Law and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Adjunct Professor of Forensic Medicine, Monash University
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Dunn EC, Humberstone CE, Iredale KF, Martin DT, Blazevich AJ. Human behaviours associated with dominance in elite amateur boxing bouts: A comparison of winners and losers under the Ten Point Must System. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188675. [PMID: 29287064 PMCID: PMC5747423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans commonly ascertain physical dominance through non-lethal fighting by participating in combat sports. However, the behaviours that achieve fight dominance are not fully understood. Amateur boxing competition, which is judged using the subjective “Ten Point Must-System”, provides insight into fight dominance behaviours. Notational analysis was performed on 26 elite male competitors in a national boxing championship. Behavioural (guard-drop time; movement style [stepping/bouncing time]; clinch-time; interaction-time) and technical (total punches; punches landed [%Hit]; air punches [%Air]; defence) measures were recorded. Participants reported effort required (0–100%) and perceived effect of fatigue on their own performance (5-point Likert scale) following bouts. Differences between winners and losers, and changes across the duration of the bout were examined. Winners punched more accurately than losers (greater %Hit [33% vs. 23%] and lower %Air [17% vs. 27%]) but total punches, defence and interaction-time were similar. From rounds 1–2, clinch-time and guard drops increased whilst bouncing decreased. Perceived effect of fatigue increased throughout the bout while perceived effort increased only from rounds 2–3. %Hit and movement index together in regression analysis correctly classified 85% of bout outcomes, indicating that judges (subjectively) chose winning (dominant) boxers according to punch accuracy and style, rather than assertiveness (more punches thrown). Boxers appear to use tactical strategies throughout the bout to pace their effort and minimise fatigue (increased guard drops, reduced bouncing), but these did not influence perceived dominance or bout outcome. These results show that judges use several performance indicators not including the total number of successful punches thrown to assess fight dominance and superiority between fighters. These results provide valuable information as to how experienced fight observers subjectively rate superiority and dominance during one-on-one human fighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Dunn
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Science. Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Combat Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - K. Fiona Iredale
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Science. Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - David T. Martin
- Australian Institute of Sport, Combat Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Lambert C, Beck BR, Harding AT, Watson SL, Weeks BK. A protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the bone response to impact loading or resistance training in young women with lower than average bone mass: the OPTIMA-Ex trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016983. [PMID: 28864705 PMCID: PMC5588984 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the Osteoporosis Prevention Through Impact and Muscle-loading Approaches to Exercise trial is to compare the bone response to two known osteogenic stimuli - impact loading exercise and resistance training. Specifically, we will examine the effect of a 10-month, twice-weekly, high-intensity impact loading exercise intervention and a 10-month, twice-weekly, high-intensity resistance training intervention on bone mass and strength at clinically important skeletal sites. The intervention groups will be compared against a home-based 'positive' control group. Safety and acceptability of each exercise modality will also be determined. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Sedentary otherwise healthy young women aged 18-30 years with bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores less than or equal to 0 at the hip and lumbar spine, screened for conditions and medications that influence bone and physical function, will be recruited. Eligible participants are randomised to 10-month, twice-weekly, either supervised high-intensity impact training, high-intensity resistance training or a home-based 'positive' control group. The primary outcome measure will be lumbar spine areal BMD, while secondary outcome measures will include: whole body, femoral neck and regional measures (upper and lower limb) of bone, muscle and fat; anthropometrics; muscle strength and power; quality of life and exercise safety, enjoyment and acceptability. All outcome measures will be conducted at baseline (T0) and 10 months (T10) and will be analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle and per protocol. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been granted ethical approval from the Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee (GU Ref: 2015/775). Standard scientific reporting practices will occur, including publication in peer-reviewed journals. Participant confidentiality will be maintained in all forms of reporting. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12616001444471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Lambert
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda R Beck
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- The Bone Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy T Harding
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven L Watson
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Weeks
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Park J, Gong J, Yim J. Effects of a sitting boxing program on upper limb function, balance, gait, and quality of life in stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation 2017; 40:77-86. [PMID: 27792020 DOI: 10.3233/nre-161392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boxing training including traditional stretching, muscular strength training, and duration training would be considered to be effective for improved functional stretching, dynamic balance, walking speed, and quality of life. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate upper limb function, balance, gait, and quality of life in stroke patients before and after a sitting boxing program. METHODS Twenty-six participants were randomly allocated to a boxing group (n = 13) and control group (n = 13) after the upper limb function, balance, gait, and quality of Life were recorded. The boxing group underwent a sitting boxing program (3 times/week) as well as conventional physical therapy (3 times/week) for 6 weeks. The control group only underwent conventional physical therapy (3 times/week) for 6 weeks. RESULTS The Manual Functional Test (MFT), non-affected hand grip, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), velocity moment with eye opened, 10-m Walk Test (10 MWT), and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire (SS-QOL) were significantly improved in the boxing group (p < 0.05) and showed significantly greater improvements in the boxing group compared to the control group (p < 0.05) after 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The sitting boxing program group had positive effects on upper extremity function, balance, gait, and quality of life in stroke patients.
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Howell DR, Meehan WP, Loosemore MP, Cummiskey J, Grabner von Rosenberg JP, McDonagh D. Neurological tests improve after Olympic-style boxing bouts: a pretournament and post-tournament study in the 2016 Women's World Boxing Championships. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:1279-1284. [PMID: 28501805 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To prospectively examine the neurocognitive, postural, dual-task and visual abilities of female Olympic-style boxers before and after participation in a tournament. METHODS Sixty-one females completed the modified Balance Error Scoring System (mBESS), King-Devick test and 3 m timed-up-and-go test in single-task and dual-task conditions. A subset (n=31) completed the CogState computerised neurocognitive test. Initial testing was completed prior to the 2016 Women's World Boxing Championships; each participant repeated the testing protocol within a day of elimination. No participant sustained a concussion. Pretournament and post-tournament performance variables were compared using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS Participants completed a mean of 7.5±4.5 rounds of Olympic-style boxing over 2-8 days. Post-tournament scores were significantly lower than pretournament scores for total mBESS (2.2±1.9 errors vs 5.5±2.9 errors, p<0.001, d=1.23) and King-Devick time (14.2±3.9 s vs 18.0±8.3 s, p=0.002, d=0.53). Processing speed was significantly faster after the boxing tournament (maze chase task: 1.39±0.34 correct moves/second vs 1.17±0.44 correct moves/second, p=0.001, d=0.58). No significant changes across time were detected for the other obtained outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS Female boxers demonstrated either improvement or no significant changes in test performance after competing in an Olympic-style boxing tournament, relative to pretournament performance. As many of the test tasks were novel for the boxers, practice effects may have contributed to improved performance. When there is a short time frame between assessments, clinicians should be aware of potential practice effects when using ringside neurological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Howell
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brain Injury Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William P Meehan
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brain Injury Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael P Loosemore
- AIBA Medical Commission/AIBA Scientific Commission, Maison du Sport, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College Hospital London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Cummiskey
- AIBA Medical Commission/AIBA Scientific Commission, Maison du Sport, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David McDonagh
- AIBA Medical Commission/AIBA Scientific Commission, Maison du Sport, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Municipal Emergency Department, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Abstract
RATIONALE Florid reactive periostitis is a rare, benign bone and chondrogenic lesion that develops most frequently in the phalanges of the hands. Although the definitive cause of florid reactive periostitis is unknown, the major inciting factor is generally considered to be trauma, including repetitive minor trauma. PATIENT CONCERNS We present a case of florid reactive periostitis affecting two contiguous phalangeal bones of the left fifth phalange of a 23-year-old male professional boxer. The patient had experienced chronic pain around the metacarpophalangeal joint of the left fifth phalange when punching with the left hand; this pain was improved but not resolved after conservative treatment. INTERVENTIONS Plain radiography of the fifth phalange revealed a bulging bone lesion on the volar side of the proximal phalanx and metacarpal of the left fifth phalange. Computed tomography also showed raised bony lesions on the volar side of these bones without bony destruction or intraregional calcification. Surgery was performed and histopathology revealed that the bone specimens comprised a mixture of fibrous connective tissue and relatively immature bone covered by bland osteoblasts. DIAGNOSES These findings were suggestive of a benign bone formation process, and the lesion was diagnosed as florid reactive periostitis. OUTCOMES The pain and tenderness in the left fifth phalange experienced during boxing had completely resolved by 6 months postoperatively, and 12 years postoperatively the patient had full range of motion and no recurrence of pain. LESSONS Traction force, such as those associated with "leading jabs," may induce repetitive minor trauma and subsequent periosteal damage, resulting in the gradual development of bulging bone ridges on the volar surface of the proximal fifth phalange and metacarpus of the hand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryuji Ohashi
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zenya Naito
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Jlid MC, Kachlouf HR, Maaoui R, Chelly MS, Paillard T. Ground surface nature can influence visual information contribution in postural control. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016; 56:1476-1481. [PMID: 26558834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sport, the nature of ground surface is likely to influence the contribution of visual information on postural control. Boxing and wrestling are respectively practiced on firm and soft ground surfaces. The aim was to compare the postural control of boxers with that of wrestlers on stable (firm) and unstable (soft and dynamic) ground surfaces, with and without deprivation of vision. METHODS Fifteen male international boxers and 15 male international wrestlers presenting the same anthropometrics characteristics and the same number of years of sports practice were recruited. Spatiotemporal parameters of displacement of the center of feet pressure (COP) were measured on a force platform in static (firm and foam surfaces with eyes open and eyes closed) and dynamic conditions (medio/lateral and antero-posterior directions with eyes open and eyes closed). RESULTS The results mainly showed a significant vision × group interaction in the antero-posterior direction for the dynamic postural condition (P<0.017). This indicated that the contribution of visual information was greater for the boxers than for the wrestlers in challenging condition (P=0.030). CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to confirm whether the nature of ground surface influences the contribution of visual information, which can be, in turn, affected by the specificity of motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed C Jlid
- Sport Performance and Health Research Unit, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajer R Kachlouf
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Tunis Military Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rim Maaoui
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Tunis Military Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Souhaiel Chelly
- Sport Performance and Health Research Unit, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia -
| | - Thierry Paillard
- Laboratory of Physical Activity, Performance and Health, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, Tarbes, France
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Nau JY. [Not Available]. Rev Med Suisse 2016; 12:1206-1207. [PMID: 27487631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Zubac D, Karninčić H, Žaja M. Hydration status assessment among elite youth amateur boxers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016; 56:731-736. [PMID: 25665749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight cutting is a common practice in amateur boxing with the purpose of taking advantage of rivals competing in weight divisions below the athlete's normal weight. Dehydration is a common weight-manipulating technique in boxing, and is known as a serious health-threatening behavior. In this study, we investigated field hydration status differences between the weight class categories in elite junior boxers. METHODS The sample of subjects included 21 male junior boxers from Croatia, Germany and Hungary (all national team members). The field assessment was conducted prior to competition. Subjects were divided into three weight class categories: Lightweight (Lw), Middleweight (Mw), and Heavyweight (Hw). The sample variables included urine specific gravity (USG) measured via a refractometer and total body fluid content (BFC) measured via Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA). Data were collected on two occasions, i.e. at national team competitions that took place in preparation for the World Junior Championships. RESULTS The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between Lw 1.027±0.004 and Hw 1.019±0.005 (F=8.81, P<0.001) and Mw 1.028±0.003 and Hw (F=7.16, P<0.01) in USG. BIA findings showed conflicting results in relation to the USG findings. The results show a significant difference between Lw 67.84% BFC and Hw 65.14% BFC (P<0.01). These conflicting results, the lack of correlation between the two methods and the discrepancy in the Bland-Altman plot indicate that techniques for non-invasive field assessments of hydration have certain limitations. It seems that refractometry is more sensitive and accurate diagnostic tool to detect body fluid shifts then BIA when applied on athletes involved in chronical weight cycling protocols. CONCLUSIONS Nevertheless, our data suggest that Lw and Mw class athletes seem to be more prone in reaching consequent dehydration state that literature frequently cites as hypohydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Zubac
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia -
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Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Lai Q. Effects of Twenty-four Move Shadow Boxing Combined with psychosomatic relaxation on Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes. Psychiatr Danub 2015; 27:174-179. [PMID: 26057313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to observe the effects of Twenty-four Move Shadow Boxing combined with psychosomatic relaxation on depression and anxiety in patients with Type-2 Diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty (120) patients with Type-2 Diabetes and depressive/anxious symptoms were divided into intervention group (60 cases) and control group (60 cases) according to the minimum distribution principle of unbalanced indicators. Twenty-four Move Shadow Boxing group used this intervention combined with psychosomatic relaxation. Control group underwent conventional treatment. All the patients in the two groups completed the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) before and after treatment. RESULTS Among the 52 people included in the statistical analysis, the recovery rate was 13.3%. The differences between depression and anxiety scores in the intervention group before and after treatment were statistically significant (P<0.001), whereas these differences were non-significant in the control group (P=0.123). After the treatment, the glycated hemoglobin reduction in the intervention group was greater than that of the control group (t=2.438, P=0.016). CONCLUSION The combination of Twenty-four Move Shadow Boxing and psychosomatic relaxation has a beneficial auxiliary therapeutic effect on depression and anxiety accompanying Type-2 Diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zheng
- Institute of Physical Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China,
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Abstract
In the current study we questioned the impact of uniform color in boxing, taekwondo and wrestling. On 18 photos showing two athletes competing, the hue of each uniform was modified to blue, green or red. For each photo, six color conditions were generated (blue-red, blue-green, green-red and vice versa). In three experiments these 108 photos were randomly presented. Participants (N = 210) had to select the athlete that seemed to be more aggressive, fairer or more likely to win the fight. Results revealed that athletes wearing red in boxing and wrestling were judged more aggressive and more likely to win than athletes wearing blue or green uniforms. In addition, athletes wearing green were judged fairer in boxing and wrestling than athletes wearing red. In taekwondo we did not find any significant impact of uniform color. Results suggest that uniform color in combat sports carries specific meanings that affect others' judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Krenn
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports Department of Sports Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Neselius S, Brisby H, Marcusson J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Karlsson T. Neurological assessment and its relationship to CSF biomarkers in amateur boxers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99870. [PMID: 24941067 PMCID: PMC4062456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussion is common in many sports. Today, neuropsychological evaluation is recommended in the monitoring of a concussion and in return-to-play considerations. To investigate the sensitivity of neuropsychological assessment, we tested amateur boxers post bout and compared with controls. Further the relationship between neuropsychological test results and brain injury biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated. Method Thirty amateur boxers on high elite level with a minimum of 45 bouts and 25 non-boxing matched controls were included. Memory tests (Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure, Listening Span, Digit Span, Controlled Word Association Test, and computerized testing of episodic memory), tests of processing speed and executive functions (Trail Making, Reaction Time, and Finger Tapping) were performed and related to previously published CSF biomarker results for the axonal injury marker neurofilament light (NFL). Results The neurological assessment showed no significant differences between boxers and controls, although elevated CSF NFL, as a sign of axonal injury, was detected in about 80% of the boxers 1–6 days post bout. The investigation of the relationship between neuropsychological evaluation and CSF NFL concentrations revealed that boxers with persisting NFL concentration elevation after at least 14 days resting time post bout, had a significantly poorer performance on Trail Making A (p = 0.041) and Simple Reaction Time (p = 0.042) compared to other boxers. Conclusion This is the first study showing traumatic axonal brain injury can be present without measureable cognitive impairment. The repetitive, subconcussive head trauma in amateur boxing causes axonal injury that can be detected with analysis of CSF NFL, but is not sufficient to produce impairment in memory tests, tests of processing speed, or executive functions. The association of prolonged CSF NFL increase in boxers with impairment of processing speed is an interesting observation, which needs to be verified in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Neselius
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Marcusson
- Geriatric Section, University Hospital in Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
- Institution of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Karlsson
- Disability Research, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Fernández-Elías VE, Martínez-Abellán A, López-Gullón JM, Morán-Navarro R, Pallarés JG, De la Cruz-Sánchez E, Mora-Rodriguez R. Validity of hydration non-invasive indices during the weightcutting and official weigh-in for Olympic combat sports. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95336. [PMID: 24740242 PMCID: PMC3989305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Olympic combat sports, weight cutting is a common practice aimed to take advantage of competing in weight divisions below the athlete's normal weight. Fluid and food restriction in combination with dehydration (sauna and/or exercise induced profuse sweating) are common weight cut methods. However, the resultant hypohydration could adversely affect health and performance outcomes. Purpose The aim of this study is to determine which of the routinely used non-invasive measures of dehydration best track urine osmolality, the gold standard non-invasive test. Method Immediately prior to the official weigh-in of three National Championships, the hydration status of 345 athletes of Olympic combat sports (i.e., taekwondo, boxing and wrestling) was determined using five separate techniques: i) urine osmolality (UOSM), ii) urine specific gravity (USG), iii) urine color (UCOL), iv) bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and v) thirst perception scale (TPS). All techniques were correlated with UOSM divided into three groups: euhydrated (G1; UOSM 250–700 mOsm·kg H2O−1), dehydrated (G2; UOSM 701–1080 mOsm·kg H2O−1), and severely dehydrated (G3; UOSM 1081–1500 mOsm·kg H2O−1). Results We found a positive high correlation between the UOSM and USG (r = 0.89: p = 0.000), although this relationship lost strength as dehydration increased (G1 r = 0.92; G2 r = 0.73; and G3 r = 0.65; p = 0.000). UCOL showed a moderate although significant correlation when considering the whole sample (r = 0.743: p = 0.000) and G1 (r = 0.702: p = 0.000) but low correlation for the two dehydrated groups (r = 0.498–0.398). TPS and BIA showed very low correlation sizes for all groups assessed. Conclusion In a wide range of pre-competitive hydration status (UOSM 250–1500 mOsm·kg H2O−1), USG is highly associated with UOSM while being a more affordable and easy to use technique. UCOL is a suitable tool when USG is not available. However, BIA or TPS are not sensitive enough to detect hypohydration at official weight-in before an Olympic combat championship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jesús G. Pallarés
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Tanriverdi F, Suer C, Yapislar H, Kocyigit I, Selcuklu A, Unluhizarci K, Casanueva FF, Kelestimur F. Growth hormone deficiency due to sports-related head trauma is associated with impaired cognitive performance in amateur boxers and kickboxers as revealed by P300 auditory event-related potentials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:730-7. [PMID: 22994791 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been recently reported that boxing and kickboxing may cause pituitary dysfunction, GH deficiency in particular. The strong link between poor cognitive performance and GH deficiency due to causes other than head trauma and the improvement of cognitive function after GH replacement therapy have been previously shown. P300 auditory event-related potential (ERP) measure is widely used to evaluate cognitive performance. In this study, we investigated the relation between the GH-IGF-I axis and cognitive performance in boxers and kickboxers. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Forty-one actively competing or retired male boxers (n: 27) and kickboxers (n: 14) with a mean age of 29·04 ± 9·30 year and 14 age- and education-matched healthy male controls were included in the study. For neuropsychological tests, the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Quality of Life Assessment of GH Deficiency in Adults (QoL-AGHDA) questionnaires were administered. Moreover, cognitive performance was evaluated according to P300 ERPs. RESULTS Nine of 41 (21·9%) athletes had GH deficiency. P300 amplitudes were lower at all electrode sites in the GH-deficient group than in controls, and the differences were statistically significant at Fz and Oz electrode sites (P < 0·05). When GH-deficient athletes were compared with GH-sufficient athletes, the P300 amplitudes were lower at all electrode sites in the GH-deficient group; these differences were statistically significant at Fz, Pz and Cz electrode sites (P < 0·05). In all athletes, there were significant negative correlations between IGF-I levels vs P300 latencies, and there were significant positive correlations between IGF-I levels vs P300 amplitudes (P < 0·05). CONCLUSION This study provides the first electrophysiological evidence for the close relation between the P300 ERPs and the GH-IGF-I axis in boxers and kickboxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Tanriverdi
- Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Zhang RH, Tang GD, Kang ZX. [The analysis of women boxing athletes EEG monitoring for high-intensity training before games]. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi 2013; 29:50-51. [PMID: 23662407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Abstract
The ability to find and evade fighting persons in a crowd is potentially life-saving. To investigate how the visual system processes threatening actions, we employed a visual search paradigm with threatening boxer targets among emotionally-neutral walker distractors, and vice versa. We found that a boxer popped out for both intact and scrambled actions, whereas walkers did not. A reverse correlation analysis revealed that observers' responses clustered around the time of the “punch", a signature movement of boxing actions, but not around specific movements of the walker. These findings support the existence of a detector for signature movements in action perception. This detector helps in rapidly detecting aggressive behavior in a crowd, potentially through an expedited (sub)cortical threat-detection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen J. A. van Boxtel
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJAvB); (HL)
| | - Hongjing Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJAvB); (HL)
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Pettersson S, Pipping Ekström M, Berg CM. The food and weight combat. A problematic fight for the elite combat sports athlete. Appetite 2012; 59:234-42. [PMID: 22609334 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Weight reduction in athletes is motivated by optimisation of performance, aesthetic reasons or to achieve a pre-designated weight. Previous research has shown that dietary restraint and short term weight regulation frequently takes place among combat sports athletes such as wrestlers and judokas. The aim of this study was to explore negative experiences related to dietary strategies and weight-making practises used by elite combat sports athletes. Using semi-structured interviews, 14 Swedish national team athletes in wrestling, judo and taekwondo were asked about their dietary intake and their engagement in both long- and short-term weight regulation practises. Content analysis of the transcribed interviews, display a constant struggle regarding nutritional standpoints. Sport demands such as achieving an optimal weight and nutritional intake were considered as central in order for excellent performance. Adhering to these demands was found to be problematic however, primarily because of; (1) negative physiological responses and (2) opposing ideals of a non-sport related nature, such as the importance of the athletes to be healthy and social in their everyday lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pettersson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 320, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Gu G, Zhou YM, Wang DL, Chen L, Zhong NS, Ran PX. [Effects of shadow boxing training on exercise endurance and quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 92:952-955. [PMID: 22781566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of shadow boxing training on the exercise endurance and quality of life of Chinese patients with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). METHODS From May 2010 to March 2011, a total of 70 COPD patients in stable phases were recruited from Liwan, Yuexiu and Haizhu districts of Guangzhou. There were 35 patients in the shadow boxing exercise group and 35 patients in the control group. And they were matched by gender and age. The patients in the shadow boxing group exercised for 3 months while those in the control group received the conventional out-hospital management only. Their demographic, medical history, smoking status, medicinal use, spirometric data, clinical COPD questionnaire (CCQ) scores, 6-minute walking distance and Borg scores were collected before and after trial. RESULTS A total of 63 COPD patients (33 in shadow boxing group vs. 30 in control group) completed the study. There was an average dropout rate of 5.7% (2/35) in shadow boxing group and 14.3% (5/35) in control group. No differences existed between two groups in age (67 ± 8 vs 69 ± 9 yr), male proportion (84.8% vs 86.7%), body mass index (22.8 ± 2.6 vs 22.7 ± 3.0), usage proportion of medicine (42.4% vs 33.3%), duration of disease (4.0 ± 7.5 vs 5.5 ± 7.3), percentage of smokers (78.8% vs 80.0%), 6-minute walking distance (447 ± 94 vs 414 ± 100), CCQ total score (15.0 ± 9.4 vs 14.1 ± 8.8), CCQ symptom score (9.2 ± 5.6 vs 8.3 ± 5.0) and activity score (5.8 ± 4.5 vs 5.8 ± 4.4) at baseline (all P > 0.05). At the end of study, the 6-minute walking distance of patients had statistical differences between two groups (P < 0.01). The shadow boxing group increased by (51 ± 55) m while the control dropped by (19 ± 58) m. The total score, symptom score and activity score of clinical COPD questionnaire had statistical differences between two groups. They decreased significantly in the shadow boxing group as compared with the baseline data while there was no significant change in the control group. No statistical differences existed between two groups in the changes of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)), FEV(1)% pred, Borg score and dyspnea scales. CONCLUSION Capable of improving the exercise endurance and life quality of COPD patients, shadow boxing exercise may become one of effective rehabilitation programs for COPD patients in stable phases in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Nathanson V. Public health and private liberty is complex. BMJ 2011; 343:d7514. [PMID: 22108467 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d7514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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