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Weber JA, Hart NH, Rantalainen T, Connick M, Newton RU. Assessment of Ground Contact Time in the Field: Evaluation of Validity and Reliability. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e34-e39. [PMID: 38085634 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Weber, JA, Hart, NH, Rantalainen, T, Connick, M, and Newton, RU. Assessment of ground contact time in the field: evaluation of validity and reliability. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): e34-e39, 2024-The capacity to measure the kinetic and kinematic components of running has been extensively investigated in laboratory settings. Many authors have produced work that is of high value to practitioners within sporting environments; however, the lack of field-based technology to assess features of running gait validly and reliably has prevented the application of these valuable works. This paper examines the validity and reliability of a practical field-based methodology for using commercial inertial measurement units (IMUs) to assess ground contact time (GCT). Validity was examined in the comparison of GCT measured from ground reaction force by a force plate and that determined by a lumbar mounted commercial IMU and analyzed using a commercially available system (SPEEDSIG). Reliability was assessed by a field-based examination of within and between-session variability in GCT measured using a commercially available system (SPEEDSIG). Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results for validity (intraclass correlation [ICC] 0.83) and reliability (ICC 0.91) confirm that the described field-based methodology is qualified for use to determine GCT in a practical setting. The implications of this study are important as they offer sport practitioners (S&C coaches, rehab specialists, and physios) a scalable method to assess GCT in the field to develop greater understanding of their athletes and improve performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation interventions. Furthermore, these results provide the foundation for further work that could provide greater detail describing individual running gait in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Weber
- UWA Tech and Policy Lab, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Healthcare Translation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
- Gerontology Research Centre & Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mark Connick
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Benson LC, Räisänen AM, Clermont CA, Ferber R. Is This the Real Life, or Is This Just Laboratory? A Scoping Review of IMU-Based Running Gait Analysis. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051722. [PMID: 35270869 PMCID: PMC8915128 DOI: 10.3390/s22051722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can be used to monitor running biomechanics in real-world settings, but IMUs are often used within a laboratory. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe how IMUs are used to record running biomechanics in both laboratory and real-world conditions. We included peer-reviewed journal articles that used IMUs to assess gait quality during running. We extracted data on running conditions (indoor/outdoor, surface, speed, and distance), device type and location, metrics, participants, and purpose and study design. A total of 231 studies were included. Most (72%) studies were conducted indoors; and in 67% of all studies, the analyzed distance was only one step or stride or <200 m. The most common device type and location combination was a triaxial accelerometer on the shank (18% of device and location combinations). The most common analyzed metric was vertical/axial magnitude, which was reported in 64% of all studies. Most studies (56%) included recreational runners. For the past 20 years, studies using IMUs to record running biomechanics have mainly been conducted indoors, on a treadmill, at prescribed speeds, and over small distances. We suggest that future studies should move out of the lab to less controlled and more real-world environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Benson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Tonal Strength Institute, Tonal, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences—Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR 97355, USA
| | - Christian A. Clermont
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Sport Product Testing, Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6B7, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Cumming School of Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Provot T, Chiementin X, Bolaers F, Murer S. Effect of running speed on temporal and frequency indicators from wearable MEMS accelerometers. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:831-843. [PMID: 31070113 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1607894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amplified by the development of new technologies, the interest in personal performance has been growing over the last years. Acceleration has proved to be an easy variable to collect, and was addressed in several works. However, few of them evaluate the effect of running speed on relevant indicators. The influence of the sensors location on the measurement is rarely studied as well. This study is dedicated to investigating the effect of running speed on acceleration measured at three different positions on 18 volunteers. All participants were equipped with three inertial measurement units: on the dorsal surface of the right foot (Fo), at the centre of gravity of the tibia (Ti), at the L4-L5 lumbar (Lu). The test was performed on a treadmill at nine randomised speeds between 8 and 18 km/h. Ten accelerometric variables were calculated. Linear regressions were used to calculate speed from the indicators calculated on (Lu), (Ti), (Fo). Indicators associated to signal energy were highly correlated with speed (r2>0.90). Median frequency appears to be affected by the frequency resolution. Finally, the measurement points closest to the impact zone result in the most correlated indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Provot
- Department of Mechanics, EPF-Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
| | - Xavier Chiementin
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, Reims, France
| | - Fabrice Bolaers
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, Reims, France
| | - Sebastien Murer
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, Reims, France
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Larivière O, Provot T, Valdes-Tamayo L, Bourgain M, Chadefaux D. Repeatability and reproducibility of stance phase during running. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1714944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Larivière
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, 3 bis rue Lakanal, Sceaux, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges-Charpak (EA 4494), Paris, France
| | - T. Provot
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, 3 bis rue Lakanal, Sceaux, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges-Charpak (EA 4494), Paris, France
| | - L. Valdes-Tamayo
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges-Charpak (EA 4494), Paris, France
| | - M. Bourgain
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, 3 bis rue Lakanal, Sceaux, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges-Charpak (EA 4494), Paris, France
| | - D. Chadefaux
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak (EA 4494), Paris, France
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Provot T, Chiementin X, Bolaers F, Munera M. A time to exhaustion model during prolonged running based on wearable accelerometers. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:330-343. [PMID: 30681024 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1549682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Defining relationships between running mechanisms and fatigue can be a major asset for optimising training. This article proposes a biomechanical model of time to exhaustion according to indicators derived from accelerometry data collected from the body. Ten volunteers were recruited for this study. The participants were equipped with 3 accelerometers: on the right foot, at the tibia and at the L4-L5 lumbar spine. A running test was performed on a treadmill at 13.5 km/h until exhaustion. Thirty-one variables were deployed during the test. Multiple linear regressions were calculated to explain the time to exhaustion from the indicators calculated on the lumbar, tibia and foot individually and simultaneously. Time to exhaustion was predicted for simultaneous measurement points with r 2 = 0.792 and 21 indicators; for the lumbar with r 2 = 0.568 and 11 indicators; for the tibia with r 2 = 558 and 11 indicators; and for the foot with r 2 = 0.626 and 12 indicators. This study allows the accurate modelling of the time to exhaustion during a running-based test using indicators from accelerometer measurements. The individual models highlight that the location of the measurement point is important and that each location provides different information. Future studies should focus on homogeneous populations to improve predictions and errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Provot
- Department of Mechanics, EPF, Graduate School of Engineering , Sceaux, France
| | - Xavier Chiementin
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes , Reims, France
| | - Fabrice Bolaers
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes , Reims, France
| | - Marcela Munera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito , Bogota, Colombia
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